Volcano Hazards: | Types and Effects | Location | | Gas | Lahars | Landslides | Lava Flows | Pyroclastic Flows | Tephra |

Many kinds of volcanic activity can endanger the lives of people and property both close to and far away from a volcano. Most of the activity involves the explosive ejection or flowage of rock fragments and molten rock in various combinations of hot or cold, wet or dry, and fast or slow. Some hazards are more severe than others depending on the size and extent of the event taking place and whether people or property are in the way. And although most volcano hazards are triggered directly by an eruption, some occur when a volcano is quiet. Case studies of volcanic activity listed by country or region, volcano, year, and type of hazard.

| Gas | Lahars | Landslides | Lava Flows | Pyroclastic Flows | Tephra |

Volcanic eruptions are one of Earth's most dramatic and violent agents of change. Not only can powerful explosive eruptions drastically alter land and water for tens of kilometers around a volcano, but tiny liquid droplets of sulfuric acid erupted into the stratosphere can change our planet's climate temporarily. Eruptions often force people living near volcanoes to abandon their land and homes, sometimes forever. Those living farther away are likely to avoid complete destruction, but their cities and towns, crops, industrial plants, transportation systems, and electrical grids can still be damaged by tephra, lahars, and flooding.

Volcanic activity since 1700 A.D. has killed more than 260,000 people, destroyed entire cities and forests, and severely disrupted local economies for months to years. Even with our improved ability to identify hazardous areas and warn of impending eruptions, increasing numbers of people face certain danger. Scientists have estimated that by the year 2000, the population at risk from volcanoes is likely to increase to at least 500 million, which is comparable to the entire world's population at the beginning of the seventeenth century! Clearly, scientists face a formidable challenge in providing reliable and timely warnings of eruptions to so many people at risk.

Historical volcanic disasters since A.D. 1700 that killed more than 300 people