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| Above Ground Level (AGL) |
Actual height above the surface of the earth, either land or
water. |
| Affiliated Aircraft |
Civil aircraft operated in accordance with 14 CFR 91, 121,
or 135 for the mutual benefit of DOI and the affiliated party at no cost
to DOI. |
| Agreement Aircraft |
An OAS-approved aircraft that is available for Intermittent, short-term use under an OAS Basic Ordering Agreement (BOA). Orders for use of agreement aircraft are subject to the small purchase limitation established under the Federal Acquisition Regulations unless otherwise authorized by the Contracting Officer. |
| Aircraft |
The term
"aircraft" is used to refer to both airplanes and helicopters. |
| Aircraft Accident |
An occurrence associated
with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any
person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such
persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious
injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage. |
| Aircraft Acquisition |
Obtaining an aircraft
through either purchase or transfer (excess), or through lease, rental or
loan, the operating cost of which can reasonably be expected to exceed
$25,000 per year. (Any aircraft secured on a fully vendor operated basis is specifically excluded from this definition.) |
| Air Crewmember Essential for the Mission |
An objective determination
is made by the first line supervisor that an additional crewmember is
required to be on board the aircraft to ensure the successful outcome of
the mission. (Example: loadmaster accompanying bulk fuel). |
| Airspace Conflict |
A near mid-air collision, intrusion, or violation of airspace rules. |
| Airtanker |
An aircraft used for the
dispensing of a substance (normally fire retardant or water) on a
wildfire. |
| Aileron |
Control surfaces on the
trailing edge of the wing. Ailerons on each side of the airplane deflect
in opposite directions to control the roll, or bank, of the aircraft.
Movement of the ailerons is controlled by either the control yoke or side
stick. A trim system minimizes the force needed to hold the ailerons in
the proper position for various flight conditions. |
| Airworthiness |
A term used to describe
both the legal and mechanical status of an aircraft with regard to its
readiness for flight. |
| Altimeter |
A pressure-sensing instrument that displays the altitude of
an aircraft above the mean sea level (MSL). |
| Altimeter Setting |
The barometric pressure
setting used to adjust a pressure altimeter for variations in existing
atmospheric pressure and temperature. |
| Altitude |
The height expressed in
units of distance above a reference plane, usually above mean sea level or
above ground level. |
| Attitude |
An aircraft's position in
relation to the horizon (i.e., whether the aircraft is flying level, nose
up, nose down, or banking left or right). |
| Aviation Board of Directors |
Representative bureau
senior management officials providing executive level bureau involvement
in the formulation of policy and the management aspects of aviation
activities in the Department. |
| Avionics |
The computers and other
electronic systems that monitor and control an aircraft's electrical and
mechanical systems. |
| Azimuth |
The direction or angle
between the radar site and an aircraft; measured clockwise from north in a
horizontal plane. |
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| Bearing |
The horizontal direction to
or from any point, usually measured clockwise from true north (true
bearing) magnetic north (magnetic bearing), or some other reference point,
through 360°. |
| Bureau |
A level of government
defined by bureaus, services, surveys, and offices within the Department
of the Interior. |
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| Ceiling |
The height above the
earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that
is reported as broken, overcast or obscuration, and not classified as thin
or partial. |
| Center of Gravity (CG) |
The theoretical point where
the entire weight of the airplane is considered to be concentrated. |
| Commercial Aviation |
Aviation vendor being paid
for aviation services. |
| Contract Aircraft |
An aircraft that has been
approved by OAS for use in accordance with the terms of a formal contract.
