This report is the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO's) annual review of its activities under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995. The report covers legislation before the Congress in 2002 that would impose federal mandates on other levels of government or the private sector.

The report was prepared by Theresa Gullo, chief of the State and Local Government Cost Estimates Unit of CBO's Budget Analysis Division, under the supervision of Robert Sunshine, and by Patrice Gordon, chief of the Private-Sector Mandates Unit of CBO's Microeconomic and Financial Studies Division, under the supervision of Roger Hitchner. Many CBO staff members contributed to the analyses underlying this report; they are listed in Appendix C.

Christian Spoor edited the report, and Leah Mazade proofread it. Ernestine McNeil prepared the tables, Lenny Skutnik produced the printed copies, and Annette Kalicki prepared the electronic versions of the report for CBO's Web site.

Douglas Holtz-Eakin
Director
May 2003

Through laws and subsequent regulations, the federal government frequently requires state, local, and tribal governments and various private parties to expend resources to achieve certain goals. In many cases, those resources are not counted in the federal budget.⁽¹⁾ The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) was enacted to focus more attention on the costs of such federal mandates. In particular, UMRA was intended to ensure that the Congress carefully weighed those costs before imposing mandates on other levels of government or the private sector and to encourage the federal government to provide financial assistance for the costs of intergovernmental mandates. To accomplish those goals, the law established a variety of procedural requirements (which are summarized in Appendix A).

One major provision in title I of UMRA requires the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to inform Congressional committees about federal mandates in legislation. CBO must analyze all public bills that are reported by authorizing committees--and, on request, other legislative proposals--for the presence of such mandates. The law defines a mandate as any provision in legislation, statute, or regulation that would impose an enforceable duty on state, local, or tribal governments or the private sector. Duties that arise as a condition of federal assistance or from participation in a voluntary federal program are not considered mandates.

Title I of UMRA also requires CBO to estimate the costs of federal legislation that would impose mandates on public- or private-sector entities. The agency must provide a detailed cost estimate for each bill that contains mandates whose total costs to other levels of government would be $50 million or more in any one year or whose total costs to the private sector would be $100 million or more in a year. (Those thresholds are in 1996 dollars and are adjusted annually for inflation. In 2002, they were $58 million for intergovernmental mandates and $115 million for private-sector mandates.)

This report summarizes CBO's activities under title I of UMRA during calendar year 2002 and updates data provided in the agency's six previous annual reports on that law.⁽²⁾ It identifies which legislation before the Congress in 2002 would have imposed federal mandates on another level of government or the private sector. It also lists the bills examined by CBO last year that were found to contain mandates with costs above the relevant thresholds and notes which of those mandates were enacted into law. The report also shows trends in federal mandates considered by the Congress during the first seven years that UMRA has been in effect.
 

Mandate Statements Prepared in 2002

In 2002, CBO analyzed nearly 650 bills, amendments, and other legislative proposals for the presence of federal mandates and transmitted official statements about them to the Congress (see Table 1). As in the previous six years, most of that legislation did not contain federal mandates as defined by UMRA. Just 60 bills or other legislative proposals (9 percent) contained intergovernmental mandates in 2002, and 73 (11 percent) contained private-sector mandates. (Those bills and their mandates are listed in Appendix B.)

Table 1.
Number of CBO Mandate Statements for Bills, Proposed Amendments, and Conference Reports in 2002
		Intergovernmental Mandates		Private-Sector Mandates
Total Number of Statements Transmitted		649		645
Number of Statements That Identified Mandates		60		73
	Mandate costs would exceed thresholda	6		19
	Mandate costs could not be estimated	5		14
Source: Congressional Budget Office.
Note: The numbers in this table represent official mandate statements transmitted to the Congress by CBO. The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act requires CBO to complete mandate statements for every bill and joint resolution of a public character reported by an authorizing committee. The law also requires CBO to review amendments and other legislative proposals when requested. CBO prepared a number of preliminary reviews and informal estimates for other legislative proposals that are not included in this table. Mandate statements may cover more than one mandate. Also, because the same mandate sometimes appears in multiple bills, a single mandate may be addressed in more than one CBO statement.
a. The thresholds, which are adjusted annually for inflation, were $58 million for intergovernmental mandates and $115 million for private-sector mandates in 2002.

About half of the legislation with intergovernmental mandates that CBO identified in 2002 consisted of explicit preemptions of state or local authority.⁽³⁾ In most of those cases, the estimated costs to comply with the preemptions were not significant.

In fact, most of the legislation that contained mandates would not have imposed costs exceeding the thresholds set by UMRA. Only six (10 percent) of the bills with intergovernmental mandates would have cost state, local, and tribal governments as a whole at least $58 million in any year, by CBO's estimate. Nineteen (26 percent) of the bills with private-sector mandates would have imposed costs of more than $115 million in any one year.

Intergovernmental Mandates with Costs Above the Statutory Threshold

Because CBO prepares mandate statements for every public bill reported by a House or Senate authorizing committee, and because both bodies may consider the same or similar mandates in more than one piece of legislation, the number of separate mandates included in legislation is smaller than the total number of mandate statements that CBO prepared. The six statements that CBO provided in 2002 for proposed legislation containing intergovernmental mandates above the cost threshold actually identified five distinct mandates (see Table 2):

