NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 8,381 terms related to cancer and medicine.

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289 results found for: G

G6PD deficiency: listen (… deh-FIH-shun-see); An inherited disorder in which a person doesn’t have enough of an enzyme called G6PD that helps red blood cells work the way they should. In G6PD deficiency, the red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to infection, severe stress, or certain drugs, chemicals, or foods. This may lead to a condition called hemolytic anemia. This disorder is most common in African-American men and in men of Middle Eastern or Mediterranean descent. Also called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
gabapentin: listen (GA-buh-PEN-tin); A substance that is being studied as a treatment for relieving hot flashes in women with breast cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticonvulsants.
GAD: A condition marked by excessive worry and feelings of fear, dread, and uneasiness that last six months or longer. Other symptoms of GAD include being restless, being tired or irritable, muscle tension, not being able to concentrate or sleep well, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, sweating, and dizziness. Also called generalized anxiety disorder.
gadobenate dimeglumine: listen (GA-doh-BEH-nayt dy-MEG-loo-meen); A drug used in MRI to help make clear pictures of blood vessels in the brain, spine, and nearby tissues. It is also being studied as a way to find abnormal areas in the liver and other organs and to help diagnose cancer. Gadobenate dimeglumine is a type of contrast agent. Also called MultiHance.
gadolinium: listen (GA-duh-LIH-nee-um); A metal element that is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other imaging methods. It is a contrast agent, which helps show abnormal tissue in the body during imaging with a special machine.
gadolinium texaphyrin: listen (GA-doh-LIH-nee-um tek-SA-fih-rin); A substance being studied in the treatment and diagnosis of some types of cancer. It builds up in some cancer cells, which may make them easier to kill with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Gadolinium texaphyrin is also used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help find cancer cells in the body. It is a type of radiosensitizing agent, a type of chemosensitizing agent, and a type of contrast agent. Also called motexafin gadolinium.
gadopentetate dimeglumine: listen (GA-doh-PEN-teh-tayt dy-MEG-loo-meen); A substance used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help make clear pictures of the brain, spine, heart, soft tissue of joints, and inside bones. Gadopentetate dimeglumine is being studied in the diagnosis of cancer. It is a type of contrast agent. Also called Gd-DTPA and Magnevist.
Gail model: listen (... MAH-dul); A computer program that uses personal and family medical history information to estimate a woman’s chance of developing breast cancer. Also called Gail risk model.
Gail risk model: listen (... MAH-dul); A computer program that uses personal and family medical history information to estimate a woman’s chance of developing breast cancer. Also called Gail model.
galactography: listen (GA-lak-TAH-gruh-fee); A procedure that uses x-rays to create pictures of milk ducts in the breast. A very thin catheter (tube) is inserted into the nipple, and a small amount of dye is injected into the duct. This makes the duct easier to see on the x-ray. Galactography is used in patients who have a bloody or clear discharge from one nipple. A small amount of the fluid may be collected to check for infection or cancer cells. Galactography may be used to help diagnose certain breast conditions, such as papillomas (wart-like growths) in a milk duct, fibrocystic breast changes, and breast cancer. Also called ductography.
galiximab: listen (guh-LIK-sih-mab); A substance being studied in the treatment of follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It binds to the protein CD80, which is found on certain normal white blood cells and on white blood cells that are cancer. It is a type of monoclonal antibody.
gallbladder: listen (GAWL-bla-der); The pear-shaped organ found below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder.
gallbladder cancer: listen (GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in tissues of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ below the liver that collects and stores bile (a fluid made by the liver to digest fat). Gallbladder cancer begins in the innermost layer of tissue and spreads through the outer layers as it grows.
gallium nitrate: listen (GA-lee-um NY-trayt); A drug that lowers blood calcium. Used as treatment for hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases).
gallium scan: listen (GA-lee-um skan); A procedure to detect areas of the body where cells are dividing rapidly. It is used to locate cancer cells or areas of inflammation. A very small amount of radioactive gallium is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The gallium is taken up by rapidly dividing cells in the bones, tissues, and organs and is detected by a scanner.
gallstone: listen (GAWL-stone); Solid material that forms in the gallbladder or common bile duct. Gallstones are made of cholesterol or other substances found in the gallbladder. They may occur as one large stone or as many small ones, and vary from the size of a golf ball to a grain of sand. Also called cholelith.
galvanic skin response: listen (gal-VA-nik ... reh-SPONTS); A change in the heat and electricity passed through the skin by nerves and sweat. Galvanic skin response increases in certain emotional states and during hot flashes that happen with menopause. Also called electrodermal response and skin conduction.
Gamifant: (GA-mih-fant); A drug used to treat a rare immune system disorder called primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that came back, got worse, or did not get better with other therapy. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with other therapy. Gamifant binds to an immune system protein called interferon gamma, which is found at higher than normal levels in patients with HLH. This may help lower the body’s immune response and reduce inflammation. Gamifant is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called emapalumab.
gamma irradiation: listen (GA-muh ih-RAY-dee-AY-shun); A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays.
Gamma Knife therapy: listen (GA-muh nife THAYR-uh-pee); A treatment using gamma rays, a type of high-energy radiation that can be tightly focused on small tumors or other lesions in the head or neck, so very little normal tissue receives radiation. The gamma rays are aimed at the tumor from many different angles at once, and deliver a large dose of radiation exactly to the tumor in one treatment session. This procedure is a type of stereotactic radiosurgery. Gamma Knife therapy is not a knife and is not surgery. Gamma Knife is a registered trademark of Elekta Instruments, Inc.
gamma ray: listen (GA-muh ...); A type of high-energy radiation that is different from an x-ray.
ganciclovir: listen (gan-SY-kloh-veer); An antiviral agent used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus infections that may occur when the body's immune system is suppressed. In gene therapy, ganciclovir is used with an altered herpes simplex virus-1 gene to kill advanced melanoma cells and brain tumor cells.
ganetespib: listen (guh-NEH-tes-pib); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Ganetespib blocks the activity of a protein called HSP90. This prevents the breakdown of certain proteins inside cells. Blocking the activity of this protein in cancer cells may help keep the cells from dividing and cause them to die. It may also make cancer cells easier to kill with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Ganetespib is a type of heat-shock protein inhibitor.
ganglioside: listen (GANG-glee-oh-side); A complex molecule that contains both lipids (fats) and carbohydrates (sugars) and is found in the plasma (outer) membrane of many kinds of cells. Several different types of gangliosides have been identified.
Gardasil: listen (GAR-duh-sil); A vaccine used to prevent anal, cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 and genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11. It is also used to prevent lesions that may lead to anal, cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer. Gardasil is approved for use in males and females aged 9 to 26 years. It is a type of quadrivalent vaccine (a vaccine that works against four different viruses or other microorganisms). Also called recombinant human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine.
Gardasil 9: listen (GAR-duh-sil …); A vaccine used to prevent anal, cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 and genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11. It is also used to prevent lesions that may lead to anal, cervical, vaginal, or vulvar cancer. Gardasil 9 is approved for use in females and males aged 9 to 26 years. It is a type of nonavalent vaccine (a vaccine that works against nine different viruses or other microorganisms). Also called recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine.
garden heliotrope: listen (GAR-den HEE-lee-oh-TROPE); A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Also called garden valerian, Indian valerian, Mexican valerian, Pacific valerian, valerian, Valeriana officinalis, and Valerianae radix.
garden valerian: listen (GAR-den vuh-LEER-ee-un); A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Also called garden heliotrope, Indian valerian, Mexican valerian, Pacific valerian, valerian, Valeriana officinalis, and Valerianae radix.
garlic: listen (GAR-lik); A European plant that has a bulb used to flavor food. It has also been used in some cultures to treat certain medical conditions including high cholesterol, high blood pressure, infections, and cancer. The scientific name is Allium sativum.
gastrectomy: listen (ga-STREK-toh-mee); An operation to remove all or part of the stomach.
gastric: listen (GAS-trik); Having to do with the stomach.
gastric acid: listen (GAS-trik A-sid); Acid that is released into the stomach from glands in the stomach wall. It helps digest food. Gastric acid is made of hydrochloric acid.
gastric acid secretion test: listen (GAS-trik A-sid seh-KREE-shun …); A test used to measure the amount of gastric acid made by the stomach. The patient receives an injection of the hormone gastrin or insulin. A tube is put through the nose or throat into the stomach and samples are taken from the stomach and sent to a laboratory for testing. Also called stomach acid stimulation test and stomach acid test.
gastric atrophy: listen (GAS-trik A-troh-fee); A condition marked by thinning of the inner lining of the stomach wall and the loss of gland cells in the lining that release substances that help with digestion. It may be caused by infection with the bacterium H. pylori or by certain autoimmune conditions. Gastric atrophy may increase the risk of stomach cancer.