Generally, there is no monetary limitation on the extent of use of the
contract aircraft. |
| Cooperator Aircraft |
An affiliated, military or
other Government agency aircraft. |
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| Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) |
Equipment (airborne and ground) to measure, in nautical
miles, the slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME navigation
aid. |
| Drag |
The air's resistance to
moving objects. |
| Dual-Function Pilot | Any person who acts as pilot-in-command of an aircraft while on official Government business and is not a full-time pilot (Office of Personnel Management classification 2181), but whose job description does include pilot duties. |
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| Elevator |
A control surface on the
trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer used to control the up or down
movement of the airplane's nose. In some airplanes, the entire horizontal
stabilizer can move, acting as the elevator. Movement of the elevator is
controlled by either the control yoke or side stick. A trim system
minimizes the force needed to hold the elevator in the proper position for
climb, cruise, descent, and other flight conditions. |
| Emergency |
(a) Life-Threatening - A situation or occurrence of a serious nature, developing suddenly and unexpectedly and demanding immediate action to prevent loss of life.
(b) Operational - An unforeseen combination of circumstances that calls for immediate action, but not life-threatening. |
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| Fatal Injury |
Any injury which results in death within 30 days of the accident. |
| Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) |
The government agency
responsible for air safety and operation of the air traffic control
system. The FAA also administers a program that provides grants from the
Airport and Airway Trust Fund for airport development. |
| Federal Aviation Regulations |
Rules and regulations
contained in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations. |
| Ferry Flight |
A flight for the purpose
of: returning an aircraft to base, delivering an aircraft from one
location to another, or moving an aircraft to and from a maintenance base.
They do not carry revenue passengers. |
| First Aid |
Any medical attention that
involves no medical bill. If a physician prescribes medical treatment for
less than serious injury and makes a charge for this service, that injury
becomes "medical attention." |
| Flaps |
Control surfaces on the
trailing edge of the wing which are used to increase the amount of lift
generated by the wings at slower speeds. Allow aircraft to takeoff and
land at slower speeds. |
| Flight Crewmember |
A pilot, flight engineer,
or flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time who
holds a valid Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airman's Certificate
and flight physical. |
| Flight Service Station (FSS) |
Air traffic facilities that provide pilot briefing, en
route communications and VFR search and rescue services; assist lost
aircraft and aircraft in emergency situations; relay ATC clearances;
originate NOTAMS; broadcast aviation weather and NAS information; receive
and process IFR flight plans; and monitor NAVAIDs. In addition, at
selected locations, FSSs provide En route Flight Advisory Service (Flight
Watch), take weather observations, issue airport advisories and advise
Customs and Immigration of transborder flights. |
| Forced Landing |
A landing necessitated by
failure of engines, systems, components, or incapacitation of a
crewmember, which makes continued flight impossible, and which may or may
not result in damage. |
| Fuselage |
The central body portion of
an aircraft. Houses the crew, passengers and cargo and is pressurized and
temperature controlled. An aircraft's wing and tail are not considered
part of the fuselage. |
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| Ground Mishap, Aircraft Ground Mishap |
An aircraft mishap in which
there is no intent to fly; however, the power plants and/or rotors are in
operation and damage incurred requiring replacement or repair of rotors,
propellers, wheels, tires, wing tips, flaps, etc., or an injury is
incurred requiring first aid or medical attention. |
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| Hazard, Aviation Hazard |
Any condition, act or set
of circumstances that exposes an individual to unnecessary risk or harm
during aviation operations. |
| Heading |
The direction in which the
longitudinal axis of the airplane points with respect to true or magnetic
north. Heading is equal to course plus or minus any wind correction angle. |
| High Performance Airplane |
An airplane that has more
than 200 horsepower or that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and
controllable propeller. |
| High Reconnaissance |
A route of flight which includes reconnaissance and is
conducted above 500' above ground level (AGL). This reconnaissance does
