USGS, Alaska Glaciology Home Page USGS, Alaska Glaciology Home Page USGS Home Page USGS Alaska Glacier and Snow Program Banner.gif

 Enter search text:
Skip Navigation
 BENCHMARK GLACIERS    
     Main Page
     3-Glacier Data
        Mass Balance
        Runoff
        Temperature
  Gulkana Glacier
     Main Page
     History
     Data
        Ice Thickness
        Mass Balance
        Meteorology
        Motion
        Runoff
        Surface Altitude
        Terminus Position
     Maps
     Photos
     Reports
  South Cascade Gl.
    
Main Page
     Data
        Mass Balance
     Reports
  Wolverine Glacier
    
Main Page
     Data
        Mass Balance
       
Meteorology
        Runoff
     Maps
    
Reports

 OTHER GLACIERS
  Hubbard Glacier
    Main Page
    Maps
    Photos
    Reports

  Denali Fault Earthquake
    Main Page
    Photo Gallery
  

 LEARN ABOUT GLACIERS
  Univ. of Alaska
     Glacier Power
  USGS
     Questions & Myths
     Glaciers in the
                  News     
    
Ask a glaciologist
  World Data Center-A
     All About Glaciers
    

 RELATED SITES

 USGS
      Main home page
     Water, National
     Water, Alaska
    
Search
     Help

Top of this page

 

3-Glacier Temperature Summary

**PROVISIONAL DATA--SUBJECT TO REVIEW**

Definitions:
  Annual temperatures are for hydrologic year: Oct.1 of proceeding year through Sept 30.
  Winter temperature average:
       Sept. 1 of proceeding year to May 15 for Gulkana Glacier
       Sept. 16 of proceeding year to May 15 for Wolverine Glacier
       Nov. 1 of proceeding year to April 30 for South Cascade Glacier
  Summer temperature average:
       May 15 to August 31 for Gulkana Glacier
       May 15 to September 15 for Wolverine Glacier
       May 1 to Oct. 31 for South Cascade Glacier

Notes:
Gulkana: Temperature sensor changed at the beginning of 1999 hydrologic year; new sensor reads about 1.1°C warmer than older sensor based on 3 years overlap. Data currently uncorrected for sensor change.
Wolverine: Temperature sensor changed at the beginning of 1999 hydrologic year; new sensor reads 0.5-1.0°C warmer than older sensor. Data currently uncorrected for sensor change.

  South Cascade Glacier Wolverine Glacier Gulkana Glacier
  1615 m. 990 m 1480 m
YEAR Tannual Twinter Tsummer Tannual Twinter Tsummer Tannual Twinter Tsummer
1962  1.0 -3.5  5.5            
1963   -1.5              
1964                  
1965                  
1966  2.6 -1.6  6.7            
1967                  
1968      5.7 -1.0   6.0 -4.6   6.7
1969       -1.8 -5.8 5.7 -3.4 -7.4 4.9
1970  3.7 -0.1  7.6 -1.1 -3.0 3.4 -3.3 -5.7 3.7
1971      6.5   -7.4 4.0 -5.7 -10.8 5.6
1972  0.5 -4.8  5.9 -3.2 -8.3 5.2 -6.4 -11.1 4.3
1973   -2.8   -2.2 -5.3 3.8 -5.5 -9.1 2.7
1974       -1.5 -5.9 6.8 -4.6 -9.5 5.9
1975   -4.0   -2.5 -6.2 4.7 -4.6 -8.4 4.7
1976   -3.3   -2.5 -6.3 5.3   -9.4  
1977   -0.9     -3.9 6.2 -2.9 -6.6 5.9
1978   -2.0     -2.6   -3.3 -6.9 4.4
1979       -0.5 -4.7 6.8 -3.9 -7.6 4.7
1980   -0.7   -1.3 -4.5 5.0 -3.0 -6.1 5.1
1981       0.4 -2.3 5.9 -2.6 -5.7 5.0
1982  1.3 -2.6  5.2 -2.0 -5.6 4.9 -3.3   5.5
1983  1.9 -1.4  5.1 -0.9 -4.2 5.9 -4.6 -7.6 4.0
1984  1.7 -1.5  4.7 -0.1 -3.6 6.5     3.9
1985  2.3 -1.9  6.3 -1.7 -4.9 5.0 -4.8 -8.2 4.0
1986  3.3 -1.1  7.7   -5.0 3.8 -4.8 -8.4 4.3
1987  4.5 -0.2  9.0 -0.5 -3.4 5.4     5.1
1988  3.5 -1.1  8.1   -4.6 5.4 -2.9 -6.3 5.3
1989  1.9 -3.5  7.2 -0.9 -4.8 6.7 -3.9 -7.8 6.6
1990  3.7 -0.6  7.9   -3.7 6.9 -4.0 -8.2 6.2
1991  2.6 -2.0  7.1 -1.4 -4.9 5.7     4.4
1992  4.3  0.8  7.7 -1.7 -4.9 5.2      
1993  2.0 -2.9  6.8 -0.4 -4.3 7.5 -3.5 -8.6 5.9
1994         -3.6 6.9 -2.9 -7.0 6.5
1995       -1.1 -4.8 5.7 -4.1 -8.4 5.1
1996         -5.4 6.8 -5.0 -8.3 4.0
1997       -0.5 -4.8 7.6 -4.1 -8.4 5.5
1998       -0.9 -4.0 5.2 -4.0 -7.1 4.2
1999       -1.1 -5.0 6.7 -3.8 -8.3 6.3
2000       -0.8 -4.2 6.0 -3.7 -7.2 5.0
2001       0.3 -3.0 6.9 -2.4 -6.0 6.5
2002       -0.9 -5.0 7.2 -3.8 -8.5 6.4
2003             -2.3 -5.2 6.2
                   
Average  2.6 -1.9  6.7 -1.3 -4.8  5.7 -3.9 -7.8  5.1
StdDev  1.2  1.4  1.2  0.8  1.3  1.1  1.0  1.4  1.0
Max  4.5  0.8  9.0  0.4 -2.3  7.6 -2.3 -5.2  6.7
Min  0.5 -4.8  4.7 -3.2 -8.3  3.4 -6.4 -11.1  2.7
# of years  16  23  18  24  31  31  31  30  34

 

Maintainer: Rod March
Last update: Wednesday, February 18, 2004 04:56 PM
URL: http://ak.water.usgs.gov/glaciology/bmg/3glacier_balance.htm