gastric cancer: listen (GAS-trik KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in tissues lining the stomach. Also called stomach cancer.
gastric feeding tube: listen (GAS-trik FEE-ding toob); A tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach. It can be used to give drugs, liquids, and liquid food, or used to remove substances from the stomach. Giving food through a gastric feeding tube is a type of enteral nutrition. Also called nasogastric tube and NG tube.
gastric mucosal hypertrophy: listen (GAS-trik myoo-KOH-sul hy-PER-troh-fee); A condition marked by inflammation and ulcers (breaks on the skin or on the surface of an organ) of the mucosa (inner lining) of the stomach and by overgrowth of the cells that make up the mucosa. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Patients with gastric mucosal hypertrophy may be at a higher risk of stomach cancer. Also called giant hypertrophic gastritis and Ménétrier disease.
gastric reflux: listen (GAS-trik REE-flux); The backward flow of stomach acid contents into the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). Also called esophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux.
gastric scirrhous carcinoma: listen (GAS-trik SKIR-us KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A rare type of stomach cancer that begins in the lining of the stomach and spreads to the muscles of the stomach wall. This causes the wall of the stomach to become thick, hard, and rubbery, which leads to trouble digesting food. Also called linitis plastica.
gastrin: listen (GAS-trin); A hormone released from special cells in the lining of the stomach after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to release an acid that helps digest food.
gastrinoma: listen (gas-trih-NOH-muh); A tumor that causes overproduction of gastric acid. It usually begins in the duodenum (first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach) or the islet cells of the pancreas. Rarely, it may also begin in other organs, including the stomach, liver, jejunum (the middle part of the small intestine), biliary tract (organs and ducts that make and store bile), mesentery, or heart. It is a type of neuroendocrine tumor, and it may metastasize (spread) to the liver and the lymph nodes.
gastritis: listen (gas-TRY-tis); Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
gastroenteritis: listen (GAS-troh-EN-teh-RY-tis); Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and the intestines. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps (dull or sharp pains). Gastroenteritis may be caused by infection with bacteria, parasites, or viruses. It may also be caused by food poisoning, allergic reactions, or reactions to certain medicines or foods.
gastroenterologist: listen (GAS-troh-EN-teh-RAH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system.
gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: listen (GAS-troh-EN-teh-roh-PAN-kree-A-tik NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin TOO-mer); A rare type of tumor that can form in the pancreas or in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and appendix. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors usually form in cells that secrete hormones. Some of these tumors make extra amounts of hormones and other substances that may cause signs and symptoms of disease, including a condition called carcinoid syndrome. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). They are sometimes called carcinoid tumors or islet cell tumors. Also called GEP-NET.
gastroesophageal junction: listen (GAS-troh-ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul JUNK-shun); The place where the esophagus is connected to the stomach.
gastroesophageal reflux: listen (GAS-troh-ee-SAH-fuh-JEE-ul REE-flux); The backward flow of stomach acid contents into the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). Also called esophageal reflux and gastric reflux.
gastrointestinal: listen (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul); Refers to the stomach and intestines. Also called GI.
gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor: listen (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul KAR-sih-noyd TOO-mer); An indolent (slow-growing) cancer that forms in cells that make hormones in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract (the stomach and intestines). It usually occurs in the small intestine, rectum, or appendix (a small fingerlike pouch of the large intestine). Having gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor increases the risk of forming other cancers of the digestive system.
gastrointestinal stromal tumor: listen (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul STROH-mul TOO-mer); A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be benign or malignant. Also called GIST.
gastrointestinal tract: listen (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul trakt); The stomach and intestines. The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive system, which also includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and rectum.
gastroscope: listen (GAS-troh-SKOPE); A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the stomach. A gastroscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
gastroscopy: listen (gas-TROS-koh-pee); Examination of the inside of the stomach using a gastroscope passed through the mouth and esophagus. A gastroscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called upper endoscopy.
gastrostomy tube: listen (gas-TROS-toh-mee toob); A tube inserted through the wall of the abdomen directly into the stomach. It allows air and fluid to leave the stomach and can be used to give drugs and liquids, including liquid food, to the patient. Giving food through a gastrostomy tube is a type of enteral nutrition. Also called PEG tube and percutaneous endoscopic tube.
gavage: listen (guh-VAZH); A way of giving medicines and liquids, including liquid foods, through a small tube placed through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. Sometimes the tube is placed into the stomach or small intestine through an incision (cut) made on the outside of the abdomen. Gavage may be added to what a person is able to eat and drink, or it may be the only source of nutrition. It is a type of enteral nutrition. Also called tubefeeding.
Gazyva: listen (guh-ZY-vuh); A drug used with other drugs to treat certain types of follicular lymphoma that have not already been treated. It is also used with bendamustine to treat follicular lymphoma that came back or has not gotten better after treatment with rituximab. Gazyva is also used with chlorambucil to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that has not already been treated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gazyva binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of leukemia and lymphoma cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Gazyva is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called obinutuzumab.
GBM: A fast-growing type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that look very different from normal cells. GBM usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal cord. Also called glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme, and grade IV astrocytoma.
GC1008: A substance being studied in the treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other cancers and conditions. GC1008 binds to a protein called transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which is found on some cancer cells. GC1008 may help keep cancer cells from growing and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibody GC1008 and fresolimumab.
GCP: An international set of guidelines that helps make sure that the results of a clinical trial are reliable and that the patients are protected. GCP covers the way a clinical trial is designed, conducted, performed, monitored, audited, recorded, analyzed, and reported. Also called Good Clinical Practice.
G-CSF: A drug used under the brand names Neupogen, Zarxio, and Granix to treat neutropenia (a condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. It is also used under the brand names Neupogen and Zarxio to help prevent infection in patients with certain types of cancer, to treat severe chronic neutropenia, and to prepare the blood for the collection of certain types of blood cells. G-CSF helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called filgrastim and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
GCT: A rare tumor that usually forms in bone, but may also form in cartilage, muscle, fat, blood vessels, or other supportive tissue in the body. Most GCTs occur at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs, near a joint (such as the knee, wrist, hip, or shoulder). Most are benign (not cancer) but some are malignant (cancer). GCTs usually occur in young and middle-aged adults. Also called giant cell tumor.
GDC-0449: A drug used to treat advanced basal cell carcinoma that has spread to other parts of the body or has come back after surgery. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. GDC-0449 blocks a type of protein involved in tissue growth and repair and may block the growth of cancer cells. It is a type of Hedgehog signaling pathway antagonist. Also called Erivedge and vismodegib.
Gd-DTPA: A substance used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help make clear pictures of the brain, spine, heart, soft tissue of joints, and inside bones. Gd-DTPA is being studied in the diagnosis of cancer. It is a type of contrast agent. Also called gadopentetate dimeglumine and Magnevist.
gefitinib: listen (geh-FIH-tih-nib); A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has not already been treated with other anticancer therapy. It is used in patients whose cancer has certain mutations (changes) in a gene called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gefitinib blocks certain proteins made by the mutated EGFR gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Gefitinib is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called Iressa and ZD1839.
gel electrode: listen (jel ee-LEK-trode); A device that uses a gel to carry an electric current from the skin to a measuring instrument. A sticky patch may hold the gel electrode on the skin so that the electrical activity of the heart or brain can be measured.
Gelclair: listen (JEL-klayr); A gel used to lessen pain from mouth sores caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, oral surgery, braces, or disease. Gelclair is being studied in the treatment of pain caused by mouth sores in children receiving cancer treatment. It forms a thin layer over the surface of the mouth and throat to prevent irritation while eating, drinking, and talking. Also called polyvinylpyrrolidone-sodium hyaluronate gel.
geldanamycin analog: listen (gel-DA-nuh-MY-sin A-nuh-log); An antineoplastic antibiotic drug that belongs to the family of drugs called ansamycins.
GEM 231: A drug that may inhibit the growth of malignant tumors.
