Burbelo, Gregory and Nate Zinsser. "The Ultimate Weapon: Harnessing the Combat Multiplier of a Warrior Mindset." Infantry Online 04/15/03. http://www.benning.army.mil/OLP/InfantryOnline/issue_28/art_161.htm

Caldera, Louis, and Eric K. Shinseki. "The Army-Soldiers on Point for the Nation, Persuasive in Peace, Invincible in War: A Statement on the Posture of the United States Army, Fiscal Year 2001." Posture Statement presented to the 106th Cong., 2d session. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of the Army, 2000. http://armedservices.house.gov/testimony/106thcongress/99-10-21shinseki.htm

Hackworth, David. Defending America: "Softies Fill Bodybags,"   March 9, 1999; Retrieved 25 November 2003. http://www.hackworth.com/9mar99.html

Hackworth, David. Defending America: "Warrior Ethic: Down, But Not Out," 15 February, 2000; Retrieved 25 November 2003 http://www.hackworth.com/15feb00.html

The Dewey Decimal call numbers listed are those of the Combined Arms Research Library; call numbers and availability at other institutions may vary.

Coker, Christopher. Waging war without warriors? The changing culture of military conflict, IISS Studies on international security, Boulder, CO; Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.

    Abstract: In the past, posits Christopher Coker, wars were all-encompassing; they were a test not only of individual bravery, but of an entire community's will to survive. In the West today, in contrast, wars are tools of foreign policy, not intrinsic to the values of a society - they are instrumental rather than existential. The clash between these two "cultures of war" can be seen starkly in the recent struggle in Afghanistan. In this text, Coker offers both a history of martial cultures and an analysis of how these are now changing. He locates the origins of the Western way of war in ancient Greece: for example, in the heroic ideals of Homer's Iliad. He then traces the development of this warrior spirit, moving from Rome's systemization of violence to encounters with such alternative ways of war as Sun Tzu's, the Islamic tradition, and Japan's kamikaze actions during World War II. This trajectory, he finds, ends in a crucial contemporary fault line: for the first time in history, war is no longer considered humankind's most revealing behavior.  Call No.355.02 C682w

Couch, Dick. The Warrior Elite: The Forging of SEAL Class 228, New York, N.Y.: Three River’s Press, 2001

    Abstract: Couch, a Vietnam-era SEAL and retired naval reserve captain, was given the most complete access possible to the demanding BUD/S (Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL) course and has recorded his observations. Few Hollywood stereotypes are on view; in their stead are a man who passed BUD/S at age 39, a superb swimmer who was disqualified for sinus problems, and a trainee at the low end of the fitness scale who subsequently won the Congressional Medal of Honor. Also on view is much thought on the making of warriors at the dawn of the twenty-first century.  Call No. 359.984 C853w

Ehrenreich, Barbara.  Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War, New York, N.Y.: Metropolitan Books, Holt and Company, 1997

    Abstract: In Blood Rites, Barbara Ehrenreich confronts the mystery of the human attraction to violence: What draws our species to war and even makes us see it as a kind of sacred undertaking? Blood Rites takes us on an original journey from the elaborate human sacrifices of the ancient world to the carnage and holocaust of twentieth-century "total war." Sifting through the fragile records of prehistory, Ehrenreich discovers the wellspring of war in an unexpected place--not in a "killer instinct" unique to the males of our species but in the blood rites early humans performed to reenact their experience of predation by stronger carnivores. Call No. 355.0019 E33b

French, Shannon E. The Code of the Warrior: The Values and Ideals of Warrior Cultures Throughout History, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.

    Abstract: The author teaches ethics at the Naval Academy, and gives us a glimpse of how her students grapple with the moral tensions inherent in training for a profession that entails the deliberate killing of other human beings. She surveys and analyzes the literatures of a variety of "warrior cultures" and explores the moral limits that soldiers place on their own conduct in battle. The work treats such classics as Homer's "Iliad" and the Knights of the Round Table, as well as several familiar but less studied figures such as the Japanese samurai and various Native American warrior tribes.

Gabriel, Richard A. The Culture of War: Invention and Early Development, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990.

