Vegetative resistance to flow - flume/wind experiments

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Nancy Rybicki

Harry Jenter, Virginia Carter (retired), Jonathan Lee (deceased)

Publication_Date: 2000

Title: Vegetative resistance to flow - flume/wind experiments

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/vege_resist/>

Description:

Abstract:

This data contains selected results from flume sampling of the sawgrass biomass in the flume, summary of sawgrass biomass in the flume, sawgrass and summary of biomass (live and dead leaves and culms and dead litter in the flume), descriptive information on flume vegetation, summary of leaves and culms in the flume, and leaf area index (LAI) by layer in the flume for 4 plant ages.

Purpose:

The major objectives of the work were (1) to provide detailed information on species composition, vegetative characteristics, vegetative structure, and biomass for quantification of vegetative resistance to flow and the effects of sheltering from wind, and (2) to extrapolate this information to classify the vegetation regionally and to improve existing vegetation maps for use in surface-water models.

Supplemental_Information:

This data is also contained in U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 00-172.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Multiple_Dates/Times:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199706

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199710

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199804

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 199807

Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed

Spatial_Domain:

Description_of_Geographic_Extent:

Uniform, dense stands of sawgrass were grown in pans that were fit tightly into a tilting flume at Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, to form a 61 m long, 1.8 m wide artificial sawgrass ecosystem.

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.5

East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.25

North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26.5

South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none

Theme_Keyword: hydrology

Theme_Keyword: biomass

Theme_Keyword: flow resistance

Theme_Keyword: wind

Theme_Keyword: vegetation

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus:

Geographic Data - Metadata, ISO 19115:2003(E), TopicCategoryCode, 2003, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland

Theme_Keyword: biota

Theme_Keyword: environment

Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters

Theme_Keyword: 002

Theme_Keyword: 007

Theme_Keyword: 012

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology

Place_Keyword: United States

Place_Keyword: US

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST

Place_Keyword: Florida

Place_Keyword: FL

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Place_Keyword: Miami-Dade County

Place_Keyword: Monroe County

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Geographic Names Information System

Place_Keyword: Everglades National Park

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none

Place_Keyword: Central Everglades

Place_Keyword: WCA2

Place_Keyword: Water Conservation Area 2

Taxonomy:

Keywords/Taxon:

Taxonomic_Keyword_Thesaurus: none

Taxonomic_Keywords: plants

Taxonomic_Keywords: vegetation

Taxonomic_System:

Classification_System/Authority:

Classification_System_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

U.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey Department of Commerce - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)

Publication_Date: 2000

Title: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Other_Citation_Details:

Retrieved from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, <http://www.itis.usda.gov>.

Online_Linkage: <http://www.itis.usda.gov>

Taxonomic_Procedures: The sawgrass was planted specifically for the experiment.

Taxonomic_Completeness: Known species of sawgrass were used.

General_Taxonomic_Coverage: Sawgrass is identified to Subspecies.

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Kingdom

Taxon_Rank_Value: Plantae

Applicable_Common_Name: plants

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Division

Taxon_Rank_Value: Magnoliophyta

Applicable_Common_Name: angiosperms

Applicable_Common_Name: flowering plants

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Class

Taxon_Rank_Value: Liliopsida

Applicable_Common_Name: monocotelydons

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Sub Class

Taxon_Rank_Value: Commelinidae

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Order

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cyperales

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Family

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cyperaceae

Applicable_Common_Name: sedges

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Genus

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cladium P. Br.

