Vegetative resistance to flow - flume study

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Nancy Rybicki

Harry Jenter, Virginia Carter (retired), Jonathan Lee (deceased)

Publication_Date: 1999

Title: Vegetative resistance to flow - flume study

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/vege_resist/>

Description:

Abstract:

This data contains selected results from flume sampling of the sawgrass biomass in the flume, summary of sawgrass biomass in the flume, descriptive information on flume vegetation, summary of leaves and culms in the flume, and leaf area index (LAI) by layer in the flume for 6 plant ages.

The tilted flume is located at Stennis Space Center, MS.

Purpose:

The major objectives of the work were (1) to provide detailed information on sawgrass characteristics, structure, and biomass for quantification of vegetative resistance to flow and the effects of sheltering from wind, and (2) to extrapolate this information to classify the vegetation regionally and to improve existing vegetation maps for use in surface-water models.

Supplemental_Information:

This data is also contained in U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 99-230.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Multiple_Dates/Times:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199509

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199601

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199605

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199610

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199703

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199706

Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed

Spatial_Domain:

Description_of_Geographic_Extent:

Uniform, dense stands of sawgrass were grown in pans that were fit tightly into a tilting flume at Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, to form a 61 m long, 1.8 m wide artificial sawgrass ecosystem.

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.5

East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.25

North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26.5

South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none

Theme_Keyword: biology

Theme_Keyword: flume

Theme_Keyword: hydrology

Theme_Keyword: vegetation

Theme_Keyword: Manning's n

Theme_Keyword: flow resistance

Theme_Keyword: Darcy-Weisbach friction factor

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:

Geographic Data - Metadata, ISO 19115:2003(E), TopicCategoryCode, 2003, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland

Theme_Keyword: biota

Theme_Keyword: environment

Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters

Theme_Keyword: 002

Theme_Keyword: 007

Theme_Keyword: 012

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology

Place_Keyword: United States

Place_Keyword: US

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST

Place_Keyword: Florida

Place_Keyword: FL

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Place_Keyword: Broward County

Place_Keyword: Miami-Dade County

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System

Place_Keyword: Everglades National Park

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none

Place_Keyword: Central Everglades

Place_Keyword: WCA2

Place_Keyword: Water Conservation Area 2

Taxonomy:

Keywords/Taxon:

Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus: none

Taxonomic_Keywords: plants

Taxonomic_Keywords: vegetation

Taxonomic_System:

Classification_System/Authority:

Classification_System_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

U.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey Department of Commerce - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)

Publication_Date: 2000

Title: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Other_Citation_Details:

Retrieved from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, <http://www.itis.usda.gov>.

Online_Linkage: <http://www.itis.usda.gov>

Taxonomic_Procedures: The sawgrass was planted specifically for the experiment.

Taxonomic_Completeness: Known species of sawgrass were used.

General_Taxonomic_Coverage: Sawgrass is identified to Subspecies.

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom

Taxon_Rank_Value: Plantae

Applicable_Common_Name: plants

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Division

Taxon_Rank_Value: Magnoliophyta

Applicable_Common_Name: angiosperms

Applicable_Common_Name: flowering plants

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: class

Taxon_Rank_Value: Liliopsida

Applicable_Common_Name: monocotyledons

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Subclass

Taxon_Rank_Value: Commelinidae

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Order

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cyperales

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Family

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cyperaceae

Applicable_Common_Name: sedges

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cladium P. Br.