    Abstract: Beginning with a discussion of the biological and evolutionary history of man, Gabriel investigates the proposition that the human race is genetically predisposed to warlike behavior. He next reviews the archeological record to test the common assumption that war has existed from the earliest times. He traces the evolution of the social institution and technology of war in a succession of ancient cultures beginning with the Bronze Age. The development of armies, tactics, logistics, and weapons are examined, together with the psychological and social implications of mankind’s choice to use them.  Call No. 355.009 G118c

Gutmann, Stephanie. The Kinder, Gentler Military: Can America’s Gender-Neutral Fighting Force Still Win Wars?, New York, N.Y.: Scribner,  2000.

    Abstract: A critique of how and why the military -- the most tradition-bound, masculine institution in the United States -- spent the 1990s in a tortured attempt to reform its time-proven warrior culture in favor of a new, politically correct value system, a system that is decimating morale in our armed forces. Guttman argues that the complete integration of women into the military is physically and sociologically impossible, and that the pursuit of this unrealistic ideal is demoralizing to soldiers of both sexes and a sure setup for battlefield disaster. Call No.   355.0082 G984k

Hanson, Victor Davis. The Soul of Battle, New York, N.Y.: The Free Press, 1999.

    Abstract: Why do men fight? What motivates an ordinary citizen to burn and kill? What, in the end, motivates an army to win? Hanson answers by offering three stories that coalesce into a single theory of men and war. Each story involves a democratic army pulled together on short notice, which marched deep into enemy territory to overthrow a government whose morality was fundamentally repugnant to its own. In all three cases, Hanson argues, conviction, more than firepower, made the difference against long odds. Call No. 355.0009 H251s

Heckler, Richard Strozzi. In Search of the Warrior Spirit: Teaching Awareness Disciplines to the Green Berets, Berkley CA: North Atlantic Books, 2002.

    Abstract: Heckler was invited to teach Eastern awareness disciplines ranging from Aikido to meditation to a group of 25 Green Berets. This account chronicles his experiences in the training program and his attempts to revive traditional warriorship in a technological society. His book provides insight into the nature of war, the meaning of masculinity, and the need for moral values in the military. This new edition includes Heckler’s response to 9/11, his connections to the Pentagon and U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan, and his reflections on the movie Black Hawk Down, which depicts the deaths of two of his trainees.  Call No.355.0019 H449i

Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday Press, 2001.

    Abstract: Examining a select group of battles throughout history, Hanson maintains that Western nations are the world's best when it comes to waging war. Western soldiers typically have more of a commitment to the cause for which they are fighting, and they use technologically superior weapons, Hanson argues. Countries in Asia and Africa are not prepared to wage war on the same scale as Western nations because their governments are not as stable, funding is not as great, and the tradition of militarism does not exist. Hanson's ultimate concern is not with conflict between East and West but with the increasing possibility of civil war within Western nations, which might result in bloodletting on a scale previously unknown.

Holmes, Richard.  Acts of War: Behavior of Men in Battle, From Ancient Times to Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny, New York, N.Y.: Free Press, Macmillan,  1985.

    Abstract: English military biographer Richard Holmes examines the forces which operate upon fighting men in and out of battle. Holmes presents numerous well-organized anecdotes that range from Waterloo to the Falklands, often deliberately blurring the distinction between wars in order to show their common factors. Although the book is drawn exclusively from secondary sources, it contains insights useful to professional students. Includes observations on the role of females in combat zones. Call No. 303.66 H752a

Holmes, Richard and Keegan, John. Soldiers: A History of Men in Battle, New York, N.Y.: Viking Penguin Inc., 1986.

    Abstract: Soldiers –warriors who fight for pay- are latecomers to the field of human conflict, though warriors go back as far as human society itself. In this history of men in battle, the authors explore the ways in which warriors became soldiers and how that process has shaped the world we live in.  Call No. 355.009 K26s

Kaplan, Robert D., Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos, New York, N.Y.: Random House, 2002.

