NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 8,381 terms related to cancer and medicine.

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237 results found for: F

F511 cream: listen (… creem); A substance being studied in the prevention of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness of the palms of the hands or soles of the feet) in breast cancer patients treated with anticancer drugs. F511 cream contains a substance that is used in products to control excess sweating under the arms and on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is a type of antiperspirant.
falimarev: listen (fuh-LIM-uh-rev); A cancer vaccine made with a form of a chicken virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called recombinant fowlpox-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM vaccine.
fallopian tube: listen (fuh-LOH-pee-in...); A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
fallopian tube cancer: listen (fuh-LOH-pee-in … KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in the tissue lining the fallopian tube (one of two long, slender tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus). The cancer sometimes begins at the end of the fallopian tube near the ovary and spreads to the ovary. Fallopian tube cancer is similar to ovarian epithelial cancer and is staged and treated the same way.
false-negative test result: listen (... NEH-guh-tiv ... reh-ZULT); A test result that indicates that a person does not have a specific disease or condition when the person actually does have the disease or condition.
false-positive test result: listen (... PAH-zih-tiv ... reh-ZULT); A test result that indicates that a person has a specific disease or condition when the person actually does not have the disease or condition.
familial adenomatous polyposis: listen (fuh-MIH-lee-ul A-deh-NOH-muh-tus PAH-lee-POH-sis); An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (growths that protrude from mucous membranes) form on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Also called familial polyposis and FAP.
familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome: listen (fuh-MIH-lee-ul AY-TIH-pih-kul MUL-tih-pul ... MEH-luh-NOH-muh SIN-drome); An inherited condition marked by the following: (1) one or more first- or second-degree relatives (parent, sibling, child, grandparent, grandchild, aunt, or uncle) with malignant melanoma; (2) many moles, some of which are atypical (asymmetrical, raised, and/or different shades of tan, brown, black, or red) and often of different sizes; and (3) moles that have specific features when examined under a microscope. Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome increases the risk of melanoma and may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Also called FAMMM syndrome.
familial cancer: listen (fuh-MIH-lee-ul KAN-ser); Cancer that occurs in families more often than would be expected by chance. These cancers often occur at an early age, and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of cancer. They may also be a sign of shared environmental or lifestyle factors.
familial dysplastic nevi: listen (fuh-MIH-lee-ul dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye); A condition that runs in certain families in which at least two members have dysplastic nevi (atypical moles) and have a tendency to develop melanoma.
familial isolated hyperparathyroidism: listen (fuh-MIH-lee-ul I-soh-LAY-ted HY-per-PAYR-uh-THY-roy-dih-zum); A rare inherited condition in which one or more tumors form in the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized organs found on the thyroid) and cause them to make too much parathyroid hormone. The increased parathyroid hormone causes a loss of calcium from the bones and too much calcium in the blood. Also called FIHP.
familial medullary thyroid cancer: listen (fuh-MIH-lee-ul MED-yoo-LAYR-ee THY-royd KAN-ser); An inherited form of medullary thyroid cancer (cancer that forms in the cells of the thyroid that make the hormone calcitonin).
familial polyposis: listen (fuh-MIH-lee-ul PAH-lee-POH-sis); An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (growths that protrude from mucous membranes) form on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Also called familial adenomatous polyposis and FAP.
family history: listen (FA-mih-lee HIH-stuh-ree); A record of the relationships among family members along with their medical histories. This includes current and past illnesses. A family history may show a pattern of certain diseases in a family. Also called family medical history.
family medical history: listen (FA-mih-lee MEH-dih-kul HIH-stuh-ree); A record of the relationships among family members along with their medical histories. This includes current and past illnesses. A family medical history may show a pattern of certain diseases in a family. Also called family history.
family therapy: listen (FA-mih-lee THAYR-uh-pee); A type of therapy in which the whole family talks with a professional counselor to solve family problems.
FAMMM syndrome: listen (… SIN-drome); An inherited condition marked by the following: (1) one or more first- or second-degree relatives (parent, sibling, child, grandparent, grandchild, aunt, or uncle) with malignant melanoma; (2) many moles, some of which are atypical (asymmetrical, raised, and/or different shades of tan, brown, black, or red) and often of different sizes; and (3) moles that have specific features when examined under a microscope. FAMMM syndrome increases the risk of melanoma and may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Also called familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome.
Fanconi anemia: listen (fan-KOH-nee uh-NEE-mee-uh); A rare inherited disorder in which the bone marrow does not make blood cells. It is usually diagnosed in children between 2 and 15 years old. Symptoms include frequent infections, easy bleeding, and extreme tiredness. People with Fanconi anemia may have a small skeleton and brown spots on the skin. They also have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.
Fanconi syndrome: listen (fan-KOH-nee SIN-drome); A group of kidney disorders that cause protein, sugar, minerals, and other nutrients to be lost in the urine. Symptoms include weakness, bone pain, and passing a greater than normal amount of urine. One form of Fanconi syndrome is inherited and is usually found in infants. Fanconi syndrome may also be caused by other diseases, a lack of vitamin D, or exposure to heavy metals or chemicals, including certain anticancer drugs.
FAP: An inherited condition in which numerous polyps (growths that protrude from mucous membranes) form on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. It increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Also called familial adenomatous polyposis and familial polyposis.
Fareston: listen (FAYR-es-ton); A drug used to treat breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in postmenopausal women whose cancer is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) or when it is not known if the cancer is ER+ or estrogen receptor negative (ER-). Fareston blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in breast tissue, which may help keep breast cancer cells from growing. It is a type of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Also called toremifene citrate.
Farydak: listen (FAYR-ah-dak); A drug used with bortezomib and dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma. It is used in patients who have already been treated with bortezomib and an immunomodulating agent. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Farydak blocks certain enzymes needed for cells to grow and divide and may kill cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called LBH589 and panobinostat.
Faslodex: listen (FAZ-loh-dex); A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is used alone in postmenopausal women who have not been treated with hormone therapy or whose disease got worse after treatment with hormone therapy. It is used with palbociclib or abemaciclib in women whose disease got worse after treatment with hormone therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Faslodex binds to proteins called estrogen receptors, which are found in some breast cancer cells. These proteins may cause cancer cells to grow. Faslodex blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiestrogen. Also called fulvestrant and ICI 182780.
fast-neutron beam radiation: listen (fast-NOO-tron beem RAY-dee-AY-shun); A type of radiation therapy that uses tiny particles called neutrons made by a machine called a cyclotron.
fat necrosis: listen (… neh-KROH-sis); A benign condition in which fat tissue in the breast or other organs is damaged by injury, surgery, or radiation therapy. The fat tissue in the breast may be replaced by a cyst or by scar tissue, which may feel like a round, firm lump. The skin around the lump may look red, bruised or dimpled.
fatigue: listen (fuh-TEEG); A condition marked by extreme tiredness and inability to function due to lack of energy. Fatigue may be acute or chronic.
fat-soluble vitamin: listen (… SOL-yoo-bul VY-tuh-min); A vitamin that can dissolve in fats and oils. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and can be stored in the body’s fatty tissue. They come from plant and animal foods or dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.
fatty acid: listen (FA-tee A-sid); A major component of fats that is used by the body for energy and tissue development.
fatty breast tissue: listen (FA-tee brest TIH-shoo); A term used to describe breast tissue that is made up of almost all fatty tissue. Fatty breast tissue does not look dense on a mammogram, which may make it easier to find tumors or other changes in the breast. Fatty breast tissue is more common in older women than in younger women. Fatty breast tissue is one of four categories used to describe a level of breast density seen on a mammogram.
