High Blood Pressure
To control or lower high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend that you adopt heart-healthy lifestyle changes, such as heart-healthy eating patterns like the DASH eating plan, alone or with medicines. Controlling or lowering blood pressure can also help prevent or delay high blood pressure complications, such as chronic kidney disease, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and possibly vascular dementia.
Explore this Health Topic to learn more about high blood pressure, our role in research and clinical trials to improve health, and where to find more information.
Causes
Eating too much sodium and having certain medical conditions can cause high blood pressure. Taking certain medicines, including birth control pills or over-the-counter cold relief medicines, can also make blood pressure rise.
Eating too much sodium
Unhealthy eating patterns, particularly eating too much sodium, are a common cause of high blood pressure in the United States. Healthy lifestyle changes, such as heart-healthy eating or the DASH eating plan, can help prevent or treat high blood pressure.
Do you know how sodium causes blood pressure to rise?
Sodium is a key part of how the body controls blood pressure levels. The kidneys help balance fluid and sodium levels in the body. They use sodium and potassium to remove excess fluid from the blood. The body gets rid of this excess fluid as urine. When sodium levels in the blood are high, blood vessels retain more fluid. This increases blood pressure against the blood vessel walls.
Other medical conditions
Other medical conditions change the way your body controls fluids, sodium, and hormones in your blood. Other medical causes of high blood pressure include:
- Certain tumors
- Chronic kidney disease
- Overweight and obesity
- Sleep apnea
- Thyroid problems
Look for
- Risk Factors will discuss family history, lifestyle, and other factors that increase your risk of developing high blood pressure.
- Treatment will discuss heart-healthy lifestyle changes that your doctors may recommend if you are diagnosed with high blood pressure.
Risk Factors
There are many risk factors for high blood pressure. Some risk factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, can be changed. Other risk factors, such as age, family history and genetics, race and ethnicity, and sex, cannot be changed. Heathy lifestyle changes can decrease your risk for developing high blood pressure.
Age
Blood pressure tends to increase with age. Our blood vessels naturally thicken and stiffen over time. These changes increase the risk for high blood pressure.
However, the risk of high blood pressure is increasing for children and teens, possibly due to the rise in the number of children and teens who are living with overweight or obesity.
Want to learn more about the molecular changes that happen in your blood vessels as you age?
As we age, blood vessel structure and function changes in the following ways:
- Changes in blood vessel function. The lining of blood vessels sustains more damage over time. This may be caused by oxidative stress or DNA damage, among other factors. With age, levels of the hormone angiotensin also rise, triggering inflammation in blood vessels. At the same time, vessels slowly lose the ability to release substances that protect or repair the lining. When the blood vessel lining does not work as well, higher diastolic blood pressures can result.
- Changes in blood vessel structure. Blood vessels have layers of the proteins elastin and collagen. Elastin is what makes blood vessels flexible. Collagen, which is stiffer, gives vessels structure. With age, elastin breaks down. Even the elastin that remains becomes less elastic. Meanwhile, collagen deposits in the vessels increase. As a result, blood vessels grow thicker and bend less easily over time. These changes may lead to higher systolic blood pressure.
Family history and genetics
High blood pressure often runs in families. Much of the understanding of the body systems involved in high blood pressure has come from genetic studies. Research has identified many gene variations associated with small increases in the risk of developing high blood pressure. New research suggests that certain DNA changes during fetal development may also lead to the development of high blood pressure later in life.
Some people have a high sensitivity to sodium. This can also run in families.
Sodium sensitivity can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure. It is more common in:
- African Americans
- Older adults
- People who have elevated blood pressure, with systolic readings of 120 to 129 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
- People with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome
Unhealthy lifestyle habits
Unhealthy lifestyle habits can increase the risk of high blood pressure. These habits include:
- Unhealthy eating patterns, such as eating too much sodium
- Drinking too much alcohol
- Being physically inactive
Race or ethnicity
High blood pressure is more common in African American adults than in white, Hispanic, or Asian adults. Compared with other racial or ethnic groups, African Americans tend to have higher average blood pressure numbers and get high blood pressure earlier in life.
