People and families are considered poor when they lack the economic resources necessary to experience a minimally-sufficient standard of living. Official U.S. Census Bureau statistics estimate that 43 million persons, 13.5 percent of the total population, were poor in the United States in 2015. The topic of poverty is widely considered a cause for national action because poor families often encounter material hardships and reduced well-being and because children who grow up in poor households are less likely to thrive as adults.
ASPE contributes to the federal government’s efforts to reduce poverty in the United States in several ways. One way is to conduct research on the social and economic conditions that lead to poverty and to identify ways in which poor families can improve their circumstances and exit poverty. Some research is conducted by ASPE and some is performed by ASPE-funded poverty research centers located at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of California, Davis and Stanford University.
Resources
Analyses by Topic
Welfare Indicators and Risk Factors: Fourteenth Report to Congress
The Welfare Indicators Act of 1994 requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services to prepare an annual report to Congress on indicators welfare dependence. The Indicators of Welfare Dependence report is prepared by ASPE’s Office of Human Services Policy. As mandated under the Congressional act, the report addresses the rate of welfare dependence, the degree and duration of welfare recipiency and dependence, and predictors of welfare dependence.
Financial Condition and Health Care Burdens of People in Deep Poverty
Americans living at the bottom of the income distribution often struggle to meet their basic needs on very limited incomes, even with the added assistance of government programs. The following analyses describe the characteristics of the poor population; available income for those at the deepest levels of poverty; and average medical care needs among those living in poor and deep poor families (meaning those with incomes below 50 percent of the poverty threshold)2. The brief concludes with implications for medical cost sharing among those with few resources available.
Information on the Supplemental Poverty Measure - A Summary of 2013 Current Population Survey Data (October 2014)
The brief summarizes findings from the Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure report for 2013. The brief highlights SPM levels for the most recent year, changes from the previous year and historical trends. SPM estimates are compared to estimates of the official poverty measure. The brief also presents the anti-poverty effects of select social safety net programs and includes technical details on the calculation of the SPM.
Information On Poverty And Income Statistics: A Summary of 2014 Current Population Survey Data
This brief analyzes and summarizes the poverty rates for various populations in the United States. Cited statistics include changes in the poverty rate and number of children in poverty by age, race and ethnicity, and family type. The data are based on information collected in the 2014 and earlier Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by the Census Bureau.
Overview of Community Characteristics in Areas With Concentrated Poverty
The brief describes the characteristics of pockets of concentrated poverty within metropolitan areas and the individuals that live in these communities. Topics covered include race and ethnicity, family type, birth rates, and educational attainment. The figures presented are based on ASPE's analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau's 2007-2011 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year data file.
Welfare Indicators and Risk Factors: Thirteenth Report to Congress
The Welfare Indicators Act of 1994 requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services to prepare an annual report to Congress on indicators of welfare dependence. The Indicators of Welfare Dependence report is prepared by ASPE’s Office of Human Services Policy. As mandated under the Congressional act, the report addresses the rate of welfare dependence, the degree and duration of welfare recipiency and dependence, and predictors of welfare dependence. Analyses of meant-tested assistance in the report include benefits under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program; the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly the Food Stamp Program), and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. The report also includes risk factors related to economic security, employment, and nonmarital births, as well as an appendix with data related to the above programs. Data for most indicators are updated through 2011.
America's Children in Poverty: A New Look at Who's Poor Under the Supplemental Poverty Measure
This research brief examines child poverty in 2010 using both the official poverty measure that the Census Bureau has been using since the 1960’s and the more recent Research Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). It examines three groups of children – the “core” poor who live in families who are poor regardless of which measure is used, the “lifted out” children who are classified as poor under the official measure but are no longer poor under the supplemental poverty measure, and children who are not poor under the official measure but who are “thrown in” to poverty under the new SPM measure. The brief identifies the core characteristics of each group of poor children and demonstrates what each measure independently contributes to our understanding of child poverty.
Information on Poverty and Income Statistics: A Summary of 2013 Current Population Survey Data
ASPE ISSUE BRIEF By: ASPE Human Services Policy Staff Abstract
Geographic Variation in the Cost of Living: Implications for the Poverty Guidelines and Program Eligibility
This report, prepared by the Urban Institute, provides a thorough review of the literature on the extent of price variation across geographic areas, an assessment of the available indices to use to adjust the poverty guidelines for geographic price variation, and trial estimates of how geographically adjusted poverty guidelines would affect program eligibility and federal and state costs.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 2009-2013
This report was written and compiled by Gilbert Crouse and Annette Waters of the Office of Human Services Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.