FAU: A substance being studied in the treatment of advanced solid tumors and lymphomas. It blocks the growth of cells and may cause cancer cells to die. It is a type of uracil analog. Also called 1-(2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro-ß-D-arabinofuranosyl) uracil.
fazarabine: listen (fuh-ZAR-uh-been); An anticancer drug that is a type of antimetabolite.
FDA: An agency in the U.S. federal government whose mission is to protect public health by making sure that food, cosmetics, and nutritional supplements are safe to use and truthfully labeled. The FDA also makes sure that drugs, medical devices, and equipment are safe and effective, and that blood for transfusions and transplant tissue are safe. Also called Food and Drug Administration.
FdCyd: A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It may prevent the growth of tumors by stopping cancer cells from dividing and by killing them. It is a type of antimetabolite. Also called 5-fluoro-2-deoxycytidine.
FDR: A parent, brother, sister, or child. Also called first-degree relative.
febrile neutropenia: listen (FEH-brile noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition marked by fever and a lower-than-normal number of neutrophils in the blood. A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection. Having too few neutrophils increases the risk of infection.
FEC: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used with other types of therapy to treat breast cancer, including breast cancer that has spread or come back. It includes the drugs fluorouracil, epirubicin hydrochloride, and cyclophosphamide. Also called FEC regimen.
FEC regimen: listen (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used with other types of therapy to treat breast cancer, including breast cancer that has spread or come back. It includes the drugs fluorouracil, epirubicin hydrochloride, and cyclophosphamide. Also called FEC.
fecal immunochemical test: listen (FEE-kul IH-myoo-noh-KEH-mih-kul …); A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. An antibody that binds to a blood protein called hemoglobin is used to detect any blood. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called FIT, iFOBT, immunoassay fecal occult blood test, immunochemical fecal occult blood test, and immunologic fecal occult blood test.
fecal impaction: listen (FEE-kul im-PAK-shun); A mass of dry, hard stool that cannot pass out of the colon or rectum. Fecal impaction may be caused by using laxatives too often, using certain types of pain medicines, little or no physical activity over a long period, diet changes, or constipation that is not treated. Signs and symptoms may include being unable to have a bowel movement, pain in the abdomen or back, problems urinating, and nausea and vomiting. Fecal impaction may also cause problems with circulation, the heart, or breathing.
fecal incontinence: listen (FEE-kul in-KON-tih-nents); Inability to hold stool in the rectum.
fecal occult blood test: listen (FEE-kul uh-KULT...); A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Guaiac fecal occult blood test and immunochemical fecal occult blood test are two types of fecal occult blood tests. Guaiac fecal occult blood test uses a chemical substance called guaiac to check for blood in the stool. Immunochemical fecal occult blood test uses an antibody to check for blood in the stool. Also called FOBT.
feces: listen (FEE-seez); The material in a bowel movement. Feces is made up of undigested food, bacteria, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestines. Also called stool.
Femara: listen (FEH-muh-ruh); A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Femara lowers the amount of estrogen made by the body. This may stop the growth of cancer cells that need estrogen to grow. Femara is a type of aromatase inhibitor. Also called letrozole.
fenofibrate: listen (FEH-noh-FY-brayt); A drug used to treat high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Fenofibrate is being studied in the treatment of advanced cancers in young patients and in the treatment of other conditions. It is a type of antilipidemic agent. Also called Lofibra and TriCor.
fenretinide: listen (fen-REH-tih-nide); A substance being studied in the treatment and prevention of some types of cancer. Fenretinide may cause ceramide (a wax-like substance) to build up in tumor cells and kill them. It is a type of retinoid, which are substances related to vitamin A.
fenretinide LXS: listen (fen-REH-tih-nide…); A powdered form of fenretinide that is being studied in the treatment of neuroblastoma. It may be used by the body more easily than the pill form. Fenretinide may cause ceramide (a wax-like substance) to build up in tumor cells and kill them. It is a type of retinoid, which are substances related to vitamin A. Also called fenretinide Lym-X-Sorb.
fenretinide Lym-X-Sorb: listen (fen-REH-tih-nide…); A powdered form of fenretinide that is being studied in the treatment of neuroblastoma. It may be used by the body more easily than the pill form. Fenretinide may cause ceramide (a wax-like substance) to build up in tumor cells and kill them. It is a type of retinoid, which are substances related to vitamin A. Also called fenretinide LXS.
fentanyl citrate: listen (FEN-tuh-nil SIH-trayt); A drug used to treat severe cancer pain that occurs even though the patient is already taking opioids. It is also used during anesthesia for surgery. Fentanyl citrate binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It is a type of analgesic agent and a type of opioid.
fentanyl sublingual spray: listen (FEN-tuh-nil sub-LING-wul …); A form of the drug fentanyl that is sprayed under the tongue and then absorbed into the blood. It is being studied in the treatment of breakthrough pain (pain that occurs even when pain-control medication is already being used) in cancer patients. Fentanyl is a type of opioid analgesic.
ferritin: listen (FAYR-ih-tin); A protein that binds to iron and stores it for use by the body. Ferritin is found in cells in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and other tissues.
Ferrlecit: listen (FAYR-leh-sit); A form of the mineral iron that is used to treat anemia caused by low amounts of iron in the blood. Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. Ferrlecit is a type of hematinic and a dietary supplement. Also called sodium ferric gluconate.
ferrous sulfate: listen (FAYR-us SUL-fayt); A form of the mineral iron that is used to treat anemia caused by low amounts of iron in the blood. Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. Ferrous sulfate is a type of hematinic and a type of dietary supplement.
fertile: listen (FER-til); Able to produce children.
fertility: listen (fer-TIH-lih-tee); The ability to produce children.
fertility preservation: listen (fer-TIH-lih-tee PREH-zer-VAY-shun); A type of procedure used to help keep a person’s ability to have children. A fertility preservation procedure is done before a medical treatment that may cause infertility, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Examples of fertility preservation procedures include sperm banking, egg freezing, in vitro fertilization with embryo freezing, and certain types of surgery for cervical and ovarian cancer.
ferumoxtran-10: listen (fayr-yoo-MOX-tran…); A substance being studied as a way of improving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing cancer and finding lymph nodes to which cancer has spread. Ferumoxtran-10 is made of nanoparticles (ultrasmall pieces) of iron oxide coated with dextran (a type of sugar). It is injected into the blood of the patient and the particles collect in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, or brain tissue where they can be seen using MRI. Ferumoxtran-10 later breaks down and passes from the body in urine.
ferumoxytol: listen (fayr-yoo-MOK-sih-tol); A nanoparticle form of iron made in the laboratory that is being studied for use in iron replacement therapy, and as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Contrast agents are substances that are injected into the body and taken up by certain tissues, making the tissues easier to see in imaging scans.
fetal: listen (FEE-tul); Having to do with a fetus. A fetus is an unborn baby that develops and grows inside the uterus. In humans, the fetal period begins 8 weeks after fertilization of an egg by a sperm and ends at birth.
fetus: listen (FEE-tus); In humans, an unborn baby that develops and grows inside the uterus (womb). The fetal period begins 8 weeks after fertilization of an egg by a sperm and ends at the time of birth.
fever: listen (FEE-ver); An increase in body temperature above normal (98.6 degrees F), usually caused by disease.
fexofenadine: listen (FEK-soh-FEH-nuh-deen); A drug used to treat certain allergy symptoms. It blocks a chemical released during an allergic response that causes itching, sneezing, runny nose, wheezing, and watery eyes. It is a type of antihistamine. Also called Allegra.