GEM640: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. GEM640 may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein called XIAP that helps cells live longer. It also makes cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. It is a type of antisense oligonucleotide, and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Also called AEG35156.
gemcitabine: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been); The active ingredient in a drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, non-small cell lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers that are advanced or have spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gemcitabine stops cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimetabolite.
gemcitabine hydrochloride: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, non-small cell lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers that are advanced or have spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gemcitabine hydrochloride stops cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimetabolite. Also called Gemzar.
gemcitabine-cisplatin: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been-sis-PLA-tin); A chemotherapy combination used to treat malignant mesothelioma, advanced non-small cell lung cancer, advanced bladder cancer, advanced cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and epithelial ovarian cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride and cisplatin. Also called gemcitabine-cisplatin regimen.
gemcitabine-cisplatin regimen: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been-sis-PLA-tin REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used to treat malignant mesothelioma, advanced non-small cell lung cancer, advanced bladder cancer, advanced cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and epithelial ovarian cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride and cisplatin. Also called gemcitabine-cisplatin.
gemcitabine-erlotinib regimen: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been-er-LOH-tih-nib REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. It includes the drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride and erlotinib hydrochloride. Also called gemcitabine-Tarceva regimen.
gemcitabine-oxaliplatin: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been-ok-SA-lih-pla-tin); A chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer and some other types of cancer. It includes the drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride and oxaliplatin. Also called gemcitabine-oxaliplatin regimen and GEMOX.
gemcitabine-oxaliplatin regimen: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been-ok-SA-lih-pla-tin REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer and some other types of cancer. It includes the drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride and oxaliplatin. Also called gemcitabine-oxaliplatin and GEMOX.
gemcitabine-Tarceva regimen: listen (jem-SY-tuh-been-tar-SEE-vuh REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. It includes the drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride and erlotinib hydrochloride. Also called gemcitabine-erlotinib regimen.
GEMOX: A chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer and some other types of cancer. It includes the drugs gemcitabine hydrochloride and oxaliplatin. Also called gemcitabine-oxaliplatin and gemcitabine-oxaliplatin regimen.
gemtuzumab ozogamicin: listen (gem-TOO-zoo-mab OH-zoh-ga-MIH-sin); A drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is CD33 positive (expresses the protein CD33). It is used in patients whose disease is newly diagnosed. It is also used in patients aged 2 years or older whose disease has not gotten better with other treatment or has recurred (come back). Gemtuzumab ozogamicin contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD33, which is found on some leukemia cells. It also contains a toxic substance, which may help kill cancer cells. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called Mylotarg.
Gemzar: listen (JEM-zar); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, non-small cell lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers that are advanced or have spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gemzar stops cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimetabolite. Also called gemcitabine hydrochloride.
Genasense: listen (JEH-nuh-sents); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that makes cancer cells live longer and by making them more sensitive to anticancer drugs. It is a type of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Also called augmerosen, bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139, and oblimersen sodium.
gene: listen (jeen); The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
gene amplification: listen (jeen AM-plih-fih-KAY-shun); An increase in the number of copies of a gene. There may also be an increase in the RNA and protein made from that gene. Gene amplification is common in cancer cells, and some amplified genes may cause cancer cells to grow or become resistant to anticancer drugs. Genes may also be amplified in the laboratory for research purposes.
gene deletion: listen (jeen deh-LEE-shun); The loss of all or a part of a gene. There may also be a change in the RNA and protein made from that gene. Certain gene deletions are found in cancer and in other genetic diseases and abnormalities.
gene expression: listen (jeen ek-SPREH-shun); The process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins. Gene expression may be measured by looking at the RNA, or the protein made from the RNA, or what the protein does in a cell.
gene expression profile: listen (jeen ek-SPREH-shun PROH-file); A laboratory test that identifies all of the genes in a cell or tissue that are making messenger RNA. Messenger RNA molecules carry the genetic information needed to make proteins. A gene expression profile may be used to find and diagnose a disease or condition or to see how well the body responds to treatment.
gene therapy: listen (jeen THAYR-uh-pee); A type of experimental treatment in which foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA) is inserted into a person's cells to prevent or fight disease. Gene therapy is being studied in the treatment of certain types of cancer.
gene transfer: listen (jeen TRANZ-fer); The insertion of genetic material into a cell.
gene-modified: listen (jeen-MAH-dih-FIDE); Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained.
general anesthesia: listen (JEH-neh-rul A-nes-THEE-zhuh); A temporary loss of feeling and a complete loss of awareness that feels like a very deep sleep. It is caused by special drugs or other substances called anesthetics. General anesthesia keeps patients from feeling pain during surgery or other procedures.
general surgery: listen (JEH-neh-rul SER-juh-ree); The branch of surgery that covers the main areas of surgical treatment. General surgeons treat diseases of the abdomen, breast, head and neck, blood vessels, and digestive tract. They also manage care of patients who have been injured or who have deformities or other conditions that need surgery.
generalized anxiety disorder: listen (JEH-neh-ruh-lized ang-ZY-eh-tee dis-OR-der); A condition marked by excessive worry and feelings of fear, dread, and uneasiness that last six months or longer. Other symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder include being restless, being tired or irritable, muscle tension, not being able to concentrate or sleep well, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, sweating, and dizziness. Also called GAD.
generic: listen (jeh-NAYR-ik); Official nonbrand names by which medicines are known. Generic names usually refer to the chemical name of the drug.
genetic: listen (jeh-NEH-tik); Having to do with genes. Most genes are sequences of DNA that contain information for making specific RNA molecules or proteins that perform important functions in a cell. The information in genes is passed down from parent to child. Sometimes, certain changes in genes can affect a person’s risk of disease, such as cancer. These changes may be inherited or they may occur with age or exposure to environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, drugs, and chemicals.
genetic analysis: listen (jeh-NEH-tik uh-NA-lih-sis); The study of a sample of DNA to look for mutations (changes) that may increase risk of disease or affect the way a person responds to treatment.
genetic counseling: listen (jeh-NEH-tik KOWN-suh-ling); A communication process between a specially trained health professional and a person concerned about the genetic risk of disease. The person's family and personal medical history may be discussed, and counseling may lead to genetic testing.
genetic counselor: listen (jeh-NEH-tik KOWN-seh-ler); A health professional who has special training in medical genetics and counseling. Genetic counselors help patients and families who have, or who may be at risk of, a genetic condition. They help patients find out their chances of having a genetic condition or of having a child or other family member with a genetic condition. They also help patients understand their options for genetic testing, including its risks and benefits. After genetic testing is done, genetic counselors help patients understand their genetic test results, including how the results can affect other family members, and provide counseling and support.
genetic infantile agranulocytosis: listen (jeh-NEH-tik IN-fun-TILE ay-GRAN-yoo-loh-sy-TOH-sis); An inherited disorder in which there is a lower-than-normal number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell that is important in fighting infections). Infants with the disorder get infections caused by bacteria, and are at an increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplasia (a bone marrow disorder). Also called congenital neutropenia, infantile genetic agranulocytosis, Kostmann disease, Kostmann neutropenia, and Kostmann syndrome.
genetic marker: listen (jeh-NEH-tik MAR-ker); A specific sequence of DNA at a known location on a chromosome. There are many genetic markers on each chromosome. Genetic markers and genes that are close to each other on a chromosome are usually inherited (passed from parent to child) together. This may help researchers find a gene near a marker that may cause a certain disease or trait within a family. Examples of genetic markers are single polymorphism nucleotides (SNPs) and microsatellites.
genetic marker of susceptibility: listen (jeh-NEH-tik MAR-ker … suh-SEP-tih-BIH-lih-tee); A specific change in a person’s DNA that makes the person more likely to develop certain diseases such as cancer.
genetic predisposition: listen (jeh-NEH-tik PREE-dih-spuh-ZIH-shun); An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic susceptibility.
genetic profile: listen (jeh-NEH-tik PROH-file); Information about specific genes, including variations and gene expression, in an individual or in a certain type of tissue. A genetic profile may be used to help diagnose a disease or learn how the disease may progress or respond to treatment with drugs or radiation.
genetic susceptibility: listen (jeh-NEH-tik suh-SEP-tih-BIH-lih-tee); An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic predisposition.
genetic testing: listen (jeh-NEH-tik TES-ting); The process of analyzing cells or tissues to look for genetic changes that may be a sign of a disease or condition, such as cancer. These changes may be a sign that a person has an increased risk of developing a specific disease or condition. Genetic testing may also be done on tumor tissue to help diagnose cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working.
geneticist: listen (jeh-NEH-tih-sist); A scientist who has special training in the study of genes and heredity (the passing of genetic information from parents to their children). A medical geneticist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating genetic disorders or conditions. Medical geneticists also counsel individuals and families at risk for certain genetic disorders or cancers.
genetics: listen (jeh-NEH-tix); The study of genes and heredity. Heredity is the passing of genetic information and traits (such as eye color and an increased chance of getting a certain disease) from parents to offspring.
genistein: listen (jeh-NIS-teen); An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent cancer.
genital: listen (JEH-nih-tul); Refers to the genitalia (external and internal sex organs and glands).