Applicable_Common_Name: sawgrass

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Species

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cladium mariscus

Applicable_Common_Name: swamp sawgrass

Taxonomic_Classification:

Taxon_Rank_Name: Subspecies

Taxon_Rank_Value: Cladium mariscus ssp. Jamaicense

Applicable_Common_Name: jamaica sawgrass

Applicable_Common_Name: Jamaica swamp sawgrass

Access_Constraints: none

Use_Constraints: none

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Nancy B. Rybicki

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Hydrologist, ER

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: 430 National Center

City: Reston

State_or_Province: VA

Postal_Code: 20192

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648 5728

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648 5484

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: nrybicki@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 9:30-18:00 M-F

Data_Set_Credit:

Virginia Carter (retired), Nancy Rybicki, Justin Reel, and Henry Ruhl, USGS-WRD, collected vegetation, and ground truth data, interpreted remote sensing and vegetation classification data for use in flow models. Jonathan K. Lee, USGS-WRD (deceased), collected related hydrologic data.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Virginia Carter

Nancy B. Rybicki, Justin T. Reel, Henry A. Ruhl

Publication_Date: unknown

Title:

Ecological Research on Wetlands and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation

Online_Linkage: <http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/sav/wethome.htm>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: USGS

Publication_Date: 1996

Title: Vegetation affects water movement in Florida Everglades

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS fact sheet

Issue_Identification: fs-147-96

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston VA

Publisher: USGS

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/147-96/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Virginia Carter

Henry A. Ruhl, Nancy B. Rubicki, Justin T. Reel, Patricia T. Gammon

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Vegetative Resistance to Flow in South Florida: Summary of Vegetation Sampling at Sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, April, 1996

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS Open File Reports

Issue_Identification: OFR 99-187

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-187/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Virginia Carter

Justin T. Reel, Nancy B. Rybicki, Henry A Ruhl, Patricia T. Gammon, Jonathan K. Lee

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Vegetative Resistance to Flow in South Florida: Summary of Vegetation Sampling ar Sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS Open File Reports

Issue_Identification: OFR 99-218

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-218/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Rybicki, N. B.

Reel, J., Ruhl, H. A., Gammon, P. T., Carter, V., Lee, J. K.

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Biomass and Vegetative Characteristics of Sawgrass Grown in a Tilting Flume as Part of a Study of Vegetative Resistance to Flow

Series_Information:

Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Reports

Issue_Identification: OFR 99-230

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/99-230/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Nancy B. Rybicki

Justin T. Reel, Henry A. Ruhl, Patricia T. Gammon, Virginia Carter

Publication_Date: 2001

Title:

Vegetative Resistance to Flow: Summary of Vegetation Sampling in Taylor Slough, Everglades National Park, September 1997-July 1998

Series_Information:

Series_Name: USGS Open-File Report

Issue_Identification: OFR 01-102

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Reston, VA

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/01-102/>

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Jenter, H. L.

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Laboratory experiments for evaluating the effects of wind forcing on shallow waters with emergent vegetation

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report

Issue_Identification: 99-04

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Woods Hole, MA

Publisher: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Jenter, H. L.

Duff, M. P.

Publication_Date: 1999

Title:

Locally-forced wind effects on shallow waters with emergent vegetation

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Ecohydraulics

Issue_Identification: none

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Salt Lake City, UT

Publisher: International Association for Hydraulic Research

Online_Linkage: <http://time.er.usgs.gov/whnew/v2n1/wind/windforce.pdf>

Data_Quality_Information:

Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable

Completeness_Report:

In June 1997 the biomass for all components - live leaves, live culms, dead standing leaves, dead standing culms, and dead litter - were measured separately. For June 1997, October 1997, April 1998 and July 1998 all leaves and culms in each layer in every quadrat were counted. Widths were measured for each class except for April and July 1998 when no widths were measured for dead culms.

Lineage:

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

In June of 1997, one end of the flume was covered with a wind cowling with a removable top to determine the wind sheltering effect of sawgrass. The wind cowling was a rectangular channel made of plywood with structural modifications to ensure a nearly uniform, steady wind field with minimal secondary circulation patterns (Jenter, 1999; Jenter and Duff, 1999). Wind was generated by a portable band of four fans arranged in a two-by-two array with a portable expansion section inserted between the fan bank and the wind cowling. The fan bank and expansion section could be moved to either end of the cowling to create winds that either opposed or were in the same direction as water flow in the flume. The removable top was intended to allow the plants to receive light from a band of mercury halide lamps when experiments were not being conducted. A series of wind sheltering experiments were conducted between June, 1997 and July, 1998.