FH gene: listen (… jeen); A gene that makes an enzyme called fumarase, which helps cells in the body use oxygen and make energy. Mutated (changed) forms of the FH gene may cause cells to lose the ability to use oxygen. This may increase the growth of some cells, including abnormal cells and cancer cells. The mutated FH gene has been found in patients with an inherited condition called hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Patients with HLRCC have an increased risk of kidney cancer and tumors in the skin and uterus. Also called fumarate hydratase gene.
fiber: listen (FY-ber); In food, fiber is the part of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains that cannot be digested. The fiber in food may help prevent cancer. In the body, fiber refers to tissue made of long threadlike cells, such as muscle fiber or nerve fiber.
fiberoptic: listen (FY-ber-OP-tik); Describes the use of a coated, thin, clear, glass or plastic fiber that can carry light and send information, including images. In medicine, flexible fiberoptic instruments are used to look inside the body. Fiberoptics are also used to deliver laser light to tumors injected with a type of drug that kills cancer cells when it is exposed to laser light.
fibrin: listen (FY-brin); A protein involved in forming blood clots in the body. It is made from the protein fibrinogen and helps stop bleeding and heal wounds. Sometimes fibrin-like substances may be found in higher than normal amounts in the blood and urine of patients with some types of cancer or other conditions. Measuring the amount of these substances may help to check how well cancer treatment is working or if the cancer has gotten worse. Fibrin is a type of tumor marker.
fibrin sealant: listen (FY-brin SEE-lent); A substance used during surgery to help heal wounds. It contains proteins found in human blood that cause blood to clot. When fibrin sealant is placed on a wound, a clot forms. Fibrin sealant is being studied as a way to improve healing after lymph node removal in patients with cancer. It is a type of surgical glue.
fibrinogen: listen (fy-BRIH-noh-jen); A protein involved in forming blood clots in the body. It is made in the liver and forms fibrin. Fibrin is the main protein in a blood clot that helps stop bleeding and heal wounds. Sometimes fibrin-like substances may be found in higher than normal amounts in the blood and urine of patients with some types of cancer or other conditions. Measuring the amount of these substances may help to check how well cancer treatment is working or if the cancer has gotten worse. Fibrinogen is a type of tumor marker.
fibroadenoma: listen (FY-broh-a-deh-NOH-muh); A benign (not cancer) tumor that usually forms in the breast from both fibrous and glandular tissue. Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors.
fibroblast: listen (FY-broh-blast); A connective tissue cell that makes and secretes collagen proteins.
fibrocystic breast changes: listen (FY-broh-SIS-tik brest CHAYN-jiz); A common condition marked by benign (not cancer) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast swelling or discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Fibrocystic breast changes can occur at any age, but are most common in younger women. This condition does not increase the risk of breast cancer.
fibrofolliculoma: listen (FY-broh-fuh-LIH-kyoo-LOH-muh); A rare, benign (not cancer) tumor that forms in a hair follicle (the opening on the skin through which hair grows). Fibrofolliculomas appear as small, raised, whitish bumps that usually occur on the face, ears, neck, and chest. They tend to grow slowly but can increase in size and number over time. Fibrofolliculomas often occur in patients with an inherited condition called Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.
fibroid: listen (FY-broyd); A benign smooth-muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma.
fibromatosis: listen (FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis); A condition in which multiple fibromas develop. Fibromas are tumors (usually benign) that affect connective tissue.
fibrosarcoma: listen (FY-broh-sar-KOH-muh); A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place.
fibrosis: listen (fy-BROH-sis); The growth of fibrous tissue.
fibrous: listen (FY-brus); Containing or resembling fibers.
fiducial marker: listen (fih-DOO-shul MAR-ker); A medical device or small object placed in or on the body to mark an area for radiation treatment or surgery. For example, tiny gold seeds may be put into the prostate to mark a tumor before radiation therapy. This allows the doctor to give higher doses of radiation to the tumor with less harm to nearby healthy tissue.
fifth cranial nerve: listen (fith KRAY-nee-ul nerv); The main sensory nerve of the head and face, and the motor nerve of the muscles used in chewing. Also called trigeminal nerve.
fight-or-flight syndrome: listen (fite … flite SIN-drome); A group of changes that occur in the body to help a person fight or take flight in stressful or dangerous situations. This is the body’s way of helping to protect itself from possible harm. During fight or flight, certain hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, are released into the blood. This causes an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. Other changes include an increase in blood sugar, alertness, muscle tension, and sweating.
FIHP: A rare inherited condition in which one or more tumors form in the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized organs found on the thyroid) and cause them to make too much parathyroid hormone. The increased parathyroid hormone causes a loss of calcium from the bones and too much calcium in the blood. Also called familial isolated hyperparathyroidism.
filgrastim: listen (fil-GRAS-tim); A drug used under the brand names Neupogen, Zarxio, and Granix to treat neutropenia (a condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. It is also used under the brand names Neupogen and Zarxio to help prevent infection in patients with certain types of cancer, to treat severe chronic neutropenia, and to prepare the blood for the collection of certain types of blood cells. Filgrastim helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called G-CSF and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
filgrastim-SD/01: listen (fil-GRAS-tim ...); A drug used to treat neutropenia (a condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. It is used to help prevent infection in patients with certain types of cancer. Filgrastim-SD/01 helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It is a form of filgrastim and is able to stay in the body longer. Filgrastim-SD/01 is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called Fulphila, Neulasta, and pegfilgrastim.
filler: listen (FIH-ler); An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently.
film mammography: listen (... ma-MAH-gruh-fee); The use of x-rays to create a picture of the breast on a film.
filter: listen (FIL-ter); A material or device that allows certain substances to pass through it, while keeping other substances out. Filters may be used in cigarettes to help trap tar and other harmful substances found in tobacco smoke. In medicine, filter also means to remove toxins, poisons, or other harmful substances from the blood. For example, the kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine). The liver also removes harmful substances from the blood.
financial burden: listen (fy-NAN-shul BUR-den); In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient has related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having a lot of costs for medical care not covered by health insurance can cause financial problems and may lead to debt and bankruptcy. Financial burden can also affect a patient’s quality of life and access to medical care. For example, a patient may not take a prescription medicine or may avoid going to the doctor to save money. Cancer patients are more likely to have financial burden than people without cancer. Also called economic burden, economic hardship, financial distress, financial hardship, financial stress, and financial toxicity.
financial distress: listen (fy-NAN-shul dih-STRES); In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient has related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having a lot of costs for medical care not covered by health insurance can cause financial problems and may lead to debt and bankruptcy. Financial distress can also affect a patient’s quality of life and access to medical care. For example, a patient may not take a prescription medicine or may avoid going to the doctor to save money. Cancer patients are more likely to have financial distress than people without cancer. Also called economic burden, economic hardship, financial burden, financial hardship, financial stress, and financial toxicity.
financial hardship: listen (fy-NAN-shul HARD-ship); In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient has related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having a lot of costs for medical care not covered by health insurance can cause financial problems and may lead to debt and bankruptcy. Financial hardship can also affect a patient’s quality of life and access to medical care. For example, a patient may not take a prescription medicine or may avoid going to the doctor to save money. Cancer patients are more likely to have financial hardship than people without cancer. Also called economic burden, economic hardship, financial burden, financial distress, financial stress, and financial toxicity.