Sex
Before age 55, men are more likely than women to develop high blood pressure. After age 55, women are more likely than men to develop high blood pressure.
Screening and Prevention
Everyone age 3 or older should have their blood pressure checked by a healthcare provider at least once a year. Your doctor will use a blood pressure test to see if you have consistently high blood pressure readings. Even small increases in systolic blood pressure can weaken and damage your blood vessels. Your doctor will recommend heart-healthy lifestyle changes to help control your blood pressure and prevent you from developing high blood pressure.
Screening for consistently high blood pressure readings
Your doctor will use a blood pressure test to see if you have higher than normal blood pressure readings. The reading is made up of two numbers, with the systolic number above the diastolic number. These numbers are measures of pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Your blood pressure is considered high when you have consistent systolic readings of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic readings of 90 mm Hg or higher. Based on research, your doctor may also consider you to have high blood pressure if you are an adult or child age 13 or older who has consistent systolic readings of 130 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic readings of 80 to 89 mm Hg and you have other cardiovascular risk factors.
For children younger than 13, blood pressure readings are compared to readings common for children of the same, age, sex, and height. Read more about blood pressure readings for children.
Talk to your doctor if your blood pressure readings are consistently higher than normal. Note that readings above 180 over 120 mm Hg are dangerously high and require immediate medical attention.
A blood pressure test is easy and painless and can be done in a doctor's office or clinic. A healthcare provider will use a gauge, stethoscope, or electronic sensor and a blood pressure cuff to measure your blood pressure. To prepare, take the following steps:
- Do not exercise, drink coffee, or smoke cigarettes for 30 minutes before the test.
- Go to the bathroom before the test.
- For at least 5 minutes before the test, sit in a chair and relax.
- Make sure your feet are flat on the floor.
- Do not talk while you are relaxing or during the test.
- Uncover your arm for the cuff.
- Rest your arm on a table so it is supported and at the level of your heart.
If it is the first time your provider has measured your blood pressure, you may have readings taken on both arms.
Even after taking these steps, your blood pressure reading may not be accurate for other reasons.
- You are excited or nervous. The phrase “white coat hypertension” refers to blood pressure readings that are only high when taken in a doctor’s office compared with readings taken in other places. Doctors can detect this type of high blood pressure by reviewing readings from the office and from other places.
- If your blood pressure tends to be lower when measured at the doctor’s office. This is called masked high blood pressure. When this happens, your doctor will have difficulty detecting high blood pressure.
- The wrong blood pressure cuff was used. Your readings can appear different if the cuff is too small or too large. It is important for your healthcare team to track your readings over time and ensure the correct pressure cuff is used for your sex and age.
Your doctor may run additional tests to confirm an initial reading. To gather more information about your blood pressure, your doctor may recommend wearing a blood pressure monitor to record readings over 24 hours. Your doctor may also teach you how to take blood pressure readings at home.
Healthy lifestyle changes to prevent high blood pressure
Healthy lifestyle changes can help prevent high blood pressure from developing. Healthy lifestyle changes include choosing a heart-healthy eating patterns such as the DASH eating plan, being physically active, aiming for a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and managing stress.
Look for
- Diagnosis will discuss tests and procedures that your doctor may use to diagnose high blood pressure.
- Living With will explain what your doctor may recommend to prevent high blood pressure from recurring, getting worse, or causing complications.
- Research for Your Health will discuss how we are using current research and advancing research to prevent high blood pressure.
Signs, Symptoms, and Complications
It is important to have regular blood pressure readings taken and to know your numbers, because high blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms until serious complications occur. Undiagnosed or uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause the following complications:
Diagnosis
Your doctor may diagnose you with high blood pressure based on your medical history and if your blood pressure readings are consistently at high levels. Diagnoses for children younger than 13 are based on typical readings for their sex, height, and age.
Confirming high blood pressure
To diagnose high blood pressure, your doctor will take two or more readings at separate medical appointments. Learn more about screening for high blood pressure, including how to prepare.