genital wart: listen (JEH-nih-tul wort); A raised growth on the surface of the genitals caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV in genital warts is very contagious and can be spread by skin-to-skin contact, usually during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner. Also called condyloma.
genitourinary system: listen (jeh-nih-toh-YOOR-ih-nayr-ee SIS-tem); The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both.
genome: listen (JEE-nome); The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism. In people, almost every cell in the body contains a complete copy of the genome. The genome contains all of the information needed for a person to develop and grow. Studying the genome may help researchers understand how different types of cancer form and respond to treatment. This may lead to new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer.
genome-wide association study: listen (JEE-nome ... uh-SOH-see-AY-shun STUH-dee); A study that compares DNA markers across the genome (the complete genetic material in a person) in people with a disease or trait to people without the disease or trait. These studies may uncover clues to help prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Also called GWAS.
genomic characterization: listen (jeh-NOH-mik KAYR-ik-ter-rih-ZAY-shun); A laboratory method that is used to learn about all the genes in a person or in a specific cell type, and the way those genes interact with each other and with the environment. Genomic characterization may be used to find out why some people get certain diseases while others do not, or why people react in different ways to the same drug. It may also be used to help develop new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases, such as cancer. Also called genomic profiling.
genomic profiling: listen (jeh-NOH-mik PROH-fy-ling); A laboratory method that is used to learn about all the genes in a person or in a specific cell type, and the way those genes interact with each other and with the environment. Genomic profiling may be used to find out why some people get certain diseases while others do not, or why people react in different ways to the same drug. It may also be used to help develop new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases, such as cancer. Also called genomic characterization.
genomic sequencing: listen (jeh-NOH-mik SEE-kwen-sing); A laboratory method that is used to determine the entire genetic makeup of a specific organism or cell type. This method can be used to find changes in areas of the genome. These changes may help scientists understand how specific diseases, such as cancer, form. Results of genomic sequencing may also be used to diagnose and treat disease.
genomics: listen (jeh-NOH-mix); The study of the complete set of DNA (including all of its genes) in a person or other organism. Almost every cell in a person’s body contains a complete copy of the genome. The genome contains all the information needed for a person to develop and grow. Studying the genome may help researchers understand how genes interact with each other and with the environment and how certain diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, form. This may lead to new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease.
GEP-NET: A rare type of tumor that can form in the pancreas or in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and appendix. GEP-NETs usually form in cells that secrete hormones. Some of these tumors make extra amounts of hormones and other substances that may cause signs and symptoms of disease, including a condition called carcinoid syndrome. GEP-NETs may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). They are sometimes called carcinoid tumors or islet cell tumors. Also called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
geranium: listen (jeh-RAY-nee-um); A type of plant that is native to southern Africa and has white, pink, purple, or red flowers and 3- to 5-lobed leaves. An essential oil that smells like roses is taken from the leaves and used in perfume, in mosquito repellants, and in aromatherapy to treat skin problems and to reduce stress. The scientific name is Pelargonium graveolens. Also called pelargonium.
germ: listen (jerm); A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause infection and disease.
germ cell: listen (jerm sel); A reproductive cell of the body. Germ cells are egg cells in females and sperm cells in males.
germ cell tumor: listen (jerm sel TOO-mer); A type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. Germ cell tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant.
German chamomile: listen (JER-mun KA-muh-mile); A plant whose daisy-like flowers are used in tea to calm and relax, improve sleep, and help stomach problems. German chamomile has been studied in the prevention of mucositis (mouth sores) caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It has also been used in some cultures to treat skin conditions, mild infections, and other disorders. The scientific name is Matricaria recutita.
German Commission E: listen (JER-mun kuh-MIH-shun …); The German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices Commission E. A committee made up of scientists, toxicologists, doctors, and pharmacists formed by the German government in 1978 to find out if herbs sold in Germany are safe and effective. The Commission has published information on the uses, side effects, and drug interactions of more than 300 herbs.
germfree: listen (JERM-free); Free of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that can cause infection and disease.
germicide: listen (JER-mih-side); Any substance or process that kills germs (bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that can cause infection and disease). Also called microbicide.
germline DNA: listen (JERM-line ...); The DNA in germ cells (egg and sperm cells that join to form an embryo). Germline DNA is the source of DNA for all other cells in the body. Also called constitutional DNA.
germline mutation: listen (JERM-line myoo-TAY-shun); A gene change in a body's reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. Germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation.
Gerota's capsule: listen (gay-ROH-tuz KAP-sul); A fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney. Also called Gerota's fascia and renal fascia.
Gerota's fascia: listen (gay-ROH-tuz FA-shuh); A fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney. Also called Gerota's capsule and renal fascia.
Gerson therapy: listen (GER-sun THAYR-uh-pee); A diet plan that has been claimed to be a treatment for cancer, migraine, tuberculosis, and other diseases. It is a vegetarian diet that includes eating organic fruits and vegetables and 13 glasses of fresh juice each day. It also includes supplements with iodine, vitamin B-12, potassium, thyroid hormone, liver extract, and pancreatic enzymes. No clinical trial to test Gerson therapy has been reported.
gestational carrier: listen (jeh-STAY-shuh-nul KAYR-ee-er); A woman who carries and gives birth to a baby for a person who is not able to have children. Eggs from an egg donor are fertilized in the laboratory with sperm from a sperm donor to make an embryo. The embryo is implanted in the uterus of the gestational carrier, who carries the baby until birth. The gestational carrier is not genetically related to the baby and is not the biological mother. Also called gestational surrogate.
gestational surrogate: listen (jeh-STAY-shuh-nul SER-uh-gut); A woman who carries and gives birth to a baby for a person who is not able to have children. Eggs from an egg donor are fertilized in the laboratory with sperm from a sperm donor to make an embryo. The embryo is implanted in the uterus of the gestational surrogate, who carries the baby until birth. The gestational surrogate is not genetically related to the baby and is not the biological mother. Also called gestational carrier.
gestational trophoblastic disease: listen (jeh-STAY-shuh-nul troh-fuh-BLAS-tik dih-ZEEZ); A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg). This tissue is made of trophoblastic cells, which normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus and help connect the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus. These cells also form part of the placenta (the organ that passes nutrients from the mother to the fetus). Most gestational trophoblastic diseases are benign (not cancer) and do not spread, but some types are malignant (cancer) and spread to nearby tissues or other parts of the body. The two main types of gestational trophoblastic diseases are hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Also called gestational trophoblastic tumor, GTD, and GTT.
gestational trophoblastic tumor: listen (jeh-STAY-shuh-nul troh-fuh-BLAS-tik TOO-mer); A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg). This tissue is made of trophoblastic cells, which normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus and help connect the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus. These cells also form part of the placenta (the organ that passes nutrients from the mother to the fetus). Most gestational trophoblastic tumors are benign (not cancer) and do not spread, but some types are malignant (cancer) and spread to nearby tissues or other parts of the body. The two main types of gestational trophoblastic tumors are hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, GTD, and GTT.
gFOBT: A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. Small samples of stool are placed on special cards coated with a chemical substance called guaiac and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. A testing solution is put on the cards and the guaiac causes the stool sample to change color. If there is blood in the stool, the color changes very quickly. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called guaiac fecal occult blood test, guaiac smear test, and stool guaiac test.
GG745: A drug used to treat symptoms of an enlarged prostate gland. It is being studied in the treatment of male hair loss and prostate cancer. GG745 blocks enzymes the body needs to make male sex hormones. It is a type of 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. Also called Avodart and dutasteride.
GI: Refers to the stomach and intestines. Also called gastrointestinal.
GI14721: An antitumor drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analog.
giant cell fibroblastoma: listen (JY-unt sel FY-broh-blas-TOH-muh); A rare type of soft tissue tumor marked by painless nodules in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) and subcutaneous (beneath the skin) tissue. These tumors may come back after surgery, but they do not spread to other parts of the body. They occur mostly in boys and are related to dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
giant cell tumor: listen (JY-unt sel TOO-mer); A rare tumor that usually forms in bone, but may also form in cartilage, muscle, fat, blood vessels, or other supportive tissue in the body. Most giant cell tumors occur at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs, near a joint (such as the knee, wrist, hip, or shoulder). Most are benign (not cancer) but some are malignant (cancer). Giant cell tumors usually occur in young and middle-aged adults. Also called GCT.
giant hypertrophic gastritis: listen (JY-unt hy-per-TROH-fik gas-TRY-tis); A condition marked by inflammation and ulcers (breaks on the skin or on the surface of an organ) of the mucosa (inner lining) of the stomach and by overgrowth of the cells that make up the mucosa. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Patients with giant hypertrophic gastritis may be at a higher risk of stomach cancer. Also called gastric mucosal hypertrophy and Ménétrier disease.
giant lymph node hyperplasia: listen (JY-unt limf node HY-per-PLAY-zhuh); A rare disorder in which benign (not cancer) growths form in lymph node tissue. There are two main ways that giant lymph node hyperplasia occurs: localized (unicentric) and multicentric. Unicentric giant lymph node hyperplasia affects only one group of lymph nodes in one part of the body, usually in the chest or abdomen. It may not cause symptoms. Multicentric giant lymph node hyperplasia affects many groups of lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue all through the body. It can weaken the immune system and cause problems such as infection, fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, nerve damage, and anemia. People with giant lymph node hyperplasia have an increased risk of lymphoma. Also called angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia and Castleman disease.
gigantism: listen (jy-GAN-tih-zum); A condition in which the whole body or any of its parts grow much larger than normal.