financial navigator: listen (fy-NAN-shul NA-vih-GAY-ter); A person who works with patients and their families to help them reduce stress or hardship related to the cost of treatment for a medical condition, such as cancer. Financial navigators help patients understand their out-of-pocket expenses and what their health insurance plans may cover. Financial navigators may also help patients set up payment plans, find cost-saving methods for treatments, and improve access to healthcare services that the patient needs.
financial stress: listen (fy-NAN-shul stres); In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient has related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having a lot of costs for medical care not covered by health insurance can cause financial problems and may lead to debt and bankruptcy. Financial stress can also affect a patient’s quality of life and access to medical care. For example, a patient may not take a prescription medicine or may avoid going to the doctor to save money. Cancer patients are more likely to have financial stress than people without cancer. Also called economic burden, economic hardship, financial burden, financial distress, financial hardship, and financial toxicity.
financial toxicity: listen (fy-NAN-shul tok-SIH-sih-tee); In medicine, a term used to describe problems a patient has related to the cost of medical care. Not having health insurance or having a lot of costs for medical care not covered by health insurance can cause financial problems and may lead to debt and bankruptcy. Financial toxicity can also affect a patient’s quality of life and access to medical care. For example, a patient may not take a prescription medicine or may avoid going to the doctor to save money. Cancer patients are more likely to have financial toxicity than people without cancer. Also called economic burden, economic hardship, financial burden, financial distress, financial hardship, and financial stress.
finasteride: listen (fih-NAS-teh-ride); A drug used to reduce the amount of male hormone (testosterone) produced by the body.
fine-needle aspiration biopsy: listen (... NEE-dul AS-pih-RAY-shun BY-op-see); The removal of tissue or fluid with a thin needle for examination under a microscope. Also called FNA biopsy.
Firmagon: listen (FER-muh-gon); A drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer. Firmagon binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland. This causes the testicles to stop making testosterone. Firmagon may stop the growth of cancer cells that need testosterone to grow. It is a type of GnRH antagonist. Also called degarelix acetate.
first-degree relative: listen (first-deh-GREE REH-luh-tiv); A parent, brother, sister, or child. Also called FDR.
first-line therapy: listen (... THAYR-uh-pee); The first treatment given for a disease. It is often part of a standard set of treatments, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. When used by itself, first-line therapy is the one accepted as the best treatment. If it doesn’t cure the disease or it causes severe side effects, other treatment may be added or used instead. Also called induction therapy, primary therapy, and primary treatment.
FISH: listen; A laboratory technique used to look at genes or chromosomes in cells and tissues. Pieces of DNA that contain a fluorescent dye are made in the laboratory and added to cells or tissues on a glass slide. When these pieces of DNA bind to specific genes or areas of chromosomes on the slide, they light up when viewed under a microscope with a special light. Also called fluorescence in situ hybridization.
fistula: listen (FIS-chuh-luh); An abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body. Fistulas may be caused by injury, infection, or inflammation, or may be created during surgery.
FIT: A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. An antibody that binds to a blood protein called hemoglobin is used to detect any blood. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called fecal immunochemical test, iFOBT, immunoassay fecal occult blood test, immunochemical fecal occult blood test, and immunologic fecal occult blood test.
five element acupuncture: listen (… EH-leh-ment AK-yoo-PUNK-cher); An ancient form of acupuncture based on the principle that there are five universal elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) that affect a person's emotions, personality, health, and response to treatment. Each person is affected by one element more than the others. Also called traditional acupuncture.
five-year survival rate: listen (... ser-VY-vul ...); The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive five years after they were diagnosed with or started treatment for a disease, such as cancer. The disease may or may not have come back.
FK463: An antibiotic/antifungal drug used to treat infection.
Flagyl: listen (FLA-jul); A drug that is used to treat infection and is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is type of antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic. Also called metronidazole.
flavonoid: listen (FLAY-vuh-noyd); A member of a group of substances found in many plants and plant-based foods. Flavonoids have shown antioxidant effects.
flavopiridol: listen (FLAH-voh-PIH-rih-dol); A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. It stops cells from dividing and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor. Also called alvocidib and HMR 1275.
flaxseed: listen (FLAX-seed); The seed of the flax plant. It is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acid, fiber, and a compound called lignin. It is being studied in the prevention of several types of cancer. Also called linseed.
FLCN gene: listen (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein called folliculin, which may help control cell growth and other important cell functions. Mutated (changed) forms of the FLCN gene may increase the growth of abnormal cells. The mutated FLCN gene has been found in patients with an inherited condition called Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHDS). Patients with BHDS have an increased risk of kidney cancer and tumors of the skin and lungs. The FLCN gene is a type of tumor suppressor gene. Also called folliculin gene.
flecainide: listen (FLEH-kuh-nide); A drug used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. It may also relieve neuropathic pain, the burning, stabbing, or stinging pain that may arise from damage to nerves caused by some types of cancer or cancer treatment.
Flomax: listen (FLOH-max); A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. Flomax relaxes the muscles of the prostate and bladder, which helps the flow of urine. It is a type of alpha blocker. Also called tamsulosin and tamsulosin hydrochloride.
flow chart: listen (floh …); A diagram that shows the order of steps in a complex process. Also called flow sheet.
flow cytometry: listen (floh sy-TAH-meh-tree); A method of measuring the number of cells in a sample, the percentage of live cells in a sample, and certain characteristics of cells, such as size, shape, and the presence of tumor markers on the cell surface. The cells are stained with a light-sensitive dye, placed in a fluid, and passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light. The measurements are based on how the light-sensitive dye reacts to the light.
flow sheet: listen (floh …); A diagram that shows the order of steps in a complex process. Also called flow chart.
floxuridine: listen (flox-YOOR-ih-deen); A drug used in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of antimetabolite.
FLT3 gene: listen (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein called FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), which is involved in the formation and growth of new blood cells. Mutated (changed) forms of the FLT3 gene may cause an over-active FLT3 protein to be made. This may cause the body to make too many immature white blood cells. These changes have been found in some types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
flt3L: A drug that increases the number of immune cells and may stimulate the immune system to kill cancer cells.
fluconazole: listen (floo-KAH-nuh-zole); A drug that treats infections caused by fungi.
flucytosine: listen (floo-SY-toh-seen); A drug that treats infections caused by fungi.
fludarabine: listen (floo-DAR-uh-been); The active ingredient in a drug used to treat B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that has not responded to treatment with other anticancer drugs or that has gotten worse. Fludarabine blocks cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of purine antagonist and a type of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor.
fludarabine phosphate: listen (floo-DAR-uh-been FOS-fayt); A drug used to treat B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that has not responded to treatment with other anticancer drugs or that has gotten worse. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Fludarabine phosphate blocks cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of purine antagonist and a type of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor.
fludrocortisone: listen (floo-droh-KOR-tih-sone); A synthetic corticosteroid. It is used to replace steroid hormones normally produced by the adrenal gland.
fluid: listen (FLOO-id); A substance that flows smoothly and takes the shape of its container. Liquids and gases are fluids.
fluid deprivation test: listen (FLOO-id DEH-prih-VAY-shun …); A test to measure how much urine is made and how concentrated it becomes when no fluid is given to a patient for a certain amount of time. This test is used to see how well the kidneys work and to help diagnose diabetes insipidus (a condition in which a person is very thirsty and makes large amounts of urine). Also called water deprivation test.
fluid replacement therapy: listen (FLOO-id reh-PLAYS-ment THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment to replace fluids that are lost from the body because of surgery, injury, dehydration, disease, or other conditions.