During each experimental wind series, the vegetation in the flume was sampled to determine biomass per unit area, the number of live and dead standing culms and leaves per unit area, and leaf and culm width as a function of distance from the bed or the sediment/water interface. Other characteristics of the vegetation were also measured during these experiments. The general methods for measuring biomass and plant characteristics are outlined below. Measurements were made in June, 1997, October, 1997, April, 1998, and July, 1998. Measurement dates, type of measurements, condition of plants, and activity between measurements are summarized in the report.

Quadrat Biomass Measurements Sawgrass biomass was measured in 37x55 cm quadrats; eight to twelve quadrats were characterized on each date. In June, 1997, three quadrats were randomly selected from each quarter of the entire flume. Six of these (1A-C and 2A-C) were located in the area where the wind cowling would be placed. After June, 1997, the wind cowling was constructed, and the flume beneath the wind cowling was divided into an upstream (1) and a downstream (2) half. Four quadrats (A-D) were randomly selected in each half. For each quadrat and on all sample dates, leaves, culms, and dead material were cut and removed in 20-cm layers between 0 and 60 cm from the sediment/water interface and at 30-cm layers above 60 cm, starting at the top. The plant material from each layer was sorted (see plant descriptions below), dried at 105 °C for about 12 hours, and weighed, with weight expressed as grams dry weight per square meter (gdw/m2). All vegetative components, live leaves, live culms, dead standing leaves, dead standing culms, and dead litter were separated, and their biomass was measured separately. Biomass data for individual quadrats were averaged to give layer-by-layer biomass data for the flume for each date.

Plant Descriptions For each quadrat and on all sample dates, all leaves and culms in each layer were counted. Live leaves and dead leaves were separated into small, medium, and large classes; six widths were measured for each live size class (when possible). Likewise, live and dead standing culms were divided into small and large classes, and six live diameters were measured for each class, except in April, 1998, and July, 1998, when no widths were obtained for dead culms. Descriptive data were summarized for each date. Leaf area index (LAI) in m2 m-2 was calculated for each layer using the equation:

LAI = (LL x AW for the LL + ML x AW for the ML + SL x AW for the SL+ LC x AW for the LC + SC x AW for the SC) x DL,

where LL = number of large live plus dead leaves, AW = average width of live leaves or culms, ML = number of medium live plus dead leaves, SL = number of small live plus dead leaves, LC = number of large live plus dead culms, SC = number of small live plus dead culms, and DL = depth of the layer in meters. LAI includes only standing plant material; however, dead litter accumulates in the flume over time, and this also provides resistance to flow. To account for the resistance of the dead litter, the ratio of dead litter biomass to standing plant biomass was calculated, the LAI was multiplied by this ratio, and the result was added to the LAI to provide a corrected LAI.

For procedures used at each sampling date and treatment between and during sampling data, see OFR 00-172.

Process_Date: unknown

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Nancy B. Rybicki

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Hydrologist, ER

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: 430 National Center

City: Reston

State_or_Province: VA

Postal_Code: 20192

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648 5728

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648 5484

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: nrybicki@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 9:30-18:00 M-F

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Indirect_Spatial_Reference: flume at Stennis Space Center, MS

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Roy Sonenshein

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Database Manager

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address:

9100 NW 36th Street

Suite 107

City: Miami

State_or_Province: FL

Postal_Code: 33178

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 305 717-5824

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 305 717-5801

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sunshine@usgs.gov

Resource_Description: flume study - Open File Report OFR 00-172

Distribution_Liability: No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: Adobe Acrobat pdf

Format_Version_Number: 5

Transfer_Size: 0.2

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: <http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-172/>

Access_Instructions: Log onto sofia.usgs.gov

Fees: none

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20040712

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Jo Anne Stapleton

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing address

Address: 521 National Center

City: Reston

State_or_Province: VA

Postal_Code: 20192

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-4592

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703 648-4614

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jastapleton@usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Extensions:

Online_Linkage: <http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/status/sub5_2.html>

Profile_Name:

Biological Data Profile of the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata, FGDC-STD-001.1-1999

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal Geology
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