    Abstract: We live in dangerous times, when a new kind of leadership is required. Visionary and ruthlessly strategic, Warrior Politics extracts the best of the wisdom of the ages for modern leaders who are faced with the complex life-and-death challenges of today’s world—and determined to win.  Call No.  320.0019 K17w

King, Winston Lee.  Zen and the Way of the Sword: Arming the Samurai Psyche, New York N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1993.

    Abstract: King offers a look into his mind of the samurai swordsman in a fear-reaching account of the role of Zen in the thought, culture, and the marital arts of Japan’s soldier elite. A scholar of Easter religions, King traces the development of Zen and discusses the personal nature of its practice, its emphasis on individual discovery and attainment. He then presents a capsule history of the samurai class, from its rise in the middle ages to formal abolition in the nineteenth century- an account filled with details of wars, political maneuvering, and cultural achievements. Call No. 294.3927 K54z

Morris, Chris and Janet Morris,  eds. The American Warrior, Stanford, CT: Longmeadow Press, 1992.

    Abstract: An oral history of the men and women who have served in our armed forces from World War II through Desert Storm. Told in their own words, these individuals candidly describe what fighting for their country meant to them.  Call No.  306.2709 A512

Ricks, Thomas E. Making the Corps, New York, N.Y.: Scribner, 1997.

    Abstract: At boot camp, Parris Island, old values are stripped away and new, Marine Corps values are forged. Military journalist Ricks follows these men from their hometowns, through boot camp, and into their first year as Marines. As three fierce drill instructors fight a battle for the hearts and minds of this group of young men, a larger picture emerges of the growing gulf that divides the military from the rest of America. Call No. 359.960973 R539m

Toner, James H., The American Military Ethic: A Meditation, New York, N.Y.: Praeger Publishers, 1992.

    Abstract: Outlines the personal reflections of a U.S. Army lieutenant/captain on active duty in Europe during the Vietnam War who had charge of a nuclear weapons unit in Europe during the late 1960s/early 1970s. The first person accounts are blended with a more traditional scholarly examination of professional military training for junior and senior officers (ROTC and the war colleges) and of the American military ethic itself.  Call No.355.0071 T664a

Toner, James H.,  True Faith and Allegiance: The Burden of Military Ethics, Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1995.

    Abstract: Toner, professor of international relations and military ethics at the Air War College in Alabama, addresses this volume "to those who hate the things and thoughts of war but accept its necessity when the alternatives are greater evils." He argues that military ethics, the study of honorable and shameful conduct in armed forces, is not an oxymoron. He distinguishes between the ethics of military institutions, which are collectives, and the ethics of individuals in the military. The latter begins with training and education that develop character as well as competence. General codes of conduct, he maintains, while important, cannot replace personal ethical choices. Ultimately, concludes Toner, private morality-the ability to distinguish right from wrong and abide the consequences-is fundamental in maintaining the integrity of the profession of arms.  Call No. 174.9355 T664t

Ulmer, Walter F., Jr. et al. American Military Culture in the Twenty-First Century. Washington, D.C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 2000.

    Abstract: This study is about military culture, the bedrock of military effectiveness. Although civil and military cultures share many values in a democracy, there must be significant differences between the cultures. For example, while our civil culture appropriately emphasizes liberty and individuality, military culture downplays them and emphasizes values such as discipline and self-sacrifice that stem from the imperative of military effectiveness and success on the battlefield. Call No. 306.270973 A5122

Wood, David Browne. A Sense of Values: American Marines in an Uncertain World. Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel, 1994.

    Abstract: Somalia, Haiti, Beirut- the datelines and TV images are wearyingly familiar. Indeed, Marines are a familiar icon of American life, like cowboys or football heroes. But who are they really? Why do they volunteer for this difficult, lonely, and dangerous life? What drives them to pledge their lives to each other? Why do they isolate themselves from the society they are sworn to protect? And what is it like for these men out on the far edge of America’s reach? The quest for answers took veteran journalist David Browne Wood and photographer Bob Mahoney on a year-long journey with one Marine unit. In grueling training exercises, in the squalid misery of Somalia and the boisterous releases of foreign liberty, they ate, slept, slogged, grumbled, and celebrated with the marines.  Call No. 359.9630973 W874s

Woulfe, James B. Into the Crucible, Making Marines in the 21st Century. Novato, California: Presidio Press, 1998.