fluorescence in situ hybridization: listen (floor-EH-sents in SY-too HY-brih-dih-ZAY-shun); A laboratory technique used to look at genes or chromosomes in cells and tissues. Pieces of DNA that contain a fluorescent dye are made in the laboratory and added to cells or tissues on a glass slide. When these pieces of DNA bind to specific genes or areas of chromosomes on the slide, they light up when viewed under a microscope with a special light. Also called FISH.
fluorescence microscopy: listen (floor-EH-sents my-KROS-koh-pee); The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light.
fluorescence-guided surgery: listen (floor-EH-sents-GY-ded SER-juh-ree); Surgery that uses a fluorescent substance and a special microscope to show tumor margins (edges) so that more of the tumor can be removed. The substance is given by mouth and is taken up by fast-growing cells. These cells light up when seen under a microscope with a special blue light. This may help doctors to remove as much tumor as possible without harming healthy tissue. Fluorescence-guided surgery is being studied in the treatment of certain types of brain tumors.
fluoride: listen (FLOOR-ide); A form of the element fluorine that helps prevent tooth decay. Fluoride may be naturally present in drinking water or may be added to it. Fluoride may also be put directly on the teeth, as a gel, toothpaste, or a rinse.
fluorine F 18-16 alpha-fluoroestradiol: listen (FLOOR-een … AL-fuh-FLOOR-oh-es-truh-DY-ol); A radiolabeled substance being studied as an imaging agent in breast cancer. Fluorine F 18-16 alpha-fluoroestradiol binds to estrogen receptors and gives off radiation that can be detected by a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. The PET scan forms an image that shows where cancer cells with estrogen receptors can be found in the body. Also called 18F-16 alpha-fluoroestradiol and 18F-FES.
fluorine F 18-EF5: listen (FLOOR-een ...); A radioactive substance being studied in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to find cancer cells that have a low level of oxygen. This may help predict how well the cancer will respond to treatment. Also called 18F-EF5.
fluorine F 18-FEQA: listen (FLOOR-een …); A radioactive substance being studied in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to diagnose cancer and to find out how well some types of cancer respond to treatment. Fluorine F 18-FEQA binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is found on some cancer cells. The PET scan forms an image that shows where cancer cells with EGFR can be found in the body.
fluorine F 18-fludeoxyglucose: listen (FLOOR-een ... FLOO-dee-OK-see-GLOO-kose); A radioactive form of glucose used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Fluorine F 18-fludeoxyglucose gets taken up by cells in the body, and a PET scanner is used to find which cells in the body have taken it up. Since more fluorine F 18-fludeoxyglucose is taken up by abnormal cells, including cancer cells, than by normal cells, it can be used to find cancer cells in the body and to diagnose cancer and other conditions. Also called 18F-fludeoxyglucose.
fluorine F 18-fluoromethylcholine: listen (FLOOR-een … FLOOR-oh-MEH-thul-KOH-leen); A radioactive substance being studied in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to find certain types of cancer. Fluorine F 18-fluoromethylcholine gets taken up by cells in the body and more of it is taken up by cancer cells than by normal cells. A PET scanner is used to find which cells in the body have taken up fluorine F 18-fluoromethylcholine. Also called 18F-choline, 18F-fluoromethylcholine, and 18F-FMCH.
fluorine F 18-fluoromisonidazole: listen (FLOOR-een ... FLOOR-oh-MY-soh-NIH-duh-zole); A radioactive substance being studied as an imaging agent in head and neck cancer and other types of cancer. It binds to large molecules in cancer cells that have a low level of oxygen. Radiation given off by fluorine F 18-fluoromisonidazole is detected by a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Knowing the amount of fluorine F 18-fluoromisonidazole in the cancer cells may help plan the best treatment and help predict whether the cancer will come back after treatment. Also called 18F-fluoromisonidazole, 18F-MISO, and FMISO.
fluorine F 18-fluorothymidine: listen (FLOOR-een ... FLOOR-oh-THY-mih-deen); A radioactive substance being studied in the diagnosis of cancer. Fluorine F 18-fluorothymidine is injected into the blood and builds up in cells that are dividing, including cancer cells. The radiation that it gives off as it decays (breaks down) helps make clear pictures of tumors during a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Also called 18F-FLT, 18F-fluorothymidine, and 3’-deoxy-3’-(18F) fluorothymidine.
fluorine F 18-sodium fluoride PET: listen (FLOOR-een … SOH-dee-um FLOOR-ide …); A procedure used to find out if cancer has spread to the bone. A small amount of a radioactive substance called fluorine F 18-sodium fluoride is injected into a vein. A PET scan is then used to make detailed pictures of the bones. Bones with cancer in them take up more fluorine F 18-sodium fluoride than normal bones do. Also called 18F-NaF PET and 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography.
Fluoroplex: listen (FLOOR-oh-plex); A drug used as a cream to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that may become cancer). Fluoroplex stops cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It contains the active ingredient fluorouracil. Fluoroplex is a type of antimetabolite.
fluoropyrimidine: listen (FLOOR-oh-py-RIH-mih-deen); One of a group of substances used to treat cancer. A fluoropyrimidine is a type of antimetabolite. Examples are capecitabine, floxuridine, and fluorouracil (5-FU).
fluoroquinolone: listen (FLOOR-oh-KWIH-noh-lone); A type of drug used to prevent and treat infections.
fluoroscope: listen (FLOOR-oh-skope); An x-ray machine that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion.
fluoroscopy: listen (floor-OS-koh-pee); An x-ray procedure that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion.
fluorouracil: listen (floor-oh-YOOR-uh-sil); A drug used to treat cancers of the breast, colon, rectum, stomach, and pancreas. It is used under the brand names Carac, Tolak, Efudex, and Fluoroplex as a cream to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that may become cancer). It is also used under the brand name Efudex as a cream to treat basal cell skin cancer that is superficial (not invasive) and cannot be treated with other therapy. Fluorouracil is being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. It stops cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. Fluorouracil is a type of antimetabolite. Also called 5-fluorouracil and 5-FU.
fluoxetine: listen (floo-OK-seh-teen); A drug used to treat depression. It is a type of antidepressant.
fluphenazine: listen (floo-FEH-nuh-zeen); A drug that is used to treat mental and emotional disorders and is being studied in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Fluphenazine may stop tumor growth by keeping myeloma cells from dividing and causing them to die. It is a type of antipsychotic. Also called fluphenazine hydrochloride.
fluphenazine hydrochloride: listen (floo-FEH-nuh-ZEEN HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug that is used to treat mental and emotional disorders and is being studied in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Fluphenazine hydrochloride may stop tumor growth by keeping myeloma cells from dividing and causing them to die. It is a type of antipsychotic. Also called fluphenazine.
flutamide: listen (FLOO-tuh-mide); A drug used with another drug to treat certain types of prostate cancer. Flutamide binds to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in some prostate cancer cells. These proteins bind to androgens (male hormones) and may cause cancer cells to grow. Flutamide blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiandrogen.
fluvoxamine: listen (floo-VOK-suh-meen); A drug used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is a type of antidepressant agent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Also called Luvox.
FMISO: A radioactive substance being studied as an imaging agent in head and neck cancer and other types of cancer. It binds to large molecules in cancer cells that have a low level of oxygen. Radiation given off by FMISO is detected by a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Knowing the amount of FMISO in the cancer cells may help plan the best treatment and help predict whether the cancer will come back after treatment. Also called 18F-fluoromisonidazole, 18F-MISO, and fluorine F 18-fluoromisonidazole.