Your doctor may diagnose you with high blood pressure when you have consistent systolic readings of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic readings of 90 mm Hg or higher. Based on research, your doctor may also consider you to have high blood pressure if you are an adult or child age 13 or older who has consistent systolic readings of 130 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic readings of 80 to 89 mm Hg and you have other cardiovascular risk factors.
For children younger than 13, blood pressure readings are compared to readings common for children of the same, age, sex, and height. Read more about blood pressure readings for children.
Talk to your doctor if your blood pressure readings are consistently higher than normal. Note that readings above 180 over 120 mm Hg are dangerously high and require immediate medical attention.
Your doctor may diagnose you with one of two types of high blood pressure. What is the difference?
Depending on the cause, your doctor could diagnose you with primary or secondary high blood pressure.
- Primary high blood pressure. Primary, or essential, high blood pressure is the most common type of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure tends to develop over years as a person ages.
- Secondary high blood pressure. Secondary high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or occurs as a side effect of a medicine. Your blood pressure may improve once the cause is treated or removed.
Medical history
Your doctor will want to understand your risk factors, general information about your health—such as your eating patterns, your physical activity levels, and your family’s health history. This information can help your doctor develop a treatment plan.
Tests to identify other medical conditions
Your doctor may order additional tests to see if another condition or medicine is causing your high blood pressure. Doctors can use this information to develop your treatment plan.
Reminders
- Return to Risk Factors to review family history, lifestyle, or environmental factors that increase your risk of developing high blood pressure.
- Return to Signs, Symptoms, and Complications to review complications of high blood pressure.
- Return to Screening and Prevention to review how to screen for high blood pressure.
Treatment
For most people with high blood pressure, a doctor will develop a treatment plan that may include heart-healthy lifestyle changes alone or with medicines. Heart-healthy lifestyle changes, such as heart-healthy eating, can be highly effective in treating high blood pressure.
If your high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or medicine, it may improve once the cause is treated or removed.
Healthy lifestyle changes
If you have high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend that you adopt lifelong heart-healthy lifestyle changes to help lower and control high blood pressure. These include:
- Heart-healthy eating patterns such as the DASH eating plan. NHLBI-funded research has shown that DASH combined with a low-salt eating plan can be as effective as medicines in lowering high blood pressure. Learn more about the blood pressure lowering effects and other health benefits of the DASH eating plan.
- Being physically active. Many health benefits result from being physically active and getting the recommended amount of physical activity each week. Studies have shown that physical activity can help lower and control high blood pressure levels. Before starting any exercise program, ask your doctor what level of physical activity is right for you.
- Aiming for a healthy weight. If you are an adult who is living with overweight or obesity, losing 5 to 10 percent of your initial weight over about six months can improve your health. Even losing just 3 to 5 percent of your weight can improve blood pressure readings.
- Quitting smoking. Visit Smoking and Your Heart and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Your Guide to a Healthy Heart [PDF – 2MB]. Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking. For free help and support to quit smoking, you can call the National Cancer Institute’s Smoking Quitline at 1-877-44U-QUIT (1-877-448-7848).
- Managing stress.
To help make lifelong heart-healthy lifestyle changes, try making one change at a time and add another change when you feel that you have successfully adopted the earlier changes. When you practice several healthy lifestyle habits, you are more likely to lower or control your high blood pressure and maintain normal blood pressure.
Medicines
When healthy lifestyle changes alone do not control or lower high blood pressure, your doctor may change or update your treatment plan by prescribing medicines to treat your condition. These medicines act in different ways to lower blood pressure. When prescribing medicines, your doctor will also consider their effect on other conditions you might have, such as heart disease or kidney disease. Possible high blood pressure medicines include:
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Block the production of the angiotensin II hormone, one part of the basic system the body uses to control blood pressure. When angiotensin II is blocked, the blood vessels do not narrow.
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): Block angiotensin II hormone from binding with receptors in the blood vessels. ARBs work the same way as ACE inhibitors to keep blood vessels from narrowing.
- Calcium channel blockers: Keep calcium from entering the muscle cells of your heart and blood vessels. This allows blood vessels to relax.