not include any aircraft maneuvers which are in excess of commercial pilot
skills, maneuvering below 1.4 Vso, or climbs/turns/descents greater than
standard rate. This does not include any type of precise maneuvering or
specialized equipment. |
| Horizontal Stabilizer |
The airfoil or small wing
at the rear of the aircraft that balances lift forces generated by the
wings and increases stability. In some airplanes, the stabilizer is fixed
and the elevator attached to its trailing edge. In other airplanes, the
entire stabilizer can move, acting as the elevator, which controls the up
or down movement of the airplane's nose. A trim system minimizes the force
needed to hold the elevator in the proper position for climb, cruise,
descent, and other flight conditions. |
| Hover Landings |
Hover landings are landings which do not meet the definition of toe-in, single-skid, or step-out landings. These landings are characterized by the necessity to maintain a substantial amount of hover power while the landing gear is in contact with the surface. This is normally due to the nature of the surfaces such as swampy ground, tundra/muskeg, snow, lava rock, etc. During these landings, the potential CG shifts are not as hazardous as in the previously mentioned landings (i.e., toe-in, one-skid); however, the pilot remains alert and on the controls as opposed to a flat surface/flat pitch landing stability. |
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| IFR Aircraft/IFR Flight |
An aircraft conducting
flight in accordance with instrument flight rules. |
| Incident |
An occurrence other than an
accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects or
could affect the safety of operations. |
| Incident with Potential |
An incident that narrowly misses being an accident and in which the circumstances indicate significant potential for substantial damage or serious injury. Final classification will be determined by the USDA-FS National Aviation Safety and Training Manager or the OAS Aviation Safety Manager, as appropriate. |
| Inspector |
(a) OAS Accepted Inspector. An individual employed by a
government agency other than DOI who is listed on the USFS Approved
Inspectors List.
(b) OAS Approved Inspector. Any inspector approved by OAS. This includes
OAS employees, DOI employees, and other government agency employees listed
on the OAS Approved Inspectors List.
(c) OAS Inspector. An OAS employee listed on the OAS Approved Inspectors
List. |
| Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) |
Meteorological conditions
expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds and ceiling less
than minima specified for visual meteorological. |
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| Knot |
An abbreviation for one
nautical mile per hour. In terms of distance, a knot is 15 percent longer
than a statute mile. Therefore, a knot is equal to 1.15 statute miles or
1.85 kilometers. |
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| Landing Gear |
Those components comprising
the tires, wheels and related assembly upon which an aircraft lands, and
which provides mobility for the aircraft while on the ground. Includes all
supporting components, such as the tail wheel or tail skid. Retracted
during flight. |
| Large Helicopter |
A helicopter with a
certified gross weight over 12,500 pounds. |
| Latitude |
Measurement north or south
of the equator in degrees, minutes and seconds. |
| Lift |
The force generated by the
movement of air across the wings of an aircraft. When enough lift is
generated to overcome the weight of an aircraft |
| Long Range Navigation (LORAN) |
An electronic navigational system by which lines of position are determined by measuring the difference in the time of reception of synchronized pulse signals from fixed transmitters. LORAN-C operates in the 100-110 kHz frequency band. |
| Longitude |
Measurement east or west of
the prime meridian in degrees, minutes and seconds. |
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| Maintenance Deficiency |
An equipment defect or
failure which affects or could affect the safety of operations, or that
causes an interruption to the services being performed. |
| Medical Attention |
An injury, less than
serious, for which a physician prescribes medical treatment and makes a
charge for this service. |
| Medium Helicopter |
A helicopter with a
certified gross weight between 6,000 and 12,500 pounds. |
| Military Aircraft |
An aircraft maintained and operated by an active or reserve
component (all Reserve forces, as well as Army National Guard and Air
National Guard) of the DOD, or by any active or reserve component of the
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). All references to military aircraft include both
DOD and USCG aircraft. The U.S. Government Manual describes the USCG as
follows:
"The Coast Guard is a branch of
the Armed Forces of the United States at all times and is a service within
the Department of Transportation except when operating as part of the Navy
in time of war or when the President directs."