Table 2.
Status of 2002 Mandates That Would Exceed the Statutory Thresholds
Topic	Mandate	Was a Version Enacted into Law?	Did the Enacted Version Exceed the Threshold?
Intergovernmental Mandates with Costs Above the Statutory Thresholda
Clean Power	Requires public power plants to comply with new emission controls	No	n.a.
Gambling Reform	Prohibits interstate transmission of certain gaming wagers and the operation of some linked games by Indian tribes	No	n.a.
Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drugs	Preempts state premium taxes and disclosure regulations that affect health plans	No	n.a.
Minimum Wage	Requires state and local governments as employers to pay a higher minimum wage	No	n.a.
Social Security Number Protection	Prohibits display of Social Security numbers on certain public documents	No	n.a.
Private-Sector Mandates with Costs Above the Statutory Thresholda
Attorney Fees in Malpractice Cases	Limits the size of the awards that attorneys may receive in medical malpractice cases	No	n.a.
Child Passenger Protection	Requires a lap- and shoulder-belt harness in the center-rear seating position of automobiles	Yes (P.L. 107-318)b	Yes
Clean Power	Limits emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide from large electricity generators; requires coal-fired facilities to reduce mercury emissions; eliminates current exemptions for certain coal-fired facilities from adopting BACT	No	n.a.
Consumer Notification of Adverse Credit Information	Requires depository institutions to notify customers of information furnished to a consumer reporting agency that may adversely affect the customers' interests	No	n.a.
Country-of-Origin Labeling	Requires notification and labels on certain foods indicating their country of origin	Yes (P.L. 107-171)b	Yes
Federal Deposit Insurance Reform	Increases federal deposit insurance coverage for most insured accounts, which would require banks and savings associations to pay higher insurance premiums	No	n.a.
Health Insurance Coverage for Cancer Screening	Requires group health plans and health insurance issuers to provide coverage of colorectal cancer screening for certain plan enrollees	No	n.a.
Minimum Wage	Requires employers covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act to pay a higher minimum wage	No	n.a.
Nuclear Security	Requires new security measures at sensitive nuclear facilities, effectively raising fees for licensees; expands the system for licensing sensitive radioactive materials	No	n.a.
Pension Security	Makes numerous changes to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 that would affect the operations of private pension plans, including new reporting requirements and limits on certain investments	No	n.a.
Reversing the Expatriation of Profits Offshore	Eliminates some of the tax-favored treatment afforded to transactions of corporations that were previously incorporated in the United States and have reincorporated in foreign jurisdictions	No	n.a.
Steel Imports	Increases tariff rates for importers of steel and steel products in 2006	No	n.a.
Tax Shelter Transparency	Imposes recordkeeping and reporting requirements on certain types of transactions and requires people who provide professional advice for such transactions to submit returns	No	n.a.
Intergovernmental Mandates with Costs That Could Not Be Estimated
Port and Maritime Security	Requires public port authorities to improve security procedures and infrastructure	Yes (P.L. 107-295)b	Uncertain
Lawful Commerce in Arms	Prohibits states from suing certain manufacturers and sellers of firearms and ammunition	No	n.a.
Work, Opportunity, and Responsibility for Kids	Sets new requirements for states as administrators of the Child Support Enforcement program	No	n.a.
Online Privacy	Requires certain public entities to comply with new procedures for collecting, using, and disclosing some personal data	No	n.a.
Private-Sector Mandates with Costs That Could Not Be Estimated
Accounting and Auditing Reform	Establishes new oversight board, sets new standards, and imposes regulatory fees; prohibits company owners and officers from selling stock issued by that company during certain periods	Yes (P.L. 107-204)b	Uncertain
Antiterrorism Training for Flight Crews	Requires air carriers to provide additional training to their flight and cabin crews	Yes (P.L. 107-296)b	Uncertain
Customs User Fees	Extends the government's authority to collect certain customs user fees	No	n.a.
Identity-Theft Protection	Prohibits the display, sale, or purchase of someone's Social Security number without that person's consent; requires businesses that accept credit cards to truncate card numbers on electronically printed receipts	No	n.a.
Imports from Vietnam	Increases tariff rates for importers of goods from Vietnam	No	n.a.
Medical Device User Fee	Requires manufacturers of medical devices to comply with certain labeling standards and application procedures and to pay fees to the Food and Drug Administration	No	n.a.
Online Personal Privacy	Prohibits Internet and online service providers and commercial Web sites from collecting or disclosing personal information from an Internet user without the user's consent	No	n.a.
Patient Safety	Requires the manufacturer, packager, or labeler of any drug or biological product that is subject to regulation by the Food and Drug Administration to include a unique product identifier on the packaging	No	n.a.
Port and Maritime Security	Requires port authorities to improve security procedures and infrastructure	Yes (P.L. 107-295)b	Uncertain
Protection of Commerce in Arms	Prohibits parties from suing certain manufacturers or sellers of firearms when their products are used unlawfully	No	n.a.
Vessel Identification	Accelerates the date by which certain types of vessels operating in U.S. waters must install automatic identification systems	Yes (P.L. 107-295)b	Uncertain
Veterans' Benefits	Temporarily exempts some National Guard members who are performing homeland security activities from certain financial obligations	Yes (P.L. 107-330)b	Uncertain
Source: Congressional Budget Office.
Notes: The mandates in this table are those identified by the Congressional Budget Office when a bill was reported by an authorizing or conference committee or when CBO was asked to do a formal review. In some cases, more than one formal CBO mandate statement was issued for a mandate topic.
n.a. = not applicable; BACT = best available control technology (as prescribed by the Environmental Protection Agency).
a. The thresholds, which are adjusted annually for inflation, were $58 million for intergovernmental mandates and $115 million for private-sector mandates in 2002.
b. Public Law 107-171, the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, enacted May 13, 2002.
Public Law 107-204, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, enacted July 30, 2002.
Public Law 107-295, the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, enacted November 25, 2002
Public Law 107-296, the Homeland Security Act of 2002, enacted November 25, 2002.
Public Law 107-318, Anton's Law, enacted December 4, 2002.
Public Law 107-330, the Veterans Benefits Act of 2002, enacted December 6, 2002.

• New requirements for public power plants to comply with emission controls,
  
  
• A prohibition on the interstate transmission of certain gaming wagers and the operation of some linked games by Indian tribes,
  
  
• A preemption of state premium taxes and disclosure regulations that affect health plans,
  
  
• An increase in the minimum wage, and
  
  
• A prohibition on displaying Social Security numbers on certain public documents.

Private-Sector Mandates with Costs Above the Statutory Threshold

The 19 statements that CBO provided for legislation containing private-sector mandates above the cost threshold identified 13 separate mandates (see Table 2):

• Limits on the size of awards that attorneys may receive in medical malpractice cases;
  
  
• A requirement that automakers install a lap- and shoulder-belt harness in the center-rear seating position of vehicles;
  
  
• New requirements for privately owned power plants to comply with emission controls;
  
  
• A requirement that depository institutions notify their customers when they give certain information to consumer reporting agencies;
  
  
• A requirement that some foods carry labels indicating their country of origin;
  
  
• An increase in the premiums that banks and savings associations pay for federal deposit insurance;
  
  
• A requirement that health insurers cover colorectal cancer screening for plan enrollees;
  
  
• An increase in the minimum wage;
  
  
• New security measures and higher fees for nuclear facilities;
  
  
• New reporting requirements for private pension plans and limits on their investments;
  
  
• A reduction in the tax-favored treatment available to U.S. corporations that reincorporate in foreign jurisdictions;
  
  
• Increases in tariff rates on steel and steel products; and
  
  
• New recordkeeping and reporting requirements for people who provide professional tax advice.