- Diuretics (water or fluid pills): Flush excess sodium from your body, reducing the amount of fluid in your blood. The main diuretic for high blood pressure treatment is thiazide. Diuretics are often used with other high blood pressure medicines, sometimes in one combined pill.
If your doctor prescribes medicines as a part of your treatment plan, keep up your healthy lifestyle changes. The combination of the medicines and the heart-healthy lifestyle changes can help control and lower your high blood pressure and prevent heart disease.
If you have concerns about any side effects from your medicine, talk with your doctor to see if he or she can change the dose or prescribe a new medicine.
What should I know about high blood pressure medicines in children, women, and African Americans?
The type or amount of blood pressure medicine that works best can vary depending on age and other factors. For example:
- Doctors prescribe children and teens medicines at special doses that are safe and effective in children.
- Some types of medicine are not appropriate for women during pregnancy or may affect women and men differently.
- To lower and control blood pressure, many people, especially African American adults, may need to take two or more medicines. African Americans taking ACE inhibitors have a higher risk of a potentially serious side effect called angioedema that causes swelling under the skin.
Look for
- Research for Your Health will explain how we are using current research and advancing research to treat people with high blood pressure.
- Participate in NHLBI Clinical Trials will discuss our ongoing clinical studies that are investigating treatments for high blood pressure.
- Living With will explain what your doctor may recommend, including lifelong heart-healthy lifestyle changes and medical care to prevent high blood pressure from getting worse or causing complications.
Living With
If you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure, it is important that you continue your treatment plan. Following your treatment plan, getting regular follow-up care, and learning how to monitor your condition at home are important. Let your doctor know if you are planning to become pregnant. These steps can help prevent or delay complications that high blood pressure can cause. Your doctor may adjust your treatment plan as needed to lower or control your high blood pressure.
Receive routine follow-up care
Check your blood pressure and have regular medical checkups or tests as your doctor advises. Your doctor may suggest ways for you to monitor your blood pressure at home. During checkups, talk to your doctor about these important topics:
- Blood pressure readings
- Your overall health
- Your treatment plan
Your doctor may need to change or add medicines to your treatment plan over time. To help control your blood pressure and prevent heart disease, keep up your healthy lifestyle changes. You can ask questions and discuss your progress as part of your follow-up.
Return to Treatment to review possible treatment options for your high blood pressure.
Monitor your condition yourself
Your doctor may ask you to check readings at home or at other locations that have blood pressure equipment. You may be able to send readings to your doctor’s office electronically, or you can keep a written log [PDF, 663K] of all your results.
Keeping track of your blood pressure is important. Your doctor can help you learn how to check your blood pressure at home. Each time you check your own blood pressure, record your numbers and the date. Send or take the log of your blood pressure readings with you for appointments with your doctor. Return to Screening for reminders on how to prepare for blood pressure testing.
Pregnancy planning
High blood pressure can cause problems for a mother and her baby. High blood pressure can harm a mother’s kidneys and other organs and can cause early birth and low birth weight. If you are thinking about having a baby and have high blood pressure, talk with your doctors so you can take steps to lower or control your high blood pressure before and during the pregnancy.
Some medicines used to treat high blood pressure are not recommended during pregnancy. If you are taking medicines to lower or control your high blood pressure, talk with your doctor about your choices for safely managing high blood pressure during pregnancy.
Some women with normal blood pressure develop high blood pressure during pregnancy. As part of your regular prenatal care, your doctor will measure your blood pressure at each visit. If you develop high blood pressure, your doctor will closely monitor you and your baby and provide special care to lower the chance of complications. With such care, most women and babies have good outcomes.
Prevent worsening high blood pressure or complications over your lifetime
If you have high blood pressure, it is important to get routine medical care and to follow your prescribed treatment plan, which will include heart-healthy lifestyle changes and possibly medicines. Heart-healthy lifestyle changes can prevent high blood pressure, reduce elevated blood pressure, help control existing high blood pressure, and prevent complications, such as heart attack, heart failure, stroke, vascular dementia, or chronic kidney disease.