Applicable_Common_Name: sawgrass

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Species

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cladium mariscus

Applicable_Common_Name: swamp sawgrass

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Subspecies

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cladium mariscus ssp. Jamaicense

Applicable_Common_Name: jamaica sawgrass

Applicable_Common_Name: Jamaica swamp sawgrass

Access_Constraints: none

Use_Constraints: none

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Nancy B. Rybicki

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Hydrologist, ER

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: 430 National Center

City: Reston

State_or_Province: VA

Postal_Code: 20192

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648 5728

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648 5484

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: nrybicki@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 9:30-18:00 M-F

Data_Set_Credit:

Virginia Carter (retired), Nancy Rybicki, Justin Reel, and Henry Ruhl, USGS-WRD, collected vegetation, and ground truth data, interpreted remote sensing and vegetation classification data for use in flow models. Jonathan K. Lee, USGS-WRD (deceased), collected related hydrologic data.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Virginia Carter

Nancy B. Rybicki, Justin T. Reel, Henry A. Ruhl

Publication_Date: unknown

Title:

Ecological Research on Wetlands and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation

Online_Linkage: <http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/sav/wethome.htm>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: USGS

Publication_Date: 1996

Title: Vegetation affects water movement in Florida Everglades

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS fact sheet

Issue_Identification: fs-147-96

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston VA

Publisher: USGS

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/147-96/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Virginia Carter

Henry A. Ruhl, Nancy B. Rubicki, Justin T. Reel, Patricia T. Gammon

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Vegetative Resistance to Flow in South Florida: Summary of Vegetation Sampling at Sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, April, 1996

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS Open File Reports

Issue_Identification: OFR 99-187

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-187/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Virginia Carter

Justin T. Reel, Nancy B. Rybicki, Henry A Ruhl, Patricia T. Gammon, Jonathan K. Lee

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Vegetative Resistance to Flow in South Florida: Summary of Vegetation Sampling ar Sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS Open File Reports

Issue_Identification: OFR 99-218

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-218/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Rybicki, N. B.

Reel, J. , Ruhl, H. A., Gammon, P. T., Carter, V., Lee, J. K.

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Biomass and Vegetative Characteristics of Sawgrass Grown in a Tilting Flume as Part of a Study of Vegetative Resistance to Flow

Series_Information:

Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Reports

Issue_Identification: OFR 99-230

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-230/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Nancy B. Rybicki

Justin T. Reel, Henry A. Ruhl, Patricia T. Gammon, Virginia Carter

Publication_Date: 2001

Title:

Vegetative Resistance to Flow: Summary of Vegetation Sampling in Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park, September 1997-July 1998

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report

Issue_Identification: OFR 01-102

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/01-102/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Jenter, H. L.

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Laboratory experiments for evaluating the effects of wind forcing on shallow waters with emergent vegetation

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report

Issue_Identification: 99-04

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Woods Hole, MA

Publisher: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Jenter, H. L.

Duff, M. P.

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Locally-forced wind effects on shallow waters with emergent vegetation

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Ecohydraulics

Issue_Identification: none

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Salt Lake City, UT

Publisher: International Association for Hydraulic Research

Online_Linkage: <http://time.er.usgs.gov/whnew/v2n1/wind/windforce.pdf>

Data_Quality_Information:

Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable

Completeness_Report:

Prior to October 1996 the vegetation in the flume was divided into live biomass (all live leaves and culms) and dead biomass (all dead material). Starting in October 1996 the live leaves were separated from the live culms and their biomass measured separately. The dead standing leaves and culms were still combined with the dead litter. In March 1997 the biomass measurements were refined to include dead upright leaves and culms. In March and June 1997 the biomass for all components - live leaves, live culms, dead standing leaves, dead standing culms, and dead litter - were measured separately.

Lineage:

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Biomass of the sawgrass was measured in 37x55 cm quadrats; the number of quadrats varied by date. Leaves, culms, and dead material were cut and removed at 90, 60, 40, 20, and 0 cm from the sediment/water interface, starting at the top of the plants. The plant material from each layer was sorted (see plant description below) and dried at 105° C for about 12 hours, weighed, and the weight expressed as grams dry weight per square meter (gdw/m2). This method, with variations in the number and positions of the quadrats, was used throughout the duration of the sawgrass experiments. For the first three sampling periods, all live leaves and culms were separated from dead standing leaves and culms and the remaining litter; thus, live biomass includes both leaves and culms, and dead biomass includes all dead material. In October, 1996, separation of live leaves and culms started and their biomass was measured separately. The dead standing leaves and culms were still combined with the dead litter. By March, 1997, there were dead upright leaves and culms at the time of the sampling and the biomass measurements were further refined to include them. In March and June of 1997, all components, live leaves, live culms, dead standing leaves, dead standing culms, and dead litter were separated and their biomass measured separately. Biomass data for individual quadrats was averaged to give biomass data for the flume for each date.