Gilotrif: listen (JEE-loh-trif); A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has certain mutations (changes) in a gene called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). It is also used to treat squamous cell NSCLC that has spread to other parts of the body and got worse after treatment with anticancer drugs that included platinum. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gilotrif blocks certain proteins made by the mutated EGFR gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Gilotrif is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called afatinib dimaleate.
gilteritinib fumarate: (GIL-teh-RIH-tih-nib FYOO-muh-rayt); A drug used to treat acute myeloid leukemia that came back or did not get better with other treatment. It is used in adults whose cancer has a mutated (changed) form of a gene called FLT3. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gilteritinib fumarate blocks certain proteins made by the mutated FLT3 gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Xospata.
gimatecan: listen (jih-muh-TEE-kan); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. Also called ST1481.
ginger: listen (JIN-jer); An herb with a root that has been used in cooking, and by some cultures to treat nausea, vomiting, and certain other medical conditions. It is being studied in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy. The scientific name is Zingiber officianale.
gingiva: listen (JIN-jih-vuh); The tissue of the upper and lower jaws that surrounds the base of the teeth. Also called gums.
ginkgo: listen (GING-koh); A tree native to China. Substances taken from the leaves and seeds have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Ginkgo has been studied in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer disease, dementia, certain blood vessel diseases, and memory loss. It may cause bleeding or high blood pressure when used with certain drugs. Also called ginkgo biloba and maidenhair tree.
ginkgo biloba: listen (GING-koh by-LOH-buh); A tree native to China. Substances taken from the leaves and seeds have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Ginkgo biloba has been studied in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer disease, dementia, certain blood vessel diseases, and memory loss. It may cause bleeding or high blood pressure when used with certain drugs. Also called ginkgo and maidenhair tree.
ginseng: listen (JIN-seng); An herb with a root that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects.
GIST: listen; A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be benign or malignant. Also called gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
gland: listen (gland); An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. Endocrine glands release the substances directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands release the substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body.
gland of Lieberkuhn: listen (... LEE-ber-keen); Tube-like gland found in the lining of the colon and rectum. Glands of Lieberkuhn renew the lining of the intestine and make mucus. Also called colon crypt.
glandular cell of the cervix: listen (GLAN-juh-ler sel … SER-vix); A type of cell that makes mucus and is found in tissue that lines the inner part of the cervix. Abnormal glandular cells may be found in Pap tests and may be a sign of cancer or other serious condition.
glans penis: listen (glanz PEE-nis); The rounded, gland-like head of the penis.
glasdegib maleate: (glas-DEH-gib MAY-lee-AYT); A drug used with low-dose cytarabine to treat acute myeloid leukemia that is newly diagnosed. It is used in patients who are 75 years and older or in patients who cannot be treated with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Glasdegib maleate blocks a type of protein involved in cell growth and repair and may block the growth of cancer cells. It is a type of hedgehog signaling pathway antagonist. Also called Daurismo.
glaucoma: listen (glaw-KOH-muh); A condition in which there is a build-up of fluid in the eye, which presses on the retina and the optic nerve. The retina is the layer of nerve tissue inside the eye that senses light and sends images along the optic nerve to the brain. Glaucoma can damage the optic nerve and cause loss of vision or blindness.
Gleason score: listen (GLEE-sun...); A way of describing prostate cancer based on how abnormal the cancer cells in a biopsy sample look under a microscope and how quickly they are likely to grow and spread. Most prostate cancers contain cells that are different grades. The Gleason score is calculated by adding together the two grades of cancer cells that make up the largest areas of the biopsied tissue sample. The Gleason score usually ranges from 6 to 10. The lower the Gleason score, the more the cancer cells look like normal cells and are likely to grow and spread slowly. The Gleason score is used to help plan treatment and determine prognosis (outcome).
Gleevec: listen (GLEE-vek); A drug used to treat certain types of leukemia and other blood cancers. It is also used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), skin tumors called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and a rare condition called systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gleevec blocks the protein made by the BCR-ABL oncogene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Gleevec is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called imatinib mesylate and STI571.
Gleolan: listen (GLEE-oh-lan); A drug used during surgery to help find certain types of brain tumors. When Gleolan is taken up by cancer cells and then exposed to certain types of light, it becomes active and may make the cancer cells easier to see. Gleolan contains the active ingredient aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride. It is a type of imaging agent and a type of photosensitizing agent.
Gleostine: listen (GLEE-oh-steen); A drug used to treat brain tumors that have already been treated with surgery or radiation therapy. It is also used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma that has not gotten better with other types of treatment or has come back. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Gleostine damages the cell's DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called CCNU and lomustine.
Gliadel Wafer: listen (GLY-uh-del WAY-fer); A drug used with surgery and radiation therapy to treat malignant glioma that is high grade and has not already been treated. It is also used with surgery to treat glioblastoma multiforme that has recurred (come back). Gliadel Wafer is a form of carmustine contained in a wafer. The wafer has a coating that dissolves slowly and releases carmustine directly into the area where the brain tumor was removed. This form may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of carmustine. Gliadel Wafer is a type of alkylating agent. Also called carmustine implant and polifeprosan 20 carmustine implant.
glial cell: listen (GLEE-ul sel); Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should. The types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Also called neuroglia.
glial tumor: listen (GLEE-ul TOO-mer); A general term for tumors of the central nervous system, including astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
glioblastoma: listen (GLEE-oh-blas-TOH-muh); A fast-growing type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Glioblastoma usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal cord. Also called GBM, glioblastoma multiforme, and grade IV astrocytoma.
glioblastoma multiforme: listen (GLEE-oh-blas-TOH-muh MUL-tih-form); A fast-growing type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Glioblastoma multiforme usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal cord. Also called GBM, glioblastoma, and grade IV astrocytoma.
glioma: listen (glee-OH-muh); A cancer of the brain that begins in glial cells (cells that surround and support nerve cells).
gliosarcoma: listen (GLEE-oh-sar-KOH-muh); A type of glioma (cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells).
glossectomy: listen (glah-SEK-toh-mee); Surgical removal of all or part of the tongue.
glottis: listen (GLAH-tis); The middle part of the larynx; the area where the vocal cords are located.
glucagon: listen (GLOO-kuh-gon); A hormone produced by the pancreas that increases the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
glucagonoma: listen (GLOO-kuh-guh-NOH-muh); A rare pancreatic tumor that produces a hormone called glucagon. Glucagonomas can produce symptoms similar to diabetes.
glucarpidase: listen (gloo-KAR-pih-dayz); A drug used to treat toxic levels of methotrexate (an anticancer drug) in the blood of patients with kidney problems. It is a bacterial enzyme that breaks down proteins and other substances, such as methotrexate. Glucarpidase may also help certain drugs kill cancer cells. It is a type of chemoprotective agent and a type of prodrug activator. Also called carboxypeptidase-G2 and Voraxaze.
glucocorticoid: listen (GLOO-koh-KOR-tih-koyd); A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs).
gluconeogenesis: listen (GLOO-koh-NEE-oh-JEH-neh-sis); The process of making glucose (sugar) from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in cells of the liver or kidney.