Learn the warning signs of serious complications and have a plan
High blood pressure can lead to serious complications such as heart attack or stroke. Call 911 if you suspect any of the following in you or someone else:
- Heart attack. Signs of heart attack include mild or severe chest pain or discomfort in the center of the chest or upper abdomen that lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, heartburn, or indigestion. There may also be pain down the left arm. Women may also have chest pain and pain down the left arm, but they are more likely to have less typical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, unusual tiredness, and pain in the back, shoulders, or jaw. Read more about the signs and symptoms of a heart attack.
- Stroke. If you think someone may be having a stroke, act F.A.S.T. and perform the following simple test:
- F—Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
- A—Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
- S—Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is their speech slurred or strange?
- T—Time: If you observe any of these signs, call for help immediately. Early treatment is essential.
- Dangerously high blood pressure. Readings above 180 over 120 are dangerously high and require immediate medical attention.
The NHLBI is part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ National Institutes of Health (NIH)—the Nation’s biomedical research agency that makes important scientific discovery to improve health and save lives. We are committed to advancing science and translating discoveries into clinical practice to promote the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, including high blood pressure. Learn about the current and future NHLBI efforts to improve health through research and scientific discovery.
Improving health with current research
Learn about the following ways in which the NHLBI continues to translate current research and science into improved health for people with high blood pressure. Research on this topic is part of the NHLBI’s broader commitment to advancing heart and vascular disease scientific discovery.
- Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). This NHLBI study began in 1994 and lasted eight years. People with high blood pressure enrolled in one part of the study and people with high blood cholesterol enrolled in another part of the study. ALLHAT’s findings have informed how we treat high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. Visit Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial for more information about all research activities and advances from this study.
- NHLBI Expert Panel on Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents. We have supported the development of guidelines based on up-to-date research to evaluate and manage risk of heart disease in children and adolescents, including high blood pressure. Visit Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents for more information.
- NHLBI-funded Research Supports Development of Guidelines for High Blood Pressure Management. The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) found that treating to a lower systolic blood pressure target—less than 120 mm Hg—reduced complications from high blood pressure and saved lives. SPRINT results informed recent high blood pressure clinical guidelines that aim to improve treatment for millions of people. SPRINT Memory and Cognition in Decreased Hypertension (SPRINT-MIND) is examining whether treating to the lower blood pressure target can reduce the rate of dementia and slow cognitive decline in the SPRINT participants.
Learn about some of the pioneering research contributions we have made over the years that have improved clinical care.
- Bogalusa Heart Study. The NHLBI supports studies to assess how childhood tobacco use, physical inactivity, and a high-fat, high-calorie eating pattern influence the development of heart and blood vessels diseases, including high blood pressure, later in life. Visit Bogalusa Heart Study for more information.
- Framingham Heart Study. The NHLBI’s multigenerational landmark study began in 1948 and helped discover that high blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Visit Framingham Heart Study for more information about all research activities and advances from this study.
- Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). The NHLBI supports the HCHS/SOL, which is the most comprehensive long-term study of health and disease in Hispanics and Latinos living in the United States. Study data will pave the way for future research into possible causes of health disparities among Hispanic and Latino communities. Visit Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos for more information.
- Jackson Heart Study. The NHLBI supports studies to help investigate genetic and environmental factors to understand how African Americans are disproportionately affected by heart and blood vessel diseases, including high blood pressure. Visit Jackson Heart Study for more information.
- Strong Heart Study. Since 1988, the NHLBI has supported the Strong Heart Study (SHS), the largest epidemiologic study of American Indians ever conducted. The SHS aims to estimate the impact of heart and blood vessel diseases and to assess how common and significant standard risk factors are in this community. Thirteen tribes and communities in four states participate in the study. Visit Strong Heart Study for more information.
- Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. From 1984 to 1996, the NHLBI supported the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP), which studied high blood pressure treatment in adults age 60 and older who had high blood pressure. The study found that medicines for high blood pressure can decrease the risk of stroke.
