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International Religious Freedom Report 2004
The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice.
There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy continued to contribute to the generally free practice of religion.
The generally amicable relationship among religions in society contributed to religious freedom.
The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights.
Section I. Religious Demography
The country has an area of 157,047 square miles, and its population is approximately 6,036,900 (2003 estimate).
No figures are compiled or kept for membership in specific churches. An estimated 90 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. There are active Catholic, mainline Protestant, evangelical Christian, Jewish (both Orthodox and Reform congregations), Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and Baha'i communities. There is an Islamic community concentrated in the department of Alto Parana, an area that received substantial immigration from the Middle East, especially from Lebanon. There is also a substantial Mennonite community, principally in the western department of Boqueron.
Section II. Status of Religious Freedom
Legal/Policy Framework
The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice. The Government at all levels strives to protect this right in full and does not tolerate its abuse, either by governmental or private actors. The Constitution and other laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of religion.
All religious groups must be registered with the Ministry of Education and Culture; however, the criteria for recognition are minimal -- they consist of completing required paperwork and payment of a small fee. The Government enforces few controls on religious groups, and there are many unregistered churches. The latter are typically small, Christian evangelical churches with only a few members.
The Government is secular. Most government officials are Catholic, and several Catholic observances are public holidays. Adherence to a particular creed confers no legal advantage or disadvantage, and foreign and local missionaries proselytize freely. The Government does not take any particular steps to promote interfaith understanding.
The following religious holy days are also official national holidays: Holy Thursday, Good Friday, The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (August 15), The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (December 8), and Christmas.
The country's armed forces have an extensive Roman Catholic chaplain program. The Church considers this chaplaincy as a diocese and appoints a bishop to oversee the program on a full-time basis.
Restrictions on Religious Freedom
Government policy and practice contributed to the generally free practice of religion.
There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees.
Forced Religious Conversion
There were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States.
Abuses by Terrorist Organizations
There were no reported abuses targeted at specific religions by terrorist organizations during the period covered by this report.
Section III. Societal Attitudes
The generally amicable relationship among religions in society contributed to religious freedom. While there is no large-scale ecumenical movement in the country, all religious groups freely exercise their beliefs in a largely tolerant environment. The Catholic Church operates without interference, and the Church is permitted to play a visible role in state functions. For example, the Catholic Church often performs Mass at government functions without controversy. Evangelical and other Protestant churches engage in marches and prayer vigils, and part of the Jewish community holds a large public menorah lighting every year for Hanukkah. Protestant evangelical groups, such as the Assemblies of God, and Mormons conduct missionary activities without governmental or societal interference.
The Catholic Church is involved in politics at the fringe, mostly in socio-economic matters, and does not support any political party. The Church freely criticizes the Government. The Catholic Church is somewhat protective of its leading role in public life. The Bishop of Caacupé publicly accused President Nicanor Duarte Frutos, a nominal Catholic who attends Raices, a Mennonite church, of holding his advisers and cabinet ministers to a religious test after one adviser voluntarily joined the church as well. The Bishop also called the Raices (Roots) Church a "cult." There is, however, a popular belief that Mennonites are ideal public servants because they transpose their honesty and efficient industry to government. On several occasions, President Duarte criticized the Catholic hierarchy, accusing it of bias against his administration.
During the period covered by this report, a group of landless peasants attacked a compound in the Department of Concepcion owned by the Unification Church. The motive for the attack was primarily economic, as the peasants blamed increasing local unemployment on the Church’s decrease in farming activity.
In 2002, a building in Asuncion was spray-painted with anti-Semitic graffiti. A police investigation did not yield results, and the investigation has been closed. This has been the only reported incident of anti-Semitic vandalism during the past 15 years.
Section IV. U.S. Government Policy
The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government as part its overall policy to promote human rights. The U.S. Ambassador and Embassy officials met regularly with representatives of different religious groups.
Released on September 15, 2004
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