Public Laws in 2002 That Contained Mandates

CBO was unable to estimate the costs of the other two intergovernmental mandates that were enacted--one of which requires anyone possessing, using, or transferring various toxins to register with the federal government and the other of which establishes new security procedures for ports. There are various reasons that CBO sometimes cannot estimate the costs of a federal mandate; among the most common reasons are that the costs would depend on future regulations, that essential information to determine the scope and impact of the mandate is lacking, that it is unclear whom the bill's provisions would affect, and that language in UMRA is ambiguous about how to treat extensions of existing mandates.

Only two laws enacted in 2002 (the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act) contained intergovernmental mandates that were never reviewed by CBO. In one case the bill containing the mandates was not considered by an authorizing committee, and in the other case the mandate was added to the legislation after CBO's review.

In addition, 23 of the 377 public laws enacted in 2002 contained private-sector mandates (see Table 4). CBO estimates that four of them will impose mandate costs above the $115 million annual threshold:⁽⁴⁾

• The Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act, which extends the requirement that health insurers cover mental health and medical benefits equally, creates tax provisions that limit nonaccrual accounting, and alters the treatment of indebtedness for S corporations;
  
  
• The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which bans soft-money collections by national political parties;
  
  
• The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act, which requires that some foods carry labels indicating their country of origin; and
  
  
• Anton's Law, which requires automakers to install a lap- and shoulder-belt harness in the center-rear seating position of vehicles.

Six of the laws enacted in 2002 contained private-sector mandates that were reviewed by CBO but whose costs could not be determined. Those mandates involved new standards for auditing and accounting firms, regulations on manufacturers of medical devices, and a variety of homeland security matters (such as mandating extra security procedures for ports, accelerating the date by which vessels must comply with identification systems, requiring air carriers to provide additional antiterrorism training to their flight crews, requiring insurers and policyholders to pay assessments to cover the cost of federal assistance provided in connection with acts of terrorism, and temporarily exempting some National Guard members who are performing homeland security activities from certain financial obligations).

Moreover, five 2002 laws contained private-sector mandates that CBO did not review. Three of those laws (which address tax benefits for members of the clergy, public health and bioterrorism, and parity in how health insurers cover mental health benefits and medical benefits) were never considered by an authorizing committee and thus did not receive a CBO review. The other two laws contained mandates that were added after CBO had reviewed the legislation: a mandate on air carriers was added to the Homeland Security Act, and a mandate on insurers was added to the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act.

The rest of the 2002 laws containing private-sector mandates will not exceed the UMRA cost threshold, in CBO's view.

In all, almost 40 percent of the public laws with private-sector mandates enacted last year were related to antiterrorism and security in response to the attacks of September 11, 2001. All of those laws either had estimated mandate costs below the threshold or had mandate costs that CBO could not estimate.
 

Mandate Statements Prepared Since UMRA Went into Effect

Since UMRA took effect in 1996, CBO has provided mandate statements for nearly every public bill reported by an authorizing committee. Most of that legislation did not contain federal mandates as UMRA defines them. Of the more than 4,000 bills and other legislative proposals that CBO reviewed from 1996 through 2002, 11 percent contained intergovernmental mandates, and 14 percent contained private-sector mandates (see Table 5). Those percentages have varied slightly from year to year. Over the seven-year period, the share of bills containing mandates has ranged between 9 percent and 14 percent for intergovernmental mandates and between 11 percent and 19 percent for private-sector mandates.

Table 5.
Number of CBO Mandate Statements for Bills, Proposed Amendments, and Conference Reports, 1996-2002
		1996a	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	Total, 1996-2002
Intergovernmental Mandates
Total Number of Statements Transmitted		718	521	541	573	706	389	649	4,097
Number of Statements That Identified Mandates		69	64	64	81	77	50	60	465
	Mandate costs would exceed thresholdb	11	8	6	4	3	4	6	42
	Mandate costs could not be estimated	6	7	7	0	1	3	5	29
Private-Sector Mandates
Total Number of Statements Transmitted		673	498	525	556	697	389	645	3,983
Number of Statements That Identified Mandates		91	65	75	105	86	66	73	561
	Mandate costs would exceed thresholdb	38	18	18	20	6	18	19	137
	Mandate costs could not be estimated	2	5	9	13	7	8	14	58
Source: Congressional Budget Office.
Note: The numbers in this table represent official mandate statements transmitted by CBO to the Congress. CBO prepared more intergovernmental mandate statements than private-sector mandate statements because in some cases it was asked to review a specific bill, amendment, or conference report solely for intergovernmental mandates. (In those cases, no private-sector analysis was transmitted to the requesting Member or committee.) CBO also completed a number of preliminary reviews and informal estimates for other legislative proposals that are not included in this table. Mandate statements may cover more than one mandate. Also, because the same mandate sometimes appears in multiple bills, a single mandate may be addressed in more than one CBO statement.
a. CBO began preparing mandate statements in January 1996 in the middle of the 104th Congress. The figures for 1996 reflect bills on the calendar in January 1996 and bills reported by authorizing committees thereafter.
b. The thresholds, which are adjusted annually for inflation, were $50 million for intergovernmental mandates and $100 million for private-sector mandates in 1996. They rose to $58 million and $115 million, respectively, in 2002.