Glucophage: listen (GLOO-koh-fayj); A drug used to treat diabetes mellitus (a condition in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood ). It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. It decreases the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) released into the bloodstream from the liver and increases the body’s use of the glucose. Glucophage is a type of antidiabetic agent. Also called metformin hydrochloride.
glucose: listen (GLOO-kose); A type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: listen (GLOO-kose-6-FOS-fayt dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays deh-FIH-shun-see); An inherited disorder in which a person doesn’t have enough of an enzyme called G6PD that helps red blood cells work the way they should. In glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, the red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to infection, severe stress, or certain drugs, chemicals, or foods. This may lead to a condition called hemolytic anemia. This disorder is most common in African-American men and in men of Middle Eastern or Mediterranean descent. Also called G6PD deficiency.
glucuronic acid: listen (GLOO-kyoo-RAH-nik A-sid); A form of a type of sugar called glucose that helps remove harmful substances from the body. Glucuronic acid and the harmful substance combine in the liver and then are passed in the urine. Glucuronic acid is also found in other substances in the body, such as cartilage and synovial fluid (fluid found in the joints).
glufosfamide: listen (GLOO-FOS-fuh-mide); An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
glutamic acid: listen (gloo-TA-mik A-sid); One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). Glutamic acid may help nerve cells send and receive information from other cells. It is being studied for its ability to decrease or prevent nerve damage caused by anticancer drugs. Also called L-glutamic acid.
glutamine: listen (GLOO-tuh-meen); An amino acid used in nutrition therapy. It is also being studied for the treatment of diarrhea caused by radiation therapy to the pelvis.
glutathione: listen (GLOO-tuh-THY-one); A substance found in plant and animal tissues that has many functions in a cell. These include activating certain enzymes and destroying toxic compounds and chemicals that contain oxygen.
glutathione S-transferase: listen (GLOO-tuh-THY-one ... TRANZ-feh-rays); A family of enzymes involved in metabolism and in making toxic compounds less harmful to the body.
glycan: listen (GLY-kan); A large carbohydrate molecule. It contains many small sugar molecules that are joined chemically. Also called polysaccharide.
glycan analysis: listen (GLY-kan uh-NA-lih-sis); A study of the types of carbohydrate (sugar) molecules attached to proteins in cells. Proteins with carbohydrate molecules are called glycoproteins. Glycan analysis is being studied to find out if glycoproteins on cancer cells may be used as biomarkers for cancer.
glycemia: listen (gly-SEE-mee-uh); Glucose (a type of sugar) found in the blood. Also called blood sugar.
glycemic index: listen (gly-SEE-mik IN-dex); A measure of the increase in the level of blood glucose (a type of sugar) caused by eating a specific carbohydrate (food that contains sugar) compared with eating a standard amount of glucose. Foods with a high glycemic index release glucose quickly and cause a rapid rise in blood glucose. Foods with a low glycemic index release glucose slowly into the blood. A relationship between the glycemic index and recurrent colorectal cancer is being studied.
glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase inhibitor: listen (gly-SIH-nuh-mide RY-boh-NOO-klee-oh-tide FOR-mil-TRANZ-feh-rays in-HIH-bih-ter); A drug that blocks DNA synthesis and may prevent tumor growth. It is being studied as a treatment for cancer.
Glycine max: listen (GLY-seen ...); A product from a plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Glycine max contains isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Glycine max in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Also called soy, soya, and soybean.
glycogen storage disease: listen (GLY-koh-jen STOR-ij dih-ZEEZ); A type of inherited disorder in which there are problems with how a form of glucose (sugar) called glycogen is stored and used in the body. Certain enzymes that help make or break down glycogen are missing or do not work the way they should. This causes abnormal amounts or types of glycogen in the tissues, especially in the liver and in muscle tissue. There are many types of glycogen storage disease, which can cause problems in different parts of the body, including the liver, muscles, kidneys, and heart. Also called GSD.
glycolic acid: listen (gly-KAH-lik A-sid); A substance found in some fruits, sugar beets, and sugar cane. It is used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften the skin. It is a type of alpha hydroxyl acid.
glycolysis: listen (gly-KAH-lih-sis); A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. Glycolysis is one method that cells use to produce energy. When glycolysis is linked with other enzyme reactions that use oxygen, more complete breakdown of glucose is possible and more energy is produced.
glycopeptide: listen (gly-koh-PEP-tide); A short chain of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) that has sugar molecules attached to it. Some glycopeptides have been studied for their ability to stimulate the immune system.
glycoprotein: listen (gly-koh-PROH-teen); A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it.
glycoprotein 100: listen (gly-koh-PROH-teen …); gp100. A tumor-specific antigen used in the development of cancer vaccines. Also called gp100.
glycosaminoglycan: listen (GLY-koh-suh-MEE-noh-GLY-kan); A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye.
GM2-KLH vaccine: listen (... vak-SEEN); A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies that fight certain cancer cells.
GM-CSF: A substance that helps make more white blood cells, especially granulocytes, macrophages, and cells that become platelets. It is a cytokine that is a type of hematopoietic (blood-forming) agent. Also called granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and sargramostim.
GM-CSF-secreting breast tumor vaccine: listen (… seh-KREE-ting brest TOO-mer vak-SEEN); A vaccine that is being studied as a way to help the body’s immune system kill breast cancer cells. To make the vaccine, the GM-CSF gene is put into breast cancer cells in the laboratory. The cells are then treated with radiation to stop them from growing and injected into the same or a different patient. The GM-CSF protein made by the changed breast cancer cells may help the immune system kill breast cancer cells in the body.
GnRH: A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. GnRH causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone. Also called gonadotropin-releasing hormone, LH-RH, LHRH, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.
GnRH agonist: listen (… A-guh-nist); A substance that keeps the testicles and ovaries from making sex hormones by blocking other hormones that are needed to make them. In men, GnRH agonists cause the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some GnRH agonists are used to treat prostate cancer. Also called GnRHa, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, LHRH agonist, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist.
GnRH antagonist: listen (… an-TA-guh-nist); A substance that blocks the pituitary gland from making hormones called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In men, this causes the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, this causes the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some GnRH antagonists are used to treat advanced prostate cancer. They are also used to treat certain gynecologic conditions and are being studied in the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Also called gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, LHRH antagonist, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist.
GnRHa: A substance that keeps the testicles and ovaries from making sex hormones by blocking other hormones that are needed to make them. In men, GnRHas cause the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some GnRHas are used to treat prostate cancer. Also called GnRH agonist, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, LHRH agonist, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist.
goiter: listen (GOY-ter); An enlarged thyroid. It may be caused by too little iodine in the diet or by other conditions. Most goiters are not cancer.
gold fiducial marker seeds: listen (… fih-DOO-shul MAR-ker …); Tiny, gold seeds, about the size of a grain of rice, that are put in and/or around a tumor to show exactly where it is in the body. Doctors are then able to target the tumor directly and give higher doses of radiation with less harm to nearby healthy tissue. Also called gold fiducial markers, gold seeds, and gold-seed fiducial markers.
gold fiducial markers: listen (… fih-DOO-shul MAR-kers); Tiny, gold seeds, about the size of a grain of rice, that are put in and/or around a tumor to show exactly where it is in the body. Doctors are then able to target the tumor directly and give higher doses of radiation with less harm to nearby healthy tissue. Also called gold fiducial marker seeds, gold seeds, and gold-seed fiducial markers.
gold seeds: listen (gold seeds); Tiny, gold seeds, about the size of a grain of rice, that are put in and/or around a tumor to show exactly where it is in the body. Doctors are then able to target the tumor directly and give higher doses of radiation with less harm to nearby healthy tissue. Also called gold fiducial marker seeds, gold fiducial markers, and gold-seed fiducial markers.
gold therapy: listen (… THAYR-uh-pee); A procedure that uses gold salts (a salt form of the metal element gold) to treat diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The gold salts stop cells from releasing chemicals that can harm tissues. Also called aurotherapy and chrysotherapy.
gold-seed fiducial markers: listen (… fih-DOO-shul MAR-kers); Tiny, gold seeds, about the size of a grain of rice, that are put in and/or around a tumor to show exactly where it is in the body. Doctors are then able to target the tumor directly and give higher doses of radiation with less harm to nearby healthy tissue. Also called gold fiducial marker seeds, gold fiducial markers, and gold seeds.
Golgi apparatus: listen (GOL-jee A-puh-RA-tus); A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell’s cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell. The Golgi apparatus is a cell organelle. Also called Golgi body and Golgi complex.
Golgi body: listen (GOL-jee BAH-dee); A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell’s cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi body prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell. The Golgi body is a cell organelle. Also called Golgi apparatus and Golgi complex.