It was necessary to trim the tops of the sawgrass back to 1 meter total height frequently to permit the measuring cart to move across the top of the flume. For this reason, the >90 cm layer was not measured after September, 1995, until June 1997, when the tops of the plants were allowed to grow for wind simulation experiments. Visually, the plants were generally healthy and green with strongly stiff and upright leaves (the tips having been cut off). Some mortality occurred as time went on and new plants also sprouted. During some periods between sampling, plants were thinned out or transplanted to fill gaps. The amount of litter in the bottom increased naturally, but was far less than observed in the field. For this reason, the bottom litter was added to by throwing the cut-off tops of the plants into the flume in order to more closely simulate the natural field conditions.

Plant descriptions: For the descriptive information, all leaves and culms in each layer were counted and dried. Leaves were separated into small, medium, and large classes and 6 widths for each size class measured (when possible). Likewise, culms were divided into small and large classes and 6 diameters measured for each class. In October 1996, March 1997, and June 1997, additional descriptive information was collected including number of live culms, number of dead standing culms, number of live leaves, number of dead standing leaves, and, in June, 1997, composition of the vegetation above 90 cm.

Leaf area index (LAI) in m2 m-2 was calculated for each layer using the equation:

LAI = (LL x AW for the LL + ML x AW for the ML + SL x AW for the SL+ LC x AW for the LC + SC x AW for the SC) x DL,

where LL = number of large live plus dead leaves, AW = average width of live leaves or culms, ML = number of medium live plus dead leaves, SL = number of small live plus dead leaves, LC = number of large live plus dead culms, SC = number of small live plus dead culms, and DL = depth of the layer in meters. LAI includes only standing plant material; however, dead litter accumulates in the flume over time, and this also provides resistance to flow. To account for the resistance of the dead litter, the ratio of dead litter biomass to standing plant biomass was calculated, the LAI was multiplied by this ratio, and the result was added to the LAI to provide a corrected LAI.

For procedures used at each sampling date and treatment between and during sampling data, see OFR 99-230.

Process_Date: unknown

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Nancy B. Rybicki

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Hydrologist, ER

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: 430 National Center

City: Reston

State_or_Province: VA

Postal_Code: 20192

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648 5728

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648 5484

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: nrybicki@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 9:30-18:00 M-F

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Indirect_Spatial_Reference: flume at Stennis Space Center, MS

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Branch of Information Services

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address:

Box 25286 Federal Center

City: Denver

State_or_Province: CO

Postal_Code: 80225

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone:

1-888-ASK-USGS (U.S. customers only)

303 202-4200 (non-U.S. customers)

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 303 202 4188

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: infoservices@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 8:00 am - 4:00 pm Mountain Time

Resource_Description: OFR 99-230

Distribution_Liability: The data in the report have no implied or explicit guarantees.

Standard_Order_Process:

Non-digital_Form: printed copy

Fees:

Call 1-888-ASK-USGS or 303 202-4188 for current prices and shipping fees.

Ordering_Instructions:

See <http://mapping.usgs.gov/esic/prices/publications.html> for ordering instructions.

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20040712

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Jo Anne Stapleton

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: 521 National Center

City: Reston

State_or_Province: VA

Postal_Code: 20192

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-4592

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648-4614

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jastapleton@usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Extensions:

Online_Linkage: <http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/status/sub5_2.html>

Profile_Name:

Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata, FGDC-STD-001.1-1999

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal Geology
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