FNA biopsy: listen (... BY-op-see); The removal of tissue or fluid with a thin needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
FOBT: A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Guaiac FOBT and immunochemical FOBT are two types of FOBTs. Guaiac FOBT uses a chemical substance called guaiac to check for blood in the stool. Immunochemical FOBT uses an antibody to check for blood in the stool. Also called fecal occult blood test.
focal: listen (FOH-kul); In terms of cancer, limited to a specific area.
folate: listen (FOH-layt); A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Folate helps to make red blood cells. It is found in whole-grain breads and cereals, liver, green vegetables, orange juice, lentils, beans, and yeast. Folate is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough folate can cause anemia (a condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal), diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and defects in the brain and spinal cord in a fetus. Folate is being studied with vitamin B12 in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Also called folic acid.
folate antagonist: listen (FOH-layt an-TA-guh-nist); A type of drug that stops cells from using folic acid to make DNA and may kill cancer cells. Certain folate antagonists are used to treat some types of cancer and inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Also called antifolate and folic acid antagonist.
FOLFIRI: listen; An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced colorectal cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and irinotecan hydrochloride. Also called FOLFIRI regimen.
FOLFIRI regimen: listen (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced colorectal cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and irinotecan hydrochloride. Also called FOLFIRI.
FOLFIRI-Avastin regimen: listen (…uh-VAS-tin REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used as an initial treatment of colorectal cancer that has spread. It includes the drugs leucovorin (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and bevacizumab. Also called FOLFIRI-bevacizumab and FOLFIRI-bevacizumab regimen.
FOLFIRI-bevacizumab: listen (... beh-vuh-SIH-zoo-mab); A chemotherapy combination used as an initial treatment of colorectal cancer that has spread. It includes the drugs leucovorin (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and bevacizumab. Also called FOLFIRI-Avastin regimen and FOLFIRI-bevacizumab regimen.
FOLFIRI-bevacizumab regimen: listen (…. beh-vuh-SIH-zoo-mab REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used as an initial treatment of colorectal cancer that has spread. It includes the drugs leucovorin (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and bevacizumab. Also called FOLFIRI-Avastin regimen and FOLFIRI-bevacizumab.
FOLFIRI-cetuximab: listen (... seh-TUK-sih-mab); A chemotherapy combination used to treat a certain type of colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and cetuximab. Also called FOLFIRI-cetuximab regimen.
FOLFIRI-cetuximab regimen: listen (... seh-TUK-sih-mab REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used to treat a certain type of colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and cetuximab. Also called FOLFIRI-cetuximab.
FOLFIRINOX: listen; An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium, fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and oxaliplatin. Also called FOLFIRINOX regimen.
FOLFIRINOX regimen: listen (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat pancreatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium, fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and oxaliplatin. Also called FOLFIRINOX.
FOLFOX: listen; An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens, including FOLFOX-4, FOLFOX-6, modified FOLFOX-6 (mFOLFOX-6), and FOLFOX-7. They differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX regimen.
FOLFOX regimen: listen (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens, including FOLFOX-4, FOLFOX-6, modified FOLFOX-6 (mFOLFOX-6), and FOLFOX-7. They differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX.
FOLFOX-4: listen; An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens that differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX-4 regimen.
FOLFOX-4 regimen: listen (... REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens that differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX-4.
FOLFOX-6: listen; An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens that differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX-6 regimen.
FOLFOX-6 regimen: listen (... REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens that differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX-6.
FOLFOX-7: listen; An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens that differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX-7 regimen.
FOLFOX-7 regimen: listen (... REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a combination chemotherapy regimen that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin. There are several different FOLFOX regimens that differ in the doses and ways in which the three drugs are given. Also called FOLFOX-7.
folic acid: listen (FOH-lik A-sid); A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Folic acid helps to make red blood cells. It is found in whole-grain breads and cereals, liver, green vegetables, orange juice, lentils, beans, and yeast. Folic acid is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough folic acid can cause anemia (a condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal), diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and defects in the brain and spinal cord in a fetus. Folic acid is being studied with vitamin B12 in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Also called folate.
folic acid antagonist: listen (FOH-lik A-sid an-TA-guh-nist); A type of drug that stops cells from using folic acid to make DNA and may kill cancer cells. Certain folic acid antagonists are used to treat some types of cancer and inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Also called antifolate and folate antagonist.
folinic acid: listen (foh-LIN-ik A-sid); A drug used to lessen the toxic effects of the anticancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the action of folic acid. It is also used to treat some types of anemia and is used with fluorouracil to treat advanced colorectal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Folinic acid is a form of folic acid. It is a type of chemoprotective agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Also called calcium levoleucovorin, citrovorum factor, Fusilev, and leucovorin calcium.
follicle: listen (FAH-lih-kul); A sac or pouch-like cavity formed by a group of cells. In the ovaries, one follicle contains one egg. In the skin, one follicle contains one hair.
follicle-stimulating hormone: listen (FAH-lih-kul-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting HOR-mone); A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make the follicles and eggs grow. In males, it acts on the testes to make sperm. Also called follitropin and FSH.
follicular large cell lymphoma: listen (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler larj sel lim-FOH-muh); A rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system) that is marked by enlarged lymph nodes and large cancer cells that may look cleaved (u-shaped) under the microscope. Follicular large cell lymphoma is treated as aggressive (fast-growing) lymphoma, but it sometimes recurs years later and acts like indolent (slow-growing) lymphoma.
follicular lymphoma: listen (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler lim-FOH-muh); A type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) that is usually indolent (slow-growing). The tumor cells grow as groups to form nodules. There are several subtypes of follicular lymphoma.
follicular mixed cell lymphoma: listen (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler mikst sel lim-FOH-muh); An indolent (slow-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) in which there are both small and large cancer cells.
follicular thyroid cancer: listen (fuh-LIH-kyoo-ler THY-royd KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in follicular cells in the thyroid. It grows slowly and is highly treatable.
folliculin gene: listen (fuh-LIH-kyoo-lin jeen); A gene that makes a protein called folliculin, which may help control cell growth and other important cell functions. Mutated (changed) forms of the folliculin gene may increase the growth of abnormal cells. The mutated folliculin gene has been found in patients with an inherited condition called Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHDS). Patients with BHDS have an increased risk of kidney cancer and tumors of the skin and lungs. The folliculin gene is a type of tumor suppressor gene. Also called FLCN gene.
folliculitis: listen (fuh-LIH-kyoo-LY-tis); Inflammation of a follicle (a sac or pouch-like cavity), usually a hair follicle.
follitropin: listen (FAH-lih-TROH-pin); A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make the follicles and eggs grow. In males, it acts on the testes to make sperm. Also called follicle-stimulating hormone and FSH.
follow-up: listen (FAH-loh-up); Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes keeping track of the health of people who participate in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study ends.
follow-up care: listen (FAH-loh-up kayr); Care given to a patient over time after finishing treatment for a disease. Follow-up care involves regular medical checkups, which may include a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging tests. Follow-up care checks for health problems that may occur months or years after treatment ends, including the development of other types of cancer. Follow-up care is given after positive screening test results, such as a positive Pap test result. In cancer patients, one purpose of follow-up care is checking to see if the cancer has come back or has spread to other parts of the body.
follow-up care plan: listen (FAH-loh-up kayr plan); A detailed plan given to a patient after treatment ends, that contains a summary of the patient’s treatment, along with recommendations for follow-up care. In cancer, the plan is based on the type of cancer and the treatment the patient received. A follow-up care plan may include schedules for physical exams and medical tests to see if the cancer has come back or spread to other parts of the body. Getting follow-up care also helps check for health problems that may occur months or years after treatment ends, including other types of cancer. A follow-up care plan may also include information to help meet the emotional, social, legal, and financial needs of the patient. It may include referrals to specialists and recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, such as changes in diet and exercise and quitting smoking. Also called survivorship care plan.