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| Mishap, Aviation Mishap |
Mishaps include aircraft
accidents, incidents with potential, aircraft incidents, aviation hazards
and aircraft maintenance deficiencies. |
| Mountain Flying - Airplanes |
Conducting flight operations that require special techniques including takeoffs and landings at locations with 5,000 feet above sea level or greater pressure altitudes, at temperature ranges above 75oF, and/or limited and unimproved airstrips. |
| Mountain Flying - Helicopters |
Conducting flight operations in mountainous terrain including pinnacle landings and approaches at varying elevations and pressure altitudes of over 5,000 feet above sea level at temperature ranges above 75oF, and in areas of rugged peaks, deep canyons, cliffs, rock outcropping, steep slopes; including landing on mountain tops and confined areas surrounded by trees, brush, rocks, snow or ice. |
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| OAS-Designated Routes |
Flight routes designated by OAS which are bureau-requested, over mountainous terrain and pilot-specific. |
| Offshore Operations |
These are operations beyond
a point where navigation by visual reference to landmarks can be made. |
| Operational Control, Aircraft Under the Operational
Control of DOI |
The condition existing when a DOI entity exercises
authority over initiating, conducting or terminating a flight. |
| Operated by DOI, Aircraft Operated by DOI |
The condition existing when the pilot-in-command is a DOI
employee acting on official Government business for DOI. |
| Operating Agency |
An executive agency or any
entity thereof using agency aircraft which it does not own. |
| Operating Cost |
Expenses which include, but
not limited to: lease costs, crew costs, maintenance costs (materials and
labor), fuel costs, facilities costs, administrative support costs, etc. |
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| Passenger |
Any person aboard an
aircraft who does not perform the function of a flight crewmember or air
crewmember. |
| Pilot in Command (PIC) |
The pilot responsible for
the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight time. |
| Pitch |
A description of the
movement of the nose of an aircraft up or down in relation to its previous
attitude. |
| Point-to-Point Flight |
Flights between airports (excluding operations defined in
351 DM 1 as Special Use) for which the route of flight is determined only
by the pilot(s) based on navigational requirements. |
| Positive Control |
The separation of all air
traffic within designated airspace by air traffic control. |
| Precautionary Landing |
A landing necessitated by
apparent impending failure of engines, systems, or components which makes
continued flight unadvisable. |
| Precision Reconnaissance (including Fire Recon) |
This type of reconnaissance is conducted above 500' AGL.
Transect type operations, utilization of specialized equipment, or
missions not normally conducted in the commercial sector are examples of
specific tasks which require special consideration and which make this a
special-use activity. |
| Pressurized Aircraft |
An aircraft that is kept at
a designated atmospheric pressure to enable passengers and crew to breath
normally. |
| Privately Owned Aircraft |
Any aircraft piloted by a DOI employee on official business
which has an FAA registration showing the DOI employee as an owner(s) or
member of the club which owns the aircraft. |
| Public Aircraft |
An aircraft used only for the United States Government; or
owned and operated (except for commercial purposes) or exclusively leased
for at least 90 continuous days by a government (except the United States
Government), including a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory
or possession of the United States, or political subdivision of that
government; but does not include a government-owned aircraft transporting
property for commercial purposes; or transporting passengers other than a)
transporting (for other than commercial purposes) crewmembers or other
persons aboard the aircraft whose presence is required to perform, or is
associated with the performance of, a governmental function such as
firefighting, search and rescue, law enforcement, aeronautical research,
or biological or geological resource management; or, b) transporting (for
other than commercial purposes) persons aboard the aircraft if the
aircraft is operated by the Armed Forces or an intelligence agency of the
United States. An aircraft described in the preceding sentence shall,
notwithstanding any limitation relating to use of the aircraft for
commercial purposes, be considered to be a public aircraft for the
purposes of this part without regard to whether the aircraft is operated
by a unit of government on behalf of another unit of government, pursuant
to a cost reimbursement agreement between such units of government, if the
unit of government on whose behalf the operation is conducted certifies to
the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration that the
operation was necessary to respond to a significant and imminent threat to
life or property (including natural resources) and that no service by a
private operator was reasonably available to meet the threat. 49 U.S.C.