For most of that period, the proportion of bills with mandate costs that exceed the UMRA thresholds has remained roughly constant. In the case of intergovernmental mandates above the threshold, that share has held steady at about 1 percent a year since 1998 (falling slightly below half a percent in 2000). In the case of private-sector mandates, the proportion of bills containing mandates with costs over the threshold has been about 3 percent a year since 1998. (Two years since then are exceptions: in 2000, only 1 percent of the bills reviewed by CBO had private-sector mandates with costs above the threshold; and in 2001, the total number of bills reviewed was well below average, but the number with mandates remained roughly constant at about 18 bills, amounting to 5 percent of the bills reviewed.)⁽⁵⁾

In addition, in each year since 1997, CBO has been unable to estimate mandate costs for about 1 percent of the bills reviewed for intergovernmental mandates and 1 percent to 2 percent of the bills reviewed for private-sector mandates.
 
 

Title I of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) attempts to ensure that the Congress has information about the potential direct costs of federal mandates before enacting legislation. UMRA requires the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and Congressional authorizing committees to develop and report information about the existence and costs of mandates in proposed legislation. The law also establishes mechanisms to bring that information to the attention of the Congress before legislation is considered on the floor of the House or Senate.
 

Defining Mandates and Their Costs

UMRA defines federal mandates narrowly: as any provision in legislation, statue, or regulation that would impose an enforceable duty on state, local, or tribal governments or the private sector or that would reduce or eliminate the amount of funding authorized to cover the costs of existing mandates. Duties that are imposed as a condition of federal assistance or that arise from participation in a voluntary federal program are not considered mandates under UMRA. In the case of some large entitlement programs (in which $500 million or more is provided annually to state, local, or tribal governments), a new condition on or a reduction in federal assistance is considered a mandate only if other levels of government lack the flexibility to offset the new costs or the loss of federal funding with reductions elsewhere in the program.

The scope of UMRA is further narrowed by the fact that the law's procedures do not apply to legislative provisions that deal with constitutional rights, discrimination, emergency aid, accounting and auditing procedures for grants, national security, treaty ratification, and title II of Social Security (Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance benefits).

UMRA defines directs costs as amounts that mandated entities--governmental or private-sector--would be required to spend to comply with the enforceable duty, including amounts that states, localities, and tribes "would be prohibited from raising in revenues." Direct costs exclude amounts that mandated entities would spend to comply with applicable laws, regulations, or professional standards in effect when the federal mandate is adopted. In addition, direct costs must be offset by direct savings to the mandated entities that would result from compliance with the mandate or by savings from other provisions of the same legislation that govern the same activity that is affected by the mandate.
 

Mandate Cost Statements: CBO's Role

UMRA requires CBO to provide a statement to Congressional authorizing committees about whether reported bills contain federal mandates. If the total direct costs of all mandates in a bill are above a specified threshold in any of the first five fiscal years in which the mandates are effective, CBO must provide an estimate of those costs (if feasible) and the basis of its estimate. The statutory thresholds are $50 million for intergovernmental mandates and $100 million for private-sector mandates in 1996 dollars, adjusted yearly for inflation.

The CBO mandate statement must also include an assessment of whether the bill authorizes or otherwise provides funding to cover the costs of any new federal mandate. In the case of intergovernmental mandates, the statement must, under certain circumstances, estimate the appropriations needed to fund such authorizations for up to 10 years after the mandate takes effect.

Authorizing committees must publish CBO's mandate statements in their reports or in the Congressional Record before a bill is considered on the floor of the House or Senate. Conference committees must, "to the greatest extent practicable," ensure that CBO prepares statements for conference agreements or amended bills if they contain mandates not previously considered by either House or if they impose greater direct costs than the version considered earlier. At the request of a Senator, CBO must estimate the costs of intergovernmental mandates contained in an amendment the Senator may wish to offer.

The Congress may also call on CBO to prepare analyses at other stages of the legislative process. If asked by the Chairman or Ranking Member of a committee, CBO will help committees analyze the impact of proposed legislation, conduct special studies of legislative proposals, or compare a federal agency's estimate of the costs of proposed regulations to implement a federal mandate with CBO's estimate made when the law was enacted.
 

Enforcement Mechanisms

Section 425 of UMRA sets out rules for both the House and Senate that prohibit them from considering legislation unless certain conditions are met. For all reported legislation, consideration is not "in order" unless the committee has published a CBO mandate statement. (That is, UMRA prohibits the consideration of a reported bill unless the committee has published a CBO statement about the costs of any mandates.)

For reported legislation that contains intergovernmental mandates with direct costs above the UMRA threshold, the rules preclude consideration unless the legislation provides direct spending authority or authorizes appropriations sufficient to cover those costs. An authorization of appropriations will not be sufficient unless the authorized amounts are specified for each year (up to 10 years) after the effective date of the mandates and the legislation provides a way to terminate or scale back the mandates if the federal agency determines that the appropriated funds are not sufficient to cover those costs.

Finally, although UMRA does not specifically require CBO to analyze the cost of mandates in appropriation bills, considering legislative provisions in such bills--or amendments to them--that increase the direct costs of intergovernmental mandates is not in order unless an appropriate CBO mandate statement is available.

Those rules are not self-enforcing, however; a Member must raise a point of order to enforce them. In the House, if a Member raises a point of order, the full House votes on whether to consider the bill regardless of whether there is a violation. In the Senate, if a point of order is raised, the bill may not be considered unless either the Senate waives the point of order or the chair of the Senate overrules it.
 
 

This appendix expands on the information provided in the main text and in earlier tables by listing legislation reviewed by the Congressional Budget Office in 2002 that would impose federal mandates, regardless of whether the estimated costs of those mandates would be more or less than the thresholds and regardless of whether the legislation was enacted. Table B-1 lists bills with intergovernmental mandates in numerical order, including various versions of the same bill considered by different committees. Table B-2 provides the same information for bills with private-sector mandates.