Golgi complex: listen (GOL-jee KOM-plex); A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell’s cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi complex prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell. The Golgi complex is a cell organelle. Also called Golgi apparatus and Golgi body.
gonad: listen (GOH-nad); The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicle/testis).
gonadal dysgenesis: listen (goh-NA-dul dis-JEH-neh-sis); Abnormal development of a gonad (ovary or testicle). Men with gonadal dysgenesis have a greater risk of developing testicular cancer. Gonadal dysgenesis is usually part of a genetic syndrome.
gonadal shielding: listen (goh-NA-dul SHEEL-ding); A procedure used to help keep a person fertile by preventing damage to reproductive organs during radiation therapy. A protective shield is placed on the outside of the body to cover the area of the gonads (the testicles or ovaries) and other parts of the reproductive system during radiation therapy. For males, this would also include the prostate and penis. For females, it would also include the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. Gonadal shielding is a type of fertility preservation.
gonadoblastoma: listen (goh-NA-doh-blas-TOH-muh); A rare tumor that is made up of more than one type of cell found in the gonads (testicles and ovaries), including germ cells, stromal cells, and granulosa cells. Gonadoblastomas are usually benign (not cancer), but they may sometimes become malignant (cancer) if not treated. Most patients with gonadoblastoma have certain chromosome abnormalities and abnormal gonads. Gonadoblastomas occur most often in children and young adults.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone: listen (goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone); A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone. Also called GnRH, LH-RH, LHRH, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist: listen (goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone A-guh-nist); A substance that keeps the testicles and ovaries from making sex hormones by blocking other hormones that are needed to make them. In men, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists cause the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are used to treat prostate cancer. Also called GnRH agonist, GnRHa, LHRH agonist, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist: listen (goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone an-TA-guh-nist); A substance that blocks the pituitary gland from making hormones called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In men, this causes the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, this causes the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists are used to treat advanced prostate cancer. They are also used to treat certain gynecologic conditions and are being studied in the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Also called GnRH antagonist, LHRH antagonist, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist.
gonioscopy: listen (GOH-nee-OS-koh-pee); A procedure in which a gonioscope (special lens) is used to look at the front part of the eye between the cornea (the clear layer) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). Gonioscopy checks for blockages in the area where fluid drains out of the eye.
Gonzalez regimen: listen (gun-ZAH-les REH-jih-men); An alternative therapy that is being studied as a treatment for pancreatic cancer. It includes a special diet, nutritional supplements, pancreatic enzymes, and coffee enemas.
Good Clinical Practice: listen (… KLIH-nih-kul PRAK-tis); An international set of guidelines that helps make sure that the results of a clinical trial are reliable and that the patients are protected. Good Clinical Practice covers the way a clinical trial is designed, conducted, performed, monitored, audited, recorded, analyzed, and reported. Also called GCP.
Gorlin syndrome: listen (GOR-lin SIN-drome); A genetic condition that causes unusual facial features and disorders of the skin, bones, nervous system, eyes, and endocrine glands. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of basal cell carcinoma. Also called basal cell nevus syndrome and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
goserelin acetate: listen (GOH-seh-REH-lin A-seh-tayt); A drug used to treat prostate cancer and to relieve the symptoms of advanced breast cancer. It is also used to treat problems with the endometrium (lining of the uterus). Goserelin acetate keeps the body from making the hormones luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). This causes the testicles to stop making testosterone (a male hormone) in men, and the ovaries to stop making estradiol (a form of the hormone estrogen) in women. Goserelin acetate may stop the growth of cancer cells that need testosterone or estrogen to grow. It is a type of LHRH agonist. Also called ZDX and Zoladex.
gossypol: listen (GAH-sih-pole); A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant (Gossypium). It blocks the growth of cells and may kill cancer cells. Gossypol may also act as a male contraceptive (a type of birth control). Also called cottonseed meal toxin.
gossypol acetic acid: listen (GAH-sih-pole uh-SEE-tik A-sid); A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. It is a form of a chemical taken from the seed of the cotton plant (Gossypium). It blocks the growth of cells and may kill cancer cells. Gossypol acetic acid may also act as a male contraceptive (form of birth control).
gout: listen (gowt); A condition marked by increased levels of uric acid in the blood, joints, and tissue. The buildup of uric acid in the joints and tissues causes arthritis and inflammation.
gp100: A tumor-specific antigen used in the development of cancer vaccines. Also called glycoprotein 100.
gp209-2M: A peptide (short piece of protein) made from the tumor-specific antigen gp100, and used to make vaccines being studied in the treatment of melanoma.
gp96 heat shock protein-peptide complex vaccine: listen (… PROH-teen-PEP-tide KOM-plex vak-SEEN); A vaccine made from a patient’s tumor cells that may help the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. This vaccine is used to treat kidney cancer, a type of brain cancer called glioma, and metastatic melanoma (a type of skin cancer that has spread). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Also called gp96 HSP-peptide complex, Oncophage, and vitespen.
gp96 HSP-peptide complex: listen (… PEP-tide KOM-plex); A vaccine made from a patient’s tumor cells that may help the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. This vaccine is used to treat kidney cancer, a type of brain cancer called glioma, and metastatic melanoma (a type of skin cancer that has spread). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Also called gp96 heat shock protein-peptide complex vaccine, Oncophage, and vitespen.
GPX-100: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline.
grade: listen (grayd); In cancer, a description of a tumor based on how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope and how quickly the cancer cells are likely to grow and spread. Low-grade cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade cancer cells. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. They are used to help plan treatment and determine prognosis. Also called histologic grade and tumor grade.
grade 1 follicular lymphoma: listen (... fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler lim-FOH-muh); An indolent (slow-growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by enlarged lymph nodes and small cells that have cleaved (u-shaped) nuclei.
grade 2 follicular lymphoma: listen (... fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler lim-FOH-muh); An indolent (slow-growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by enlarged lymph nodes and a mix of large cells and small cells that have cleaved (u-shaped) nuclei.
grade 3 follicular lymphoma: listen (... fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler lim-FOH-muh); A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by large cells and enlarged lymph nodes. Grade 3 follicular lymphoma is less common, and more aggressive than grades 1 or 2 follicular lymphoma.
Grade Group: listen (grayd groop); A way of describing prostate cancer based on how abnormal the cancer cells in a biopsy sample look under a microscope and how quickly they are likely to grow and spread. It is based on the Gleason score, which is another type of prostate cancer grading system. Grade Group scores range from 1 to 5. The lower the Grade Group score, the more the cancer cells look like normal cells and are likely to grow and spread slowly. The Grade Group system is used to help plan treatment and determine prognosis (outcome).
grade IV astrocytoma: listen (... AS-troh-sy-TOH-muh); A fast-growing type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain and spinal cord and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Grade IV astrocytoma usually occurs in adults and affects the brain more often than the spinal cord. Also called GBM, glioblastoma, and glioblastoma multiforme.
grading: listen (GRAY-ding); A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions.
graft: listen (graft); Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body.
graft-versus-host disease: listen (... dih-ZEEZ); A disease caused when cells from a donated stem cell graft attack the normal tissue of the transplant patient. Symptoms include jaundice, skin rash or blisters, a dry mouth, or dry eyes. Also called GVHD.
graft-versus-tumor: listen (graft-VER-sus-TOO-mer); An immune response to a person's tumor cells by immune cells present in a donor's transplanted tissue, such as bone marrow or peripheral blood.
gram: listen (gram); A unit of weight in the metric system. One gram is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram and is approximately 30-times less than an ounce.
granisetron: listen (gra-NIH-seh-tron); A drug used alone or with other drugs to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Granisetron blocks the action of the chemical serotonin, which binds to certain nerves and may trigger nausea and vomiting. Blocking serotonin may help lessen nausea and vomiting. Granisetron is a type of serotonin receptor antagonist and a type of antiemetic. Also called Sancuso and Sustol.
granisetron hydrochloride: listen (gra-NIH-seh-tron HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It is also used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting after surgery. Granisetron hydrochloride blocks the action of the chemical serotonin, which binds to certain nerves and may trigger nausea and vomiting. Blocking serotonin may help lessen nausea and vomiting. Granisetron hydrochloride is a type of serotonin receptor antagonist and a type of antiemetic.
Granix: listen (GRA-nix); A drug used to treat severe neutropenia (a condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. It is used in patients with certain types of cancer. Granix helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It contains the active ingredient filgrastim. Granix is a type of colony-stimulating factor.
granular cell tumor: listen (GRAN-yoo-lur sel TOO-mer); A rare type of soft tissue tumor that usually begins in Schwann cells (cells that hold nerve cells in place). It can occur anywhere in the body, but it usually occurs in or under the skin of the head and neck (especially the mouth or tongue). It may also occur in the chest, breast, esophagus, stomach, or other internal organ. Most granular cell tumors are benign (not cancer), but some may be malignant (cancer) and spread quickly to nearby tissue. They usually occur in middle-aged adults. Also called Abrikossoff tumor.
granular leukocyte: listen (GRAN-yoo-lur LOO-koh-site); A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granular leukocytes. A granular leukocyte is a type of white blood cell. Also called granulocyte, PMN, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
granulocyte: listen (GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE); A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. A granulocyte is a type of white blood cell. Also called granular leukocyte, PMN, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: listen (GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE KAH-luh-nee-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting FAK-ter); A drug used under the brand names Neupogen, Zarxio, and Granix to treat neutropenia (a condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. It is also used under the brand names Neupogen and Zarxio to help prevent infection in patients with certain types of cancer, to treat severe chronic neutropenia, and to prepare the blood for the collection of certain types of blood cells. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called filgrastim and G-CSF.