Folotyn: listen (FOH-loh-tin); A drug used to treat peripheral T-cell lymphoma (a fast-growing form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma) that recurred (came back) or did not get better with other anticancer therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Folotyn stops cells from using folic acid to make DNA. This may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Folotyn is a type of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. Also called pralatrexate.
fondaparinux: listen (fon-duh-PAYR-ih-nux); A drug used to prevent blood clots from forming inside blood vessels in the leg. It is being studied in the prevention of blood clots in some cancer patients, including women having surgery for cancer of the reproductive tract. It is a type of anticoagulant. Also called Arixtra and fondaparinux sodium.
fondaparinux sodium: listen (fon-duh-PAYR-ih-nux SOH-dee-um); A drug used to prevent blood clots from forming inside blood vessels in the leg. It is being studied in the prevention of blood clots in some cancer patients, including women having surgery for cancer of the reproductive tract. It is a type of anticoagulant. Also called Arixtra and fondaparinux.
Food and Drug Administration: listen (... ad-MIH-nih-STRAY-shun); An agency in the U.S. federal government whose mission is to protect public health by making sure that food, cosmetics, and nutritional supplements are safe to use and truthfully labeled. The Food and Drug Administration also makes sure that drugs, medical devices, and equipment are safe and effective, and that blood for transfusions and transplant tissue are safe. Also called FDA.
foreign: listen (FOR-in); In medicine, foreign describes something that comes from outside the body. A foreign substance in the body’s tissues, such as a bacterium or virus, may be recognized by the immune system as not belonging to the body. This causes an immune response. Other foreign substances in the body, such as artificial joints, are designed to not cause an immune response.
foreskin: listen (FOR-skin); The loose skin that covers the head of the penis.
foretinib: listen (for-eh-TIH-nib); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. Foretinib blocks enzymes involved in the growth and spread of tumor cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called MET/VEGFR-2 inhibitor GSK1363089 and XL880.
Form FDA 1572-Statement of Investigator: listen (... STAYT-ment … in-VES-tih-GAY-ter); A form that must be filed by an investigator running a clinical trial to study a new drug or agent. The investigator agrees to follow the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Code of Federal Regulations for the clinical trial. The investigator verifies that he or she has the experience and background needed to conduct the trial and that it will be done in a way that is ethical and scientifically sound. Also called 1572 form.
formaldehyde: listen (for-MAL-deh-hide); A chemical commonly used to kill germs and to preserve laboratory specimens and tissues. It is also used to make building materials (such as wood), glue, fabric, paint, fertilizers, pesticides, and other substances. Formaldehyde is also found in tobacco smoke and in the vapor made from burning fuel, such as the exhaust from cars or household stoves and heaters. It has a strong odor and catches fire easily. Formaldehyde is known to cause cancer. Being exposed to formaldehyde increases the risk of developing myeloid leukemia and cancers of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx.
forodesine: listen (FOR-oh-deh-seen); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of leukemia and lymphoma. It is a type of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor. Also called BCX-1777 and forodesine hydrochloride.
forodesine hydrochloride: listen (FOR-oh-deh-seen HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of leukemia and lymphoma. It is a type of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor. Also called BCX-1777 and forodesine.
fortified food: listen (FOR-tih-fide …); A food that has extra nutrients added to it or has nutrients added that are not normally there. Examples are milk with vitamin D added and salt with iodine added.
Fosamax: listen (FAH-suh-max); A drug used to treat certain bone conditions, such as osteoporosis and Paget disease of the bone. It is also being studied in the treatment of hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood) and bone pain caused by cancer. Fosamax slows the breakdown of bone and prevents the loss of calcium. It is a type of bisphosphonate. Also called alendronate sodium.
fosaprepitant dimeglumine: listen (FOS-uh-PREH-pih-tunt dy-MEG-loo-meen); A drug used together with other drugs to prevent and control nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatment. It is given in a vein. It is a type of antiemetic and a type of substance P/neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist. Also called Emend for Injection.
foscarnet sodium: listen (fos-KAR-net SOH-dee-um); A drug used to treat infections with herpesviruses in people whose immune systems are weakened by AIDS. It blocks the viruses from making copies of themselves. It is a type of antiviral agent. Also called Foscavir and phosphonoformate trisodium.
Foscavir: listen (FOS-kuh-veer); A drug used to treat infections with herpesviruses in people whose immune systems are weakened by AIDS. It blocks the viruses from making copies of themselves. It is a type of antiviral agent. Also called foscarnet sodium and phosphonoformate trisodium.
fostamatinib disodium: listen (FOS-tuh-MA-tih-nib dy-SOH-dee-um); A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (low platelet levels) in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) that did not get better with other treatment. ITP is a condition in which platelets are destroyed by the immune system. Fostamatinib disodium is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. It blocks an enzyme called Syk, which may help keep the immune system from destroying platelets. Fostamatinib disodium is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called R788 sodium, Syk kinase inhibitor R-935788, and Tavalisse.
fotemustine: listen (foh-teh-MUS-teen); A substance being studied in the treatment of advanced melanoma, glioblastoma (a type of brain tumor) that has come back, and certain types of lymphoma. Fotemustine damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent and a type of nitrosourea.
FR901228: A drug used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma that have already been treated with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. FR901228 blocks certain enzymes, which may help kill cancer cells. It is a type of depsipeptide and a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor. Also called Istodax and romidepsin.
fractionation: listen (FRAK-shuh-NAY-shun); A way of dividing a total dose of radiation or chemotherapy into separate doses that are larger or smaller than usual.
Fragmin: listen (FRAG-min); A drug used to prevent blood clots from forming or to treat blood clots that have formed in patients with cancer or other conditions. Fragmin is a type of anticoagulant. Also called dalteparin and dalteparin sodium.
fragrance: listen (FRAY-grunts); A pleasant, sweet odor.
frankincense tree: listen (FRAN-kin-SENTS…); A tree that belongs to the incense tree family. The tree’s amber-colored resin is used in incense. The resin has anti-inflammatory effects and has been used to treat arthritis, asthma, and ulcerative colitis. It is also being studied in the treatment of brain tumors. Also called Boswellia serrata.
free flap: listen (… flap); A type of surgery used to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy. A tissue flap, including blood vessels, skin, fat, and sometimes muscle, is removed from one area of the body, such as the back or abdomen. It is then reattached to the chest to form a new breast mound. The blood vessels from the tissue are reconnected to blood vessels under the arm or in the chest. A free flap is a type of breast reconstruction.
free PSA: listen (free …); The amount of the protein prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood that is not attached to other proteins. It is compared with the amount of PSA in the blood that is attached to other proteins. The amount of free PSA is higher in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).The amount of PSA attached to other proteins is higher in men with prostate cancer.
free radical: listen (free RA-dih-kul); A type of unstable molecule that is made during normal cell metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell). Free radicals can build up in cells and cause damage to other molecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. This damage may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
free radical scavenger: listen (free RA-dih-kul SKA-ven-jer); A substance, such as an antioxidant, that helps protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that are made during normal cell metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell). They can build up in cells and cause damage to other molecules. This damage may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
freeze-dried: listen (freez-dride); A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum.
fresolimumab: listen (FREH-soh-LIM-yoo-mab); A substance being studied in the treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other cancers and conditions. Fresolimumab binds to a protein called transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which is found on some cancer cells. Fresolimumab may help keep cancer cells from growing and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibody GC1008 and GC1008.
frontal sinus: listen (FRUN-tul SY-nus); A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two, large frontal sinuses in the frontal bone, which forms the lower part of the forehead and reaches over the eye sockets and eyebrows. The frontal sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
fruit acid: listen (froot A-sid); One of a group of substances that are found in several types of fruit and in milk. They are used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften the skin. Examples of fruit acids are glycolic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid. Also called AHA and alpha hydroxyl acid.