Table B-1.
Bills Reviewed by CBO in 2002 That Contained Intergovernmental Mandates
Bill Number (Committee)		Name		Mandate
Intergovernmental Mandates with Costs Above the Statutory Thresholda
H.R. 3215		Combating Illegal Gambling Reform and Modernization Act		Prohibits interstate transmission of bets and the operation of certain linked games by Indian tribes
H.R. 4954 (Ways and Means)		Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drug Act of 2002		Preempts various state laws, including premium taxes and disclosure regulations
H.R. ------ (Energy and Commerce)		Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drug Act of 2002		Preempts various state laws, including premium taxes and disclosure regulations
S. 556		Clean Power Act of 2002		Requires public power plants to comply with new emission controls
S. 848		Social Security Number Misuse Prevention Act of 2002		Prohibits display of Social Security numbers on certain public documents
S. 2538		Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2002		Requires state and local governments as employers to pay a higher minimum wage
Intergovernmental Mandates with Costs Below the Statutory Thresholda
H.R. 521		An act to amend the Organic Act of Guam for the purposes of clarifying the local judicial structure of Guam		Preempts the authority of the Guam legislature to establish the structure of the local judiciary
H.R. 1448 (Judiciary)		An act to clarify the tax treatment of bonds and other obligations issued by the government of American Samoa		Exempts bonds issued by American Samoa from state, local, and territorial taxes
H.R. 1448 (Resources)		An act to clarify the tax treatment of bonds and other obligations issued by the government of American Samoa		Exempts bonds issued by American Samoa from state, local, and territorial taxes
H.R. 1701 (Financial Services)		Consumer Rental Purchase Agreement Act		Preempts state laws inconsistent with new federal regulations for rental-purchase agreements
H.R. 1701 (Judiciary)		Consumer Rental Purchase Agreement Act		Preempts state laws inconsistent with new federal regulations for rental-purchase agreements
H.R. 2305		Criminal Justice Coordinating Council Restructuring Act of 2002		Requires a new report from the District of Columbia
H.R. 2440		An act to rename Wolf Trap Farm Park as "Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts," and for other purposes		Requires the state of Virginia to post new signs referring to Wolf Trap by its new full name
H.R. 2546		Real Interstate Driver Equity Act of 2001		Preempts state laws requiring dual licensing of limousine drivers
H.R. 3479		National Aviation Capacity Expansion Act of 2002		Preempts the authority of Illinois to regulate activities at O'Hare Airport; requires Chicago to mitigate noise around the airport
H.R. 3482		Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002		Requires state and local agencies to report to the federal government their receipt of disclosure forms from providers of electronic services
H.R. 3534		Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Nations Claims Settlement Act		Extinguishes outstanding legal claims of the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw nations
H.R. 3580		Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act		Requires manufacturers of medical devices (including state and local governments) to pay fees and comply with other requirements
H.R. 3609		Pipeline Infrastructure Protection to Enhance Security and Safety Act		Imposes new user fees and operating and safety requirements on pipeline operators
H.R. 3717		Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2002		Preempts state laws regarding statutes of limitations
H.R. 3951 (Financial Services)		Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2002		Preempts state contract and securities laws; requires state regulators to furnish a report
H.R. 3951 (Judiciary)		Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2002		Preempts state contract and securities laws; requires state regulators to furnish a report
H.R. 4125		Federal Courts Improvement Act of 2002		Eliminates existing exemption from federal jury duty for certain state and local employees
H.R. 4466		National Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act of 2002		Says that states cannot block organizations from providing assistance to certain victims of rail accidents
H.R. 4600 (Energy and Commerce)		Help Efficient, Accessible, Low-Cost, Timely Healthcare Act		Preempts state laws that provide less liability protection than the bill would
H.R. 4600 (Judiciary)		Help Efficient, Accessible, Low-Cost, Timely Healthcare Act		Preempts state laws that provide less liability protection than the bill would
H.R. 4635		Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act		Preempts state firearms laws as they relate to pilots carrying firearms as federal officers
H.R. 4687		National Construction Safety Team Act		Subjects public entities to subpoenas
H.R. 4889		Patient Safety Improvement Act of 2002		Preempts state freedom-of-information laws
H.R. 5005		Homeland Security Act of 2002		Requires airports to give notice if they cannot install an explosive-detection system as required by law; preempts state jurisdiction over some liability cases
H.R. 5012		John F. Kennedy Center Plaza Authorization Act of 2002		Preempts the authority of the District of Columbia to dispose of city property; may require the city to alter its highway system
H.R. 5422		Child Abduction Prevention Act		Expands existing mandate by increasing reporting requirements
H.R. 5478		Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act		Preempts state freedom-of-information laws and limits other employer actions
S. 351		Mercury Reduction Act of 2002		Prohibits the sale of mercury thermometers without a prescription
S. 630		Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2002		Preempts state and local laws regulating unsolicited commercial e-mail
S. 710		Eliminate Colorectal Cancer Act of 2002		Requires certain state and local heath plans to provide colorectal cancer screening; preempts some state laws
S. 1209		Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers, Farmers, Communities, and Firms Act of 2001		Requires states to implement a trade-adjustment assistance program; preempts state and local authority to make certain determinations about eligibility for public benefits
S. 1284		Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2002		Prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation
S. 1602		Chemical Security Act of 2002		Requires operators of certain facilities to take actions to protect against chemical releases
S. 1742		Identity Theft Victims Assistance Act of 2002		Preempts state laws that prohibit the disclosure of certain financial information to third parties
S. 1746		Nuclear Security Act of 2002		Requires new security procedures and standards at nuclear facilities
S. 1867		An act to establish the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, and for other purposes		Requires state and local governments to respond to subpoenas
S. 1991		National Defense Rail Act		Requires states to maintain information on railway-highway crossings
S. 2039		National Aviation Capacity Expansion Act of 2002		Preempts the authority of Illinois to regulate activities at O'Hare Airport; requires Chicago to mitigate noise around the airport
S. 2237		Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2002		Extends federal protections to certain members of the National Guard
S. 2329		Ship, Seafarer, and Container Security Act		Accelerates the date by which certain types of publicly owned vessels operating in U.S. waters must install automatic identification systems
S. 2452		National Homeland Security and Combating Terrorism Act of 2002		Prohibits state and municipal employers from dismissing workers for disclosing violations of federal law
S. 2480		Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act of 2002		Preempts state and local laws that prohibit the carrying of concealed weapons
S. 2506 (Armed Services)		Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003		Requires state and local governments to respond to subpoenas
S. 2506 (Intelligence)		Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003		Requires state and local governments to respond to subpoenas
S. 2550		Professional Boxing Amendments Act of 2002		Requires state and tribal boxing commissions to comply with new guidelines
S. 2673		Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002		Preempts state authority to license and regulate an oversight board as a nonprofit corporation
S. 2771		John F. Kennedy Center Plaza Authorization Act of 2002		Preempts the authority of the District of Columbia to dispose of city property; may require the city to alter its highway system
S. 2823		An act to amend the Organic Act of Guam for the purposes of clarifying the local judicial structure of Guam		Preempts the authority of the Guam legislature to establish the structure of the local judiciary
S. 3054		No Taxation Without Representation Act of 2002		Requires the District of Columbia to hold elections for Senate and House seats
Intergovernmental Mandates with Costs That Could Not Be Estimated
H.R. 2037 (Commerce, Science, and Transportation)		Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act		Prohibits state, local, or tribal governments from entering into lawsuits against gun manufacturers
H.R. 2037 (Judiciary)		Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act		Prohibits state, local, or tribal governments from entering into lawsuits against gun manufacturers
H.R. 3983		Maritime Transportation Antiterrorism Act of 2002		Requires public port authorities to upgrade security procedures and infrastructure
H.R. 4737		Work, Opportunity, and Responsibility for Kids Act of 2002		Reduces the amount of money states may retain from child support collections; prohibits states from using the child support enforcement system to collect costs paid for by Medicaid
S. 2201		Online Personal Privacy Act		Preempts certain state laws regulating Internet privacy and disclosure; may require state and local governments to comply with new rules regarding the collection and use of personal information
Source: Congressional Budget Office.
a. The threshold for intergovernmental mandates, which is adjusted annually for inflation, was $58 million in 2002.