Advancing research for improved health
In support of our mission, we are committed to advancing high blood pressure research in part through the following ways.
- We perform research. The NHLBI Division of Intramural Research (DIR) and its Cardiovascular Branch conducts research on diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels, including high blood pressure. Other DIR groups, such as the Center for Molecular Medicine and Systems Biology Center, perform research on heart and vascular diseases.
- We fund research. The research we fund today will help improve our future health. Our Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and its Vascular Biology and Hypertension Branch oversee much of the research we fund on the regulation of blood pressure, pathways involved in high blood pressure, and the complications from uncontrolled high blood pressure. The Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science supports research to translate these discoveries into clinical practice. Search the NIH RePORTer to learn about research NHLBI is funding on high blood pressure
- We stimulate high-impact research. Our Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program includes participants with high blood pressure, which may help us understand how genes contribute to differences in disease severity and how patients respond to treatment. The NHLBI Strategic Vision highlights ways we may support research over the next decade, including new efforts for studying high blood pressure.
Learn about exciting high blood pressure research that the NHLBI is exploring.
- Understanding how hormones involved in blood pressure regulation contribute to high blood pressure. The NHLBI is interested in studies to help understand the mechanisms in our body that cause high blood pressure, such as hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.
- Studying sympathetic nervous system activity and its impact on high blood pressure. The sympathetic nervous system helps regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Researchers are investigating whether imbalances in this system cause high blood pressure.
- Funding studies to evaluate the effect of technology on lifestyle interventions to lower and control high blood pressure. The NHLBI funds studies to evaluate technology-based healthy lifestyle interventions and their effects on blood pressure.
- Finding out what genetic patterns contribute to high blood pressure risk. NHLBI-funded researchers identified dozens of new genetic variations that affect blood pressure. Scientists discovered the new genetic regions—and confirmed the role of many previously known ones by looking specifically at cigarette smoking behavior, one of many lifestyle factors that impact blood pressure. The analysis of the large samples was possible through the work of researchers in the Gene-Lifestyle Interactions Working Group of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium.
We lead or sponsor many studies relevant to high blood pressure. See if you or someone you know is eligible to participate in our clinical trials.
Are you an adult who seeks treatment for high blood pressure in the emergency room?
Are you an adult who is curious about how sodium affects your blood pressure?
Are you an adult whose high blood pressure does not improve with lifestyle changes and medicines?
Are you an adult with high blood pressure who prefers natural therapies?
Are you an African American adult living in the Washington, D.C. metro area?
Are you an adult who has insomnia and high blood pressure?
Are you an adult whose high blood pressure has not improved with medicines?
Do you know a child, teen, or young adult with sickle cell disease and high blood pressure?
Do you or your child have sickle cell disease and high blood pressure?
Learn more about participating in a clinical trial.
View all trials from ClinicalTrials.gov.
Visit Children and Clinical Studies to hear experts, parents, and children talk about their experiences with clinical research.
After reading our High Blood Pressure Health Topic, you may be interested in additional information found in the following resources.
Related Health Topics
NHLBI resources
- Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
- Framingham Heart Study
- Healthy Hearts, Healthy Homes: Keep the Beat: Control Your High Blood Pressure/Corazones sanos, hogares saludables: Cuie us vide: Control so prison arterial alta [PDF, 2.7M]
- The Heart Truth®
- Hispanic Women & High Blood Pressure [PDF, 450 KB]
- Heart and Vascular Diseases
- Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
- HCHS Data Book [PDF, 3.8M]
- Jackson Heart Study
- My Blood Pressure Wallet Card [PDF, 663K]
- Population and Epidemiology Studies
- Strong Heart Study
- Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) Overview
- SPRINT Questions and Answers
- Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program
Non-NHLBI resources
- Blood Pressure Measurement (National Library of Medicine [NLM], MedlinePlus)
- High Blood Pressure (NLM, MedlinePlus)
- High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)
- Million Hearts® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services)
- Preeclampsia and Eclampsia (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHD])
- Tobacco and Nicotine Facts (National Institute on Drug Abuse)
- What are some common complications of pregnancy? (NICHD)
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