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»		Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site features Monroe Elementary, the school attended in 1951 by third grader Linda Brown. The cases brought by her father and others led to the Supreme Court's unanimous decision in 1954 that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. (National Park Service) Interesting fact: In December of 1952, the Supreme Court had on its docket cases from Kansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, and Virginia, all of which challenged the constitutionality of racial segregation in public schools. Read more.		Monroe Elementary School

»		Brown vs. Board of Education National Historic Site looks at two schools that played a role in the 1954 Supreme Court decision stating that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." (National Park Service) Interesting fact: In the early days of the civil rights movement, integration efforts focused on litigation and lobbying. From 1955 to 1965, the strategy changed to "direct action"—bus boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides. Read more.		Thurgood Marshall

»		From Canterbury to Little Rock: The Struggle for Educational Equality for African Americans highlights two historic places and the role each played in the effort toward creating equal educational opportunities for African Americans. (National Park Service, Teaching with Historic Places, National Register of Historic Places) Interesting fact: In the early 1830s, Prudence Crandall admitted an African-American student to her Connecticut boarding school and subsequently opened a school strictly for black females. Read more.		A "Little Rock Nine" — Elizabeth Eckford

»		New Kent School and the George W. Watkins School: From Freedom of Choice to Integration looks at the 1968 Supreme Court ruling that ended a decade of resistance to school desegregation in the South (1955-1964) and triggered massive integration of schools (1968-1973). These two schools were typical of a Southern rural school system that achieved token desegregation following the Brown decision. (National Park Service, Teaching with Historic Places, National Register of Historic Places) Interesting fact: The issue of school desegregation was neither peculiar to the South nor to the 20th century. As early as 1849, in the school desegregation case of Roberts v. the City of Boston, attorney Charles Sumner, argued on behalf of African-American plaintiffs. Read more.		1969 George W. Watkins junior class

»		Rise and Fall of Jim Crow examines the century of segregation following the Civil War (1863-1954). "Jim Crow," a name taken from a popular 19th-century minstrel song, came to personify government-sanctioned racial oppression and segregation in the U.S. This website describes pivotal developments during that time-the Emancipation Proclamation, the Compromise of 1877, the Brown v. Board of Education decision, and others. (WNET, supported by National Endowment for the Humanities) Interesting fact: In 1946, Irene Morgan, a black woman, boarded a bus in Virginia to go to Baltimore. She was ordered to sit in the back of the bus, as Virginia law required. Read more.		May 17, 1954

»		With All Deliberate Speed shows the annotated draft decree in which the word "forthwith," used to describe the timetable for implementing Brown V. Board of Education, was replaced with the phrase "with all deliberate speed." (Library of Congress) Interesting fact: It became clear over time that critics of desegregation were using the doctrine to delay compliance with Brown, and in 1964 Justice Hugo Black declared in a desegregation opinion that "the time for mere 'deliberate speed' has run out." Read more.		Draft Decree

Last update May 1, 2004 (pjk)