40102 (a)(37). |
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| Radar |
Term coined from the phrase "Radio Detecting and Ranging." It is based on the principle that ultra-high frequency radio waves travel at a precise speed and are reflected from objects they strike. It is used to determine an object's direction and distance. |
| Ramp |
The aircraft parking area
at an airport, usually adjacent to a terminal. |
| Range |
The maximum distance, based
on fuel capacity and rate of fuel consumption, that an aircraft is capable
of transporting passengers and/or freight. |
| Rating |
A statement that, as part
of a certification, sets forth special conditions, privileges or
limitations. |
| Roll |
A description of the
rolling or banking movement of an aircraft to the left or right. The wing
ailerons control roll. |
| Rudder |
A control surface on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer that controls the yaw motion of the aircraft - that is, the motion of the nose of the aircraft left or right. A trim system minimizes the force needed to hold the rudder in the proper position for various flight conditions. |
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| Series, Helicopter |
The sub grouping of makes and models such as Bell 206A, Bell
206B, Bell 206L. The letter designator of A, B and L denotes series. |
| Serious Injury |
Any injury which: (1) requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within seven days from the date the injury was received; (2) results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes or nose); (3) causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle or tendon damage; (4) involves any internal organ; or (5) involves second or third-degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5% of the body surface. |
| Shore |
That area of the land
adjacent to the water which is above the high water mark and excludes land
areas which are intermittently under water. |
| Single-Skid Landings |
Single-skid landings are those landings that are used to drop off or pick up passengers or cargo while holding the helicopter with one full skid on the ground and the other suspended in the air. When in contact with the ground, the center of gravity can shift laterally. This type of landing is normally used in sloping terrain or when the helicopter cannot land and reduce the power to flat pitch. |
| Small Helicopter |
A helicopter with a
certified gross weight under 6,000 pounds. |
| Special Use Activities |
Operations involving the utilization of airplanes and
helicopters in support of DOI programs which are not point-to-point flight
activities and which require special considerations due to their
functional use. This may require deviation from normal operating practices
where authorized by OAS. Special pilot qualifications and techniques,
special aircraft equipment, and personal protective equipment are required
to enhance the safe transportation of personnel and property. |
| Special Use Airspace (SUA) |
Airspace of defined dimensions identified by an area on the
surface of the earth wherein activities must be confined because of their
nature and/or wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations
that are not a part of those activities. Types of special use airspace
are:
Alert Area Airspace which may contain a high volume of pilot training
activities or an unusual type of aerial activity, neither of which is
hazardous to aircraft. Alert Areas are depicted on aeronautical charts for
the information of nonparticipating pilots. All activities within an Alert
Area are conducted in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations. Pilots
of participating aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area are
equally responsible for collision avoidance.
Controlled Firing Area Airspace wherein activities are conducted under
conditions so controlled as to eliminate hazards to nonparticipating
aircraft and to ensure the safety of persons and property on the ground.
Military Operations Area (MOA) Airspace established outside of Class A
airspace area to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military
activities from IFR traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where these
activities are conducted. (Refer to Airman's Information Manual)
Prohibited Area Airspace designated under FAR Part 73 within which no
person may operate an aircraft without the permission of the using agency.
(Refer to En route Charts, AIM)
Restricted Area Airspace designated under FAR Part 73, within which the
flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to
restriction. Most restricted areas are designated joint use and IFR/VFR
operations in the area may be authorized by the controlling ATC facility
when that airspace is not being utilized by the using agency. Restricted
areas are depicted on en route charts. Where joint use is authorized, the
name of the ATC controlling facility is also shown. (Refer to FAR Part 73
and AIM)
Warning Area Airspace of defined dimensions extending from three nautical
miles outward from the coast of the United States that contains activity
potentially hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such
warning area is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A
warning area may be located over domestic or international waters, or
both. |
| Step-out Landings |
Step-out landings are those landings that are used to drop off or pick up passengers and cargo (other than rappel/short haul) while holding the helicopter in a hover. The helicopter is not in contact with the ground and the center of gravity can shift laterally and longitudinally. This type of landing is normally used in lieu of toe-in/single-skid landings in terrain where the helicopter cannot land and reduce power to flat pitch. |
| Substantial Damage |
Any damage or failure which
adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight
characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major
repair or replacement of the affected component. Engine failure or damage
limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged, bent fairings
or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes in the skin or fabric,
ground damage to rotor or propeller blades, and damage to landing gear,
wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wing tips are not
considered "substantial damage" for the purpose of this part. |
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| Thrust |
The force produced by a jet
engine or propeller. It can also be defined as the forward reaction to the
rearward movement of a jet exhaust. |
| Toe In Landings |
Toe-in landings are those landings that are used to drop off or pick up passengers or cargo by resting the helicopter on the toes of the skids. This requires holding a significant amount of hover power (within 15% of hover power) to keep the helicopter from falling backwards. When the helicopter is operated in this manner, there is the potential of significant lateral and longitudinal CG shift during loading/offloading operations. When the helicopter is balanced on the forward 1/3 or less of the skid tube, main rotor blade clearance is another significant concern (1/2 of flat surface/flat pitch blade clearance). These landings are normally used where landing areas are on slopes which exceed the capability of the helicopter. Identification criteria for toe-in landings are:
(1) Inability to reduce below hover power by 15%
(2) Forward 1/3 or less of skid tube in contact with surface
(3) 1/2 or less of flat pitch/flat surface blade clearance exists
|
| Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) |
An electronic system
installed in aircraft that searches for and alerts pilots to the presence
of other aircraft. More advanced versions of TCAS also advise pilots of
actions to take to avoid approaching aircraft, if warranted. |
| Transponder |
An electronic device that "responds" to interrogation by ground-based radar with a special four-digit code that specifically identifies the aircraft on which it is located. Certain transponders have the ability to transmit automatically the altitude of the aircraft in addition to the special code. |
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| Uncontrolled Airspace |
Known as Class G Airspace.
Consists of the airspace not designated controlled airspace (Class A, B,
C, D and E). |
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| Vendor |
An operator being paid by
DOI or USFS for services. |
| Vertical Stabilizer |
The large "tail"
surface on the top rear of the fuselage used to increase stability. The
rudder is attached to the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer and
controls the left or right movement of the airplane's nose. A trim system
minimizes the force needed to hold the rudder in the proper position for
various flight conditions. |
| Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) |
A ground-based electronic navigation aid transmitting very high frequency navigation signals, 360-degrees in azimuth, oriented from magnetic north. VOR is used as the basis for navigation in the National Airspace System. The VOR periodically identifies itself by Morse Code and may have an additional voice identification feature. Voice features may be used by ATC or FSS for transmitting instructions/information to pilots. |
| Visual Flight Rules (VFR) |
Rules that govern the
procedures for conducting flight under visual meteorological conditions
(VMC). Aircraft flying under VFR are not required to be in contact with
air traffic controllers and are responsible for their own separation from
other aircraft. The term also is used in the United States to indicate
weather conditions that are equal to or greater than minimum VFR
requirements. In addition, it is used by pilots and controllers to
indicate a type of flight plan. |
| Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) |
Meteorological conditions
expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds and ceiling equal
to or better than specified minima. |
| Volunteer Service |
Volunteer services is
limited to personal services received without compensation (salary or
wages) by the Department from individuals or groups. |
| VORTAC |
A navigational system that
provides both VOR and TACAN course guidance, plus distance (DME)
information. |
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| G | H | I | K
| L | M | O | P
| R | S | T | U
| V | W |
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| Windshear |
Weather phenomenon
entailing a strong downdraft of air that can result in the loss of lift
for an aircraft passing through it. |
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About IAT 