 

Table B-2.
Bills Reviewed by CBO in 2002 That Contained Private-Sector Mandates
Bill Number (Committee)		Name		Mandate
Private-Sector Mandates with Costs Above the Statutory Thresholda
H.J. Res. 84		A resolution disapproving the action taken by the President under section 203 of the Trade Act of 1974		Increases tariff rates for importers of steel and steel products in 2006
H.R. 7		CARE Act of 2002		Extends customs user fees; amends tax provisions relating to reportable transactions, tax shelters, inversion transactions, and reinsurance agreements
H.R. 3717		Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2002		Increases federal deposit insurance coverage for most insured accounts, which would require banks and savings associations to pay higher insurance premiums
H.R. 3762		Pension Security Act of 2002		Imposes new requirements on sponsors, administrators, and fiduciaries of pension plans
H.R. 3951 (Financial Services)		Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2002		Requires depository institutions to notify customers of information furnished to a consumer reporting agency that may adversely affect the customers' interests; expands prohibitions on employment at financial institutions of people convicted of certain crimes
H.R. 3951 (Judiciary)		Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2002		Requires depository institutions to notify customers of information furnished to a consumer reporting agency that may adversely affect the customers' interests; expands prohibitions on employment at financial institutions of people convicted of certain crimes
H.R. 4600 (Energy and Commerce)		Help Efficient, Accessible, Low-Cost, Timely Healthcare Act of 2002		Limits the size of the awards that attorneys may receive in medical malpractice cases
H.R. 4600 (Judiciary)		Help Efficient, Accessible, Low-Cost, Timely Healthcare Act of 2002		Limits the size of the awards that attorneys may receive in medical malpractice cases
H.R. 5504		Anton's Law		Requires motor vehicles to have a lap- and shoulder-belt harness in the center-rear seating position
S. 556		Clean Power Act of 2002		Limits emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide from large electricity generators and requires them to purchase emission permits; requires coal-fired facilities to reduce mercury emissions; eliminates current exemptions for certain coal-fired facilities from adopting BACT
S. 710		Eliminate Colorectal Cancer Act of 2002		Requires group health plans and health insurance issuers to provide coverage of colorectal cancer screening for certain plan enrollees
S. 1209		Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers, Farmers, Communities, and Firms Act of 2001		Effectively increases the cost of the existing mandate on employers to provide continued coverage by increasing the number of separated workers who elect to continue their COBRA coverage; requires trucks, buses, and trains to transmit certain passenger and crew manifest information electronically before entering the United States; requires retailers to inform customers of the country of origin of certain commodities
S. 1746		Nuclear Security Act of 2002		Requires new security measures at sensitive nuclear facilities, effectively raising fees for licensees; expands the system for licensing sensitive radioactive materials
S. 1971		National Employee Savings and Trust Equity Guarantee Act		Imposes new requirements on sponsors, administrators, and fiduciaries of pension plans
S. 1992		Protecting America's Pensions Act of 2002		Imposes new requirements on sponsors, administrators, and fiduciaries of pension plans
S. 2119		Reversing the Expatriation of Profits Offshore Act		Eliminates some of the tax-favored treatment afforded to certain transactions of corporations that were previously incorporated in the United States and reincorporate in foreign jurisdictions
S. 2498		Tax Shelter Transparency Act		Imposes recordkeeping and reporting requirements on certain types of transactions and on people who provide professional advice for such transactions
S. 2538		Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2002		Requires employers covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act to pay a higher minimum wage
S. 2950		National Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act of 2002		Requires motor vehicles to have a lap- and shoulder-belt harness in the center-rear seating position
Private-Sector Mandates with Costs Below the Statutory Thresholda
H.R. 577 (Senate Governmental Affairs)		An act to amend title 44, United States Code, to require any organization that is established for the purpose of raising funds for creating, maintaining, expanding, or conducting activities at a Presidential archival depository or any facilities relating to a Presidential archival depository to disclose the sources and amounts of any funds raised, and for other purposes		Requires organizations that raise funds for Presidential archival depositories and tax-exempt foundations named after or controlled by Members of Congress to report sources and amounts of contributions
H.R. 1701 (Financial Services)		Consumer Rental Purchase Agreement Act		Requires meaningful disclosures of the terms of rental-purchase agreements, including disclosures of all costs to consumers under such agreements; sets forth consumer protections governing statements of accounts, renegotiations and extensions, point-of-sale disclosures, and rental-purchase advertising
H.R. 1701 (Judiciary)		Consumer Rental Purchase Agreement Act		Requires meaningful disclosures of the terms of rental-purchase agreements, including disclosures of all costs to consumers under such agreements; sets forth consumer protections governing statements of accounts, renegotiations and extensions, point-of-sale disclosures, and rental-purchase advertising
H.R. 2341		Class Action Fairness Act of 2002		Requires that any notice of a proposed settlement of a class action lawsuit provided to the class members through the mail or in printed media contain certain information in a specific format; requires certain other notices provided through television or radio to include specific information in plain language
H.R. 2581		Export Administration Act of 2001		Requires pharmaceutical companies that export certain test articles to comply with new procedures; prohibits exports of implements of torture; requires exporters to file applications electronically
H.R. 2880 (House Resources)		Five Nations Indian Land Reform Act		Grants authority to the Secretary of the Interior to partition certain parcels of undivided property held in trust for individual Indians of the Five Nations who own interest in such property without the consent of all property owners
H.R. 2880 (Senate Indian Affairs)		Five Nations Indian Land Reform Act		Grants authority to the Secretary of the Interior to partition certain parcels of undivided property held in trust for individual Indians of the Five Nations who own interest in such property without the consent of all property owners
H.R. 3173		Service Members and Military Families Protection Act of 2001		Requires a landlord who wishes to evict an active-duty tenant or his or her dependents for nonpayment of rent to obtain a court order authorizing the eviction
H.R. 3215		Combating Illegal Gambling Reform and Modernization Act		Prohibits gambling over the Internet and other interactive computer systems; requires Internet service providers to block their subscribers' access when notified by state or federal law enforcement agencies
H.R. 3476		An act to protect certain lands held in fee by the Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians from condemnation until a final decision is made by the Secretary of the Interior regarding a pending fee-to-trust application for that land, and for other purposes		Prohibits anyone from condemning certain land owned by the Perchanga band until the Secretary of the Interior renders a final decision on the band's pending application to transfer that land into trust
H.R. 3534		Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Nations Claims Settlement Act		Limits the fees payable to attorneys under contract with the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw nations to handle certain claims pending in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims
H.R. 3609		Pipeline Infrastructure Protection to Enhance Security and Safety Act		Requires certain pipeline owners and operators to pay user fees, implement an integrity management program on an accelerated schedule, adopt a certified employee qualification program, and implement a terrorism security program
H.R. 3942		John Muir National Historic Site Boundary Adjustment Act		Authorizes the National Park Service to acquire a parcel of property through condemnation
H.R. 4125		Federal Courts Improvement Act of 2002		Eliminates the current exemption from federal jury service for military personnel, police officers, firefighters, and certain public officials
H.R. 4466		National Transportation Safety Board Reauthorization Act of 2002		Prohibits anyone from hindering the ability of the National Transportation Safety Board to carry out its responsibilities under the bill or from hindering the ability of passengers' families to contact one another in the case of a significant accident involving a mode of transportation; prohibits attorneys for a 45-day period from making unsolicited contact about potential legal action with injured passengers or family members; requires passenger rail carriers to submit plans for handling major accidents
H.R. 4623		Child Obscenity and Pornography Prevention Act of 2002		Expands reporting requirements for electronic communication providers to include additional activities related to child pornography
H.R. 4687		National Construction Safety Team Act		Requires private-sector entities, if subpoenaed, to provide testimony and evidence related to matters that the National Construction Safety Team would be empowered to investigate
