A theoretical model: complementary approaches to improve kidney outcomes and the role of health information technology (HIT). Improved kidney outcomes may best be achieved through complementary approaches that include precision medicine, pragmatic trials, and population management. Precision medicine approaches to kidney research aim to identify unique disease subgroups and novel drug targets for each group. Pragmatic trials may cost effectively test identified treatments in large populations and simple subpopulations. Population health management efforts may be designed to ensure the appropriate delivery of treatments to all individuals within each subpopulation. HIT is critical to both pragmatic trials and population health management and can support precision medicine efforts.