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The actions include the expulsion of 35 Russians from the U.S. and the sanctioning of agencies and individuals tied to the hacks.
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Obama noted this month that theU.S. has seen “some evidence” that Chinese government hackers have reduced their pilfering of U.S. companies’ intellectual property and sensitive data.
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Civil rights advocates, who have been calling for such action, say the program already amounted to a registry for Muslims through discriminatory targeting.
Russia’s military intelligence arm is believed to have applied the same malware to track Android app used in 2014 battle.