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: listen (GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE-MA-kroh-FAYJ KAH-luh-nee-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting FAK-ter); A substance that helps make more white blood cells, especially granulocytes, macrophages, and cells that become platelets. It is a cytokine that is a type of hematopoietic (blood-forming) agent. Also called GM-CSF and sargramostim.
granulocytic sarcoma: listen (GRAN-yoo-loh-SIH-tik sar-KOH-muh); A malignant, green-colored tumor of myeloid cells (a type of immature white blood cell). This tumor is usually associated with myelogenous leukemia. Also called chloroma.
granulocytopenia: listen (GRAN-yoo-loh-SY-toh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell).
granulosa cell tumor: listen (GRAN-yoo-LOH-suh sel TOO-mer); A type of slow-growing, malignant tumor that usually affects the ovary.
gray elm: listen (gray elm); The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called Indian elm, red elm, slippery elm, sweet elm, Ulmus fulva, and Ulmus rubra.
green tea extract: listen (green tee EK-strakt); A mixture that is prepared from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. It contains substances called flavonoids and polyphenols, which are antioxidants. Antioxidants help protect cells from damage caused by certain chemicals that may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases. Green tea extract may be taken to treat certain conditions. It is also being studied in the prevention of cancer and other diseases.
Greene Menopause Index: listen (green MEH-nuh-pawz IN-dex); A tool used by researchers to study the symptoms of menopause. It is a standard list of 21 questions which women use to rate how much they are bothered by menopause symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty sleeping.
grief: listen (greef); The normal response to a major loss, such as the death of a loved one. Grief may also be felt by a person with a serious, long-term illness or with a terminal illness. It may include feelings of great sadness, anger, guilt, and despair. Physical problems, such as not being able to sleep and changes in appetite, may also be part of grief.
grief counseling: listen (greef KOWN-suh-ling); The process by which a trained counselor or a support group helps a person work through normal feelings of sorrow after a loss, such as the death of a loved one.
grief therapy: listen (greef THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment that helps a person work through a greater than normal reaction to a loss, such as the death of a loved one. This reaction may include behavioral and physical problems, extreme mourning, and being unable to separate emotionally from the person who died. Grief therapy may be individual or group therapy.
groin: listen (groyn); The area where the thigh meets the abdomen.
growth and development milestones: listen (grothe … dee-VEH-lup-MENT MILE-stones); Goals for the expected sizes of infants and children and activities they should be able to do at specific ages, such as sit, stand, play, speak, think, and interact with others.
growth factor: listen (grothe FAK-ter); A substance made by the body that functions to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy.
growth hormone: listen (grothe HOR-mone); A protein made by the pituitary gland that helps control body growth and the use of glucose and fat in the body. Also called somatotropin.
GSD: A type of inherited disorder in which there are problems with how a form of glucose (sugar) called glycogen is stored and used in the body. Certain enzymes that help make or break down glycogen are missing or do not work the way they should. This causes abnormal amounts or types of glycogen in the tissues, especially in the liver and in muscle tissue. There are many types of GSD, which can cause problems in different parts of the body, including the liver, muscles, kidneys, and heart. Also called glycogen storage disease.
GSK1070916A: A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes (Aurora kinases) involved in cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor. Also called Aurora B/C kinase inhibitor GSK1070916A.
GTD: A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg). This tissue is made of trophoblastic cells, which normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus and help connect the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus. These cells also form part of the placenta (the organ that passes nutrients from the mother to the fetus). Most GTDs are benign (not cancer) and do not spread, but some types are malignant (cancer) and spread to nearby tissues or other parts of the body. The two main types of GTDs are hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic tumor, and GTT.
GTI-2040: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It blocks the production of a protein called ribonucleotide reductase, which helps cells make DNA. This may kill cancer cells that need ribonucleotide reductase to grow. It may also make cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. It is a type of antisense oligonucleotide, and a type of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor.
GTT: A rare condition in which abnormal cells grow inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg). This tissue is made of trophoblastic cells, which normally surround the fertilized egg in the uterus and help connect the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus. These cells also form part of the placenta (the organ that passes nutrients from the mother to the fetus). Most GTTs are benign (not cancer) and do not spread, but some types are malignant (cancer) and spread to nearby tissues or other parts of the body. The two main types of GTTs are hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic tumor, and GTD.
guaiac: listen (GWY-ak); A substance from a type of tree called Guaiacum that grows in the Caribbean. Guaiac is used in the fecal occult blood test (a test for blood in human stool samples).
guaiac fecal occult blood test: listen (GWY-ak FEE-kul uh-KULT …); A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. Small samples of stool are placed on special cards coated with a chemical substance called guaiac and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. A testing solution is put on the cards and the guaiac causes the stool sample to change color. If there is blood in the stool, the color changes very quickly. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called gFOBT, guaiac smear test, and stool guaiac test.
guaiac smear test: listen (GWY-ak smeer …); A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. Small samples of stool are placed on special cards coated with a chemical substance called guaiac and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. A testing solution is put on the cards and the guaiac causes the stool sample to change color. If there is blood in the stool, the color changes very quickly. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called gFOBT, guaiac fecal occult blood test, and stool guaiac test.
guanine: listen (GWAH-neen); A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is a type of purine.
guided imagery: listen (GY-ded IH-muh-jree); A technique in which a person focuses on positive images in his or her mind. It can help people reach a relaxed, focused state and help reduce stress and give a sense of well-being. Also called imagery.
gums: listen (gumz); The tissue of the upper and lower jaws that surrounds the base of the teeth. Also called gingiva.
gut flora: listen (... FLOR-uh); Bacteria and other organisms that live inside the intestines. They help digest food. Vitamins such as biotin and vitamin K are made by gut flora. Also called gut microflora, intestinal flora, intestinal microflora, and microflora.
gut microflora: listen (... MY-kroh-FLOR-uh); Bacteria and other organisms that live inside the intestines. They help digest food. Vitamins such as biotin and vitamin K are made by gut microflora. Also called gut flora, intestinal flora, intestinal microflora, and microflora.
gutka: listen (GUT-kuh); A type of smokeless tobacco that is made in India and is widely used throughout Asia. It is a mixture of tobacco, crushed areca nut (also called betel nut), spices, and other ingredients. It is used like chewing tobacco and is placed in the mouth, usually between the gum and cheek. Gutka contains nicotine and many harmful, cancer-causing chemicals. Using it can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause cancers of the lip, mouth, tongue, throat, and esophagus. Also called betel quid with tobacco.
GVHD: A disease caused when cells from a donated stem cell graft attack the normal tissue of the transplant patient. Symptoms include jaundice, skin rash or blisters, a dry mouth, or dry eyes. Also called graft-versus-host disease.
GW572016: A drug used to treat HER2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer that is advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. It is used with capecitabine in patients whose cancer has not gotten better with other anticancer drugs. It is used with letrozole in postmenopausal women whose cancer is hormone receptor positive (HR+) and who need hormone therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. GW572016 blocks epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. GW572016 is a type of ErbB2 and EGFR dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called lapatinib, lapatinib ditosylate, and Tykerb.
GW786034: A drug used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma, which is the most common type of kidney cancer. It is also used to treat advanced soft tissue sarcoma that has been treated with other anticancer drugs. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. GW786034 may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called pazopanib hydrochloride and Votrient.
GWAS: listen; A study that compares DNA markers across the genome (the complete genetic material in a person) in people with a disease or trait to people without the disease or trait. These studies may uncover clues to help prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Also called genome-wide association study.
gynecologic: listen (GY-neh-kuh-LAH-jik); Having to do with the female reproductive tract (including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina).
gynecologic cancer: listen (GY-neh-kuh-LAH-jik KAN-ser); Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
gynecologic oncologist: listen (GY-neh-kuh-LAH-jik on-KAH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating cancers of the female reproductive organs.
gynecologist: listen (GY-neh-KAH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the female reproductive organs.
gynecomastia: listen (GY-neh-koh-MAS-tee-uh); The abnormal growth of breast gland tissue in males. Gynecomastia in infants and boys may be caused by an imbalance in certain hormones. It may also be caused by conditions that affect hormones, such as tumors; malnutrition; kidney, liver, or thyroid disease; or treatment with certain drugs. It can occur at any age.