H.R. 4701		Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act		Prohibits a sports agent from providing anything of value to a student athlete or anyone associated with the athlete before entering into a contract; requires agents to provide a student athlete with a specific disclosure document before entering into a contract and prohibits predating or postdating of such a contract
H.R. 4864		Anti-Terrorism Explosives Act of 2002		Requires manufacturers and importers of explosive materials or ammonium nitrate to furnish samples of those materials to the ATF; requires all purchasers of explosives to obtain permits from the ATF; requires applicants for licenses and permits for handling explosives to submit identifying information
H.R. 4954		Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drug Act of 2002		Modifies several existing requirements on insurers that offer Medicare supplemental (medigap) coverage; imposes new requirements on Internet pharmacies and group health plans
H.R. 4965		Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2002		Prohibits the procedure commonly known as "partial-birth" abortion
H.R. 5063		Armed Forces Tax Fairness Act of 2002		Imposes a mark-to-market tax on the property of individuals who expatriate
H.R. 5385		Miscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 2002		Requires certain wine importers to certify that their imports meet U.S. wine-making standards
H.R. ------ (Energy and Commerce)		Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drug Act of 2002		Modifies several existing requirements on insurers that offer Medicare supplemental (medigap) coverage; imposes new requirements on Internet pharmacies and group health plans
S. 351		Mercury Reduction Act of 2002		Prohibits the sale or supply of mercury thermometers except by prescription; requires manufacturers to provide clear instructions on the careful handling of such thermometers
S. 487 (House Judiciary)		Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization Act of 2001		Limits the right of copyright owners to collect compensation for use of certain materials by educators in classes offered over the Internet
S. 630		Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2002		Requires senders of commercial e-mail to include a valid return e-mail address and an accurate subject heading in their message; requires senders of unsolicited commercial e-mail to provide an opt-out clause in each message
S. 1284		Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2002		Prohibits employers, employment agencies, and labor organizations from discriminating against workers on the basis of sexual orientation and requires them to post notices to that effect
S. 1340		Indian Probe Reform Act of 2002		Places new eligibility and distribution requirements on the inheritance of interests in Indian trust and restricted lands
S. 1602		Chemical Security Act of 2002		Requires owners and operators of certain facilities to protect against the unauthorized release of chemical substances
S. 1742		Identity Theft Victims Assistance Act of 2002		Requires businesses to provide transaction information without charge within 20 days after receipt of a written request by the victim of alleged identity theft; requires credit reporting agencies to permanently block the reporting of information resulting from identity theft
S. 1867		An act to establish the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, and for other purposes		Requires private-sector entities, if subpoenaed, to provide testimony and evidence related to matters that the commission determines to be advisable
S. 1956		Safe Explosives Act		Requires manufacturers and importers of explosive materials or ammonium nitrate to furnish samples of those materials to the ATF; requires all purchasers of explosives to obtain permits from the ATF; requires applicants for licenses and permits for handling explosives to submit identifying information
S. 2010		Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Act of 2002		Requires any accountant who conducts certain corporate audits to maintain all audit or review papers for five years; prohibits companies from discharging, demoting, suspending, harassing, or discriminating against employees who provide information to the federal government on the terms and conditions of their employment
S. 2506 (Armed Services)		Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003		Requires private-sector entities, if subpoenaed, to provide testimony and evidence related to matters that the National Commission for Review of Research and Development Programs of the United States Intelligence Community determines to be advisable
S. 2506 (Select Committee on Intelligence)		Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003		Requires private-sector entities, if subpoenaed, to provide testimony and evidence related to matters that the National Commission for Review of Research and Development Programs of the United States Intelligence Community determines to be advisable
S. 2550		Professional Boxing Amendments Act of 2002		Requires boxers, managers, promoters, and sanctioning organizations to meet certain safety standards and be licensed by the U.S. Boxing Administration
S. 2711		Indian Programs Reauthorization and Technical Amendments Act of 2002		Prohibits anyone from condemning certain land owned by the Pechanga band until the Secretary of the Interior renders a final decision on the band's pending application to transfer that land into trust
S. 2949		Aviation Security Improvement Act		Requires air carriers that operate passenger aircraft and all-cargo aircraft to comply with new security procedures for cargo; requires facilities that offer flight training to submit information on foreign candidates requesting initial training on any aircraft
S. 2989		An act to protect certain lands held in fee by the Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians from condemnation until a final decision is made by the Secretary of the Interior regarding a pending fee-to-trust application for that land, and for other purposes		Prohibits anyone from condemning certain land owned by the Pechanga band until the Secretary of the Interior renders a final decision on the band's pending application to transfer that land into trust
Private-Sector Mandates with Costs That Could Not Be Estimated
H.J. Res. 101		A resolution disapproving the extension of the waiver authority contained in section 402(c) of the Trade Act of 1974 with respect to Vietnam		Increases tariff rates for importers of goods from Vietnam
H.R. 2037 (Energy and Commerce)		Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act		Prohibits private-sector parties from suing certain manufacturers or sellers of firearms and related trade associations when their products are used unlawfully
H.R. 2037 (Judiciary)		Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act		Prohibits private-sector parties from suing certain manufacturers or sellers of firearms and related trade associations when their products are used unlawfully
H.R. 3580		Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act		Requires manufacturers of medical devices to comply with certain labeling requirements and application procedures and to pay fees to the Food and Drug Administration
H.R. 3763		Corporate and Auditing Accountability, Responsibility, and Transparency Act of 2002		Imposes new requirements on independent public or certified accountants who provide auditing services; imposes a fee to fund a new accounting regulatory board; requires companies that issue securities to disclose some information on an accelerated schedule; prohibits owners and officers of a company from selling company stock during certain periods
H.R. 3983		Maritime Transportation Antiterrorism Act of 2002		Requires certain ports and facilities at those ports to develop and comply with antiterrorism plans; requires shippers to provide information electronically on containerized cargo; requires some vessels to have automatic identification systems
H.R. 4635		Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act		Requires air carriers to provide additional training to their flight and cabin crews
H.R. 4737		Work, Opportunity, and Responsibility for Kids Act of 2002		Extends the government's authority to collect certain customs user fees through February 28, 2005
H.R. 5478		Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act		Imposes new requirements on health care providers and on manufacturers, packagers, and labelers of drugs and biological products
S. 848		Social Security Number Misuse Prevention Act of 2002		Prohibits the display, sale, or purchase of someone's Social Security number without that person's consent; requires businesses that accept credit cards to truncate card numbers on electronically printed receipts
S. 2201		Online Personal Privacy Act		Prohibits Internet and online service providers and commercial Web sites from collecting or disclosing personal information from an Internet user without the user's consent
S. 2237		Veterans Benefits Improvements Act of 2002		Temporarily exempts some National Guard members who are performing homeland security activities from certain financial obligations
S. 2329		Ship, Seafarer, and Container Security Act		Accelerates the date by which certain types of vessels operating in U.S. waters must install automatic identification systems
S. 2673		Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002		Establishes a new oversight board and standard-setting body to regulate the accounting industry; imposes requirements on registered public accounting firms; imposes a fee on those firms to fund the new oversight board; requires companies to certify financial reports; requires companies that issue securities to disclose some information on an accelerated schedule; prohibits owners and officers of a company from selling company stock during certain periods
Source: Congressional Budget Office.
Note: ATF = Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; BACT = best available control technologies (as prescribed by the Environmental Protection Agency); COBRA = Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985.
a. The threshold for private-sector mandates, which is adjusted annually for inflation, was $115 million in 2002.

 

The following Congressional Budget Office analysts prepare the mandate statements that CBO produces for bills and other legislative proposals:

Intergovernmental Mandates
Budget Analysis Division
Theresa Gullo	Chief, state and local government cost estimates
Victoria Heid Hall	Community development, disaster relief, commerce, national security
Leo Lex	Health, human resources, income security, Social Security, education, training, employment
Marjorie Miller	Agriculture, natural resources, Indian affairs, water resources
Gregory Waring	Education, transportation, housing, defense, veterans' affairs, administration of justice, general science, space and technology, energy
Ernestine McNeil	Secretarial support
Private-Sector Mandates
Microeconomic and Financial Studies Division
Patrice Gordon	Chief, private-sector mandates
Lauren Marks	Energy, natural resources, international affairs, trade
Cecil McPherson III	Natural resources, small business, housing, Indian affairs
Paige Piper/Bach	Financial services, governmental affairs, justice
Jean Talarico	Agriculture, commerce, transportation, general science
Rae Roy	Secretarial support
Health and Human Resources Division
Bruce Vavrichek	Coordinator, health and human resources
Nabeel Alsalam	Education, labor
David Auerbach	Health
James Baumgardner	Health
Kate Bloniarz	Income security, health
Anna Cook	Health
Stuart Hagen	Health
Samuel Kina	Health
Robert Nguyen	Health
Ralph Smith	Labor, income security
Daniel Wilmoth	Labor, health
Ronald Moore	Secretarial support
Judith Cromwell	Secretarial support
Natural Security Division
Allison Percy	Coordinator, Department of Defense and veterans' issues
Deborah Clay-Mendez	Backup Coordinator, defense issues
Cynthia Cleveland	Secretarial support
Tax Analysis Division
Mark Booth	Coordinator, tax analysis
Annabelle Bartsch	Revenues
Office of the General Counsel
Robert Murphy	General Counsel
Jennifer Smith	Deputy General Counsel