FSH: A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make the follicles and eggs grow. In males, it acts on the testes to make sperm. Also called follicle-stimulating hormone and follitropin.
Ftorafur: listen (FTOR-uh-fer); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It is a combination of tegafur and uracil. The tegafur is taken up by the cancer cells and breaks down into 5-FU, a substance that kills tumor cells. The uracil causes higher amounts of 5-FU to stay inside the cells and kill them. Ftorafur is a type of antimetabolite. Also called tegafur-uracil and UFT.
fulguration: listen (ful-guh-RAY-shun); A procedure that uses heat from an electric current to destroy abnormal tissue, such as a tumor or other lesion. It may also be used to control bleeding during surgery or after an injury. The electric current passes through an electrode that is placed on or near the tissue. The tip of the electrode is heated by the electric current to burn or destroy the tissue. Fulguration is a type of electrosurgery. Also called electrocautery, electrocoagulation, and electrofulguration.
full blood count: listen (… blud kownt); A measure of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The amount of hemoglobin (substance in the blood that carries oxygen) and the hematocrit (the amount of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells) are also measured. A full blood count is used to help diagnose and monitor many conditions. Also called blood cell count, CBC, and complete blood count.
Fulphila: listen (FUL-fih-luh); A drug used to treat neutropenia (a condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. It is used to help prevent infection in patients with certain types of cancer. Fulphila helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It is a form of filgrastim and is able to stay in the body longer. Fulphila is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called filgrastim-SD/01, Neulasta, and pegfilgrastim.
FU-LV: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colorectal cancer. It is also used with radiation therapy to treat esophageal cancer and stomach cancer. It includes the drugs fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium. Also called 5-FU/LV and FU-LV regimen.
FU-LV regimen: listen (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colorectal cancer. It is also used with radiation therapy to treat esophageal cancer and stomach cancer. It includes the drugs fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium. Also called 5-FU/LV and FU-LV.
fulvestrant: listen (ful-VES-trunt); A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is used alone in postmenopausal women who have not been treated with hormone therapy or whose disease got worse after treatment with hormone therapy. It is used with palbociclib or abemaciclib in women whose disease got worse after treatment with hormone therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Fulvestrant binds to proteins called estrogen receptors, which are found in some breast cancer cells. These proteins may cause cancer cells to grow. Fulvestrant blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiestrogen. Also called Faslodex and ICI 182780.
fumarase: listen (FYOO-muh-rays); An enzyme that helps cells in the body use oxygen and make energy. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes fumarase may cause cells to lose the ability to use oxygen, which may increase the growth of some cells, including abnormal cells and cancer cells. Also called fumarate hydratase.
fumarate hydratase: listen (FYOO-muh-rayt HY-druh-tays); An enzyme that helps cells in the body use oxygen and make energy. Mutations (changes) in the gene that makes fumarate hydratase may cause cells to lose the ability to use oxygen, which may increase the growth of some cells, including abnormal cells and cancer cells. Also called fumarase.
fumarate hydratase gene: listen (FYOO-muh-rayt HY-druh-tays jeen); A gene that makes an enzyme called fumarase, which helps cells in the body use oxygen and make energy. Mutated (changed) forms of the fumarate hydratase gene may cause cells to lose the ability to use oxygen. This may increase the growth of some cells, including abnormal cells and cancer cells. The mutated fumarate hydratase gene has been found in patients with an inherited condition called hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Patients with HLRCC have an increased risk of kidney cancer and tumors in the skin and uterus. Also called FH gene.
functional magnetic resonance imaging: listen (FUNK-shuh-nul mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing); A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both.
functioning tumor: listen (FUNK-shuh-ning TOO-mer); A tumor that is found in endocrine tissue and makes hormones (chemicals that travel in the bloodstream and control the actions of other cells or organs).
fundoscopy: listen (fun-DOS-koh-pee); An exam that uses a magnifying lens and a light to check the fundus of the eye (back of the inside of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve). The pupils may be dilated (enlarged) with medicated eye drops so the doctor can see through the pupil to the back of the eye. Fundoscopy may be used to check for eye problems, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, eye cancer, optic nerve problems, or eye injury. Also called funduscopy and ophthalmoscopy.
fundus: listen (FUN-dus); The part of a hollow organ that is across from, or farthest away from, the organ’s opening. Depending on the organ, the fundus may be at the top or bottom of the organ. For example, the fundus of the uterus is the top part of the uterus that is across from the cervix (the opening of the uterus). The fundus of the bladder is the back, bottom part of the bladder. Certain organs, including the bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, and eye, have a fundus.
funduscopy: listen (fun-DUS-koh-pee); An exam that uses a magnifying lens and a light to check the fundus of the eye (back of the inside of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve). The pupils may be dilated (enlarged) with medicated eye drops so the doctor can see through the pupil to the back of the eye. Funduscopy may be used to check for eye problems, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, eye cancer, optic nerve problems, or eye injury. Also called fundoscopy and ophthalmoscopy.
fungating lesion: listen (FUN-gayt-ing LEE-zhun); A type of skin lesion that is marked by ulcerations (breaks on the skin or surface of an organ) and necrosis (death of living tissue) and that usually has a bad smell. This kind of lesion may occur in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, and especially in advanced disease.
fungicide: listen (FUN-jih-side); Any substance used to kill fungi (plant-like organisms that do not make chlorophyll), such as yeast and molds.
fungus: listen (FUN-gus); A plant-like organism that does not make chlorophyll. Mushrooms, yeasts, and molds are examples. The plural is fungi.
Fusilev: listen (FYOO-sih-lev); A drug used to lessen the toxic effects of the anticancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the action of folic acid. It is also used to treat some types of anemia and is used with fluorouracil to treat advanced colorectal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Fusilev is a form of folic acid. It is a type of chemoprotective agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Also called calcium levoleucovorin, citrovorum factor, folinic acid, and leucovorin calcium.
fusion gene: listen (FYOO-zhun jeen); A gene made by joining parts of two different genes. Fusion genes, and the fusion proteins that come from them, may be made in the laboratory, or made naturally in the body when part of the DNA from one chromosome moves to another chromosome. Fusion proteins produced by this change may lead to the development of some types of cancer. For example, the BCR-ABL fusion gene and protein are found in some types of leukemia. Fusion genes and proteins may also be found in several other types of cancer, including soft tissue sarcoma, cancers of the prostate, breast, lung, bladder, colon, and rectum, and CNS tumors. Fusion genes and proteins are being studied in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
fusion protein: listen (FYOO-zhun PROH-teen); A protein made from a fusion gene, which is created by joining parts of two different genes. Fusion genes may occur naturally in the body by transfer of DNA between chromosomes. For example, the BCR-ABL gene found in some types of leukemia is a fusion gene that makes the BCR-ABL fusion protein. Fusion genes and proteins can also be made in the laboratory by combining genes or parts of genes from the same or different organisms.