    Abstract: Into the Crucible examines the Crucible Event, the culmination of Marine Corps basic combat training, boot camp. The Crucible Event is the "defining moment" for young Marine recruits. Once inside the crucible, the recruits are faced with fifty-four grueling hours with little sleep, little food, and a series of events that will tax them physically and mentally. The recruit platoon will be profoundly tested as individuals. Even more important, they will discover that they are unable to pass through the crucible except as a team. Beyond the Crucible Event’s physical demands of endurance is the reinforcement of the core values of the United States Marines: honor, courage, and commitment. The crucible creates a challenge of mind, body, and sprit that will last a lifetime, whether one wears the uniform for four years or forty- a constant reminder of the supreme responsibility that comes with the title "United States Marine." Call No. 359.9654 W938i

Bacevich, A.J. "New Rules: Modern War and Military Professionalism." Parameters December 1990: 12-23.

Barsh, Russel Lawrence. "War and the Reconfiguring of American Indian Society." Journal of American Studies [Great Britain] 2001: vol. 3, issue 35: pgs 371-411.

    Abstract: Considers the influence of Native American participation in America's foreign wars on Indian life and resistance movements. Indian men participated voluntarily in America's 20th-century wars, inspired to a degree by the romantic myth of the warrior and the warrior's traditional role as the defender of the people. A sense of betrayal and militancy among Native American veterans followed both world wars and was manifested in community organizing and on a national level in the movements for citizenship in the 1920's and for economic development in the 1950's. After the Vietnam War, however, this militancy was channeled into the American Indian Movement. Native American societies were no more successful than non-Indian society in dealing with the traumas caused by combat, and in some ways the stereotyping of Indians as warriors may have made them less able to accept and address the realities of warfare.

Byrnes, Kevin P. "Where Tomorrow's Victories Begin." Army October 2003 53(10): 85+

    Abstract: The 1999 Army Vision statement called on Training and Doctrine Command to build irreversible momentum through immediate and profound change to make the Army more responsive to the needs of the Joint Force Commander. Byrnes' view of the future operating environment identified significant implications for the Army, and these implications helped point him towards new capabilities the Army needed to fulfill the Army Vision.

Cambria, Colonel Salvatore F., et al "Warrior Ethos: The Key to Winning" Special Warfare Volume 13, Issue 2, March 21, 2000: pp 2-9

    Abstract: Cambria discusses the "warrior ethos" of the US armed forces. The "warrior ethos" is comprised of intangible factors like unit cohesion, integrity, physical and moral courage, dedication, commitment and leadership. Col. Cambria states that these qualities are key to helping the US win the world's wars.

Connor, Jr., Captain William M., "Developing the Warrior Spirit in Ranger Training." Infantry. May-Aug99, Vol. 89 Issue 2, p45, 3p. Available online: Retrieved 25 November 2003 http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=3487493&db=mth

    Abstract: Focuses on developing the warrior spirit of soldiers in Ranger training in the United States. Discusses the importance of the warrior spirit in warfare; the decline of warrior spirit among combat and noncommissioned officers; and the development of combative techniques in Ranger schools.

Corbett, Arthur J. "The Family of Concepts"   Marine Corps Gazette, October 2003 87(10): 19

    Abstract: Numerous concepts have been developed in a continuing effort to advance conduct of military operations by the US Marine Corps. Corbett discusses this hierarchy of concepts that capitalizes on the Marine Corps' warfighting philosophies, innovation, and dynamic warrior ethos.

Daddis, Gregory A., "The Decline of Mars: Change and Its Effect on the Warrior Spirit." Armor. May/Jun2001, Vol. 110 Issue 3, p17, 5p, 2bw

    Abstract: Discusses how historical evolution has affected the development of a fighting spirit in U.S. combat soldiers and the turbulent change. Impact of societal changes on losses on the battlefield. The significance of technological change to the infantryman's basic arm and the debate which illustrates the impact of technology on the development of a warrior class in the military.

Dempsey, James, "Persistence of a Warrior Ethic among the Plains Indians" Alberta History [Canada] 1988 36(1): 1-10.

    Abstract: Commencing in the 18th century with the acquisition of the horse, the Canadian Plains Indians became more warlike on an individualistic basis in which war medicines and talismans were important. Europeans (traders, missionaries) endeavored to curb these Indians' independence and warlike practices. In the 1870's treaties were signed to strengthen ties with the Crown, but not with the Canadian government. Notwithstanding these influences, the warrior ethic continued to be expounded well into the late 19th and 20th centuries. Hence it was a natural progression when more than 3,500 Indians enlisted in the Canadian armed forces during World War I.4

Dunivin, Karen O. "Military Culture: Change and Continuity" Armed Forces & Society 1994 20(4): 531-547.

    Abstract: Uses three interrelated concepts - ideal type, model, and paradigm - to examine change and continuity in the American military culture as it undergoes major social change in the last quarter of the 20th century. Briefly, the analysis defines the three concepts and then applies each to current military culture. From this analysis, one sees continuity in the military's cultural paradigm, termed the "combat, masculine-warrior." However, one also sees change, as illustrated by the military's "evolving" model of culture. The author also discusses how the military's combat, masculine-warrior paradigm conflicts with its evolving model of culture. This conflict helps explain some of the current turmoil as the military adapts to social change (e.g., diversity). The article concludes with a discussion of a potential paradigm shift in military culture. Hopefully this article provides a framework of analysis from which military leaders can better understand and proactively manage culture and change.

Hackworth, David. "Women as Warriors," The Washington Post, 4 October, 1992

    Abstract: Hackworth argues in favor of a congressional commission to determine whether women should be drafted, weather lessened physical fitness standards for women soldiers is detrimental, and whether combat assignments for women could be kept voluntary when they aren't voluntary for men.

Hawkins, William R. "Meeting the Warrior Challenge." Army, January 2001: 14-17.

    Abstract: Often the product of civil wars, insurgencies and dictatorships that have lasted decades, guerrilla fighters endure daily lives that are extremely hard by Western standards, and in places where death from disease, crime or casual misfortune is a constant factor.

Keegan, John.   "The Warrior's Code of No Surrender."  U.S. News & World Report. 23 January, 1995, Vol. 118 Issue 3, p47. Available online: Retrieved 25 November 2003 http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=9501187508&db=mth

    Abstract: Examines how the breakaway province of Chechnya, a nation of mountain warriors, has defied a Russian task force of tanks, strike aircraft and thousands of soldiers for over a month. The warrior spirit makes the Chechens difficult to defeat.

Lanman, Eric. "Wither the Warrior?" United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 124April 1998: 26-29.

    Abstract: US troops are increasingly called upon to serve as peacekeepers, police and aid workers. Lanman questions whether this dilution of mission will mark the end of the soldier as warrior--with a concomitant degradation of the US warfighting ability.

Linenthal, Edward Tabor. "From Hero to Anti-Hero: The Transformation of the Warrior in Modern America."  Soundings 1980 63(1): 79-93.

    Abstract: Linenthal posits that Americans' perception of the warrior since the War of 1812 has changed from the hero fighting for an honorable and righteous cause to the antihero fighting an unpopular war.

McKieman, David D. "The Army -- One Force, One Mission: 'Win this War and Prepare for Future Wars'."   Army October 2002 52(10): 141-149.

    Abstract: A look at the US Army's response to the attacks on the US on Sep 11, 2001, the global war on terrorism and the Army's ongoing transformation to meet the demands of future conflicts is presented. The inherent flexibility and agility of Army forces enable soldiers to perform missions across the full-spectrum of conflict from peacetime engagement to high-intensity combat.

Miller, Laura L. and Moskos, Charles. "Humanitarians or Warriors? Race, Gender, and Combat Status in Operation Restore Hope" Armed Forces & Society. 1995 21(4): 615-637.

    Abstract: Operation Restore Hope, the 1992-93 peacekeeping mission in Somalia, was a confusing mission for American soldiers. Trained as warriors, they were thrust into a humanitarian mission. Expecting to distribute food to grateful Somalis, instead they were attacked by the locals and limited to security and guard duty. Soldiers' attitudes evolved through three stages: high expectations, disillusionment, and reconsideration. In the last stage, soldiers adopted one of two frameworks to cope with the ambiguity of the mission: warrior versus humanitarian. The former was more strongly associated with whites, men, and combat soldiers, who constructed negative stereotypes of Somalis and favored returning violence with violence. Blacks, women, and support soldiers tended to reject victim-blaming arguments seemingly imported from the United States. They maintained a humanitarian position, seeking explanations for Somali actions and distinguishing between clan warriors and needy refugees.

Moore, William G., MG (Ret). "The Military Must Revive Its Warrior Spirit,"   The Wall Street Journal, 27 October 1998. Available online: Retrieved 25 November 2003 http://www.hackworth.com/Warrior%20Spirit.html

    Abstract: The U.S. military is having a hard time finding and keeping good men. More graduates of our service academies and military colleges are choosing not to pursue a military career. The mainstream media and professional military journals are filled with stories about pervasive low morale affecting the readiness and capabilities of our forces. The issue is not money, plenty of which has been thrown at the problem. Nor is it the lure of the economy and all the good jobs out there. The willingness to sacrifice is still an attribute of the soldier's life. You can't fool the troops; they know that the military as an institution is being eroded. The American military culture, established through two centuries of tradition, is under attack like it has never been before. The warrior is being overtaken by the technologist, and in the pursuit of opportunity for all; the fighting elites are now being targeted as no longer relevant to accomplishing the objectives of war.

Peters, Ralph. "The New Warrior Class,"   Parameters, Summer 1994: 16-26.

    Abstract: Peters analyzes what he calls the warrior class, challenging the notion that the word "warrior" adds allure to the self-image and professional status of soldiers. An analyst of emerging threats who travels extensively, he examines what he has seen in the regions where warriors flourish. One of his conclusions- that we need to systematically collect and analyze data on warrior groups and their leaders- can be borne out by experiences in Somalia and other places where soldiers confront irregular forces.

Peters, Ralph. "Soldier vs. Warrior",   The Washington Post, 7 March 1999: sec. B, p. 1.

    Abstract: The American military consists of professional soldiers with the raw power and technological might to shatter conventional enemies. However, the threats we are likely to face come not from other professional disciplined soldiers, but from but from warriors –individuals of volatile allegiance, who are habituated to violence and have no stake in civil order or codes of conduct. Organized militaries have proven inadequate against the terrorists, warlords, holy warriors, and mercenaries who subscribe to a wholly different and individualistic code of conduct. By reaching to understand the men behind the guns, we can take an initial step forward towards defeating them.

Schoomaker, Peter J. "The Army: A Critical Member of the Joint Team Serving the Nation at War." Army October 2003 53(10): 23

    Abstract: Schoomaker relates the active response of US Army towards terrorism that is always ready and relevant. The Army provides combatant commanders with trained and ready ground forces with both the capabilities and capacity to dominate the entire spectrum of operations. The US Army is a critical part of the joint team, thus, Americans must continue to focus their efforts on being a land force that will provide 21st century solutions to emerging challenges and a changing environment.

St. Denis , Cpt. Thomas, By Captain, "The Dangerous Appeal of the Warrior"  Canadian Military Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2 Summer 2001

    Abstract: The armies of Canada and the U.S. are increasingly encouraging the term warrior in addition to soldier in reference to their military fighting forces. St. Dennis contends that this warrior model bears no resemblance to any real warrior of any society, but is in fact a romanticized fiction similar to the ‘noble savage’ icon of the Age of Enlightenment. St. Denis uses the historical examples to delineate the qualities of the warrior archetype and argues that the qualities of individualism, personal honor, and the proclivity for unmitigated conflict are out of step with the goals of modern bureaucratic carrier-oriented armies.

Strube, Richard L Jr. , "Back to the basics: Maintaining the warrior spirit"  Army, Arlington: Aug 1999: vol. 49, Iss. 8; pg 13

    Abstract: The Army's imperative to get back to the basics that creates a warrior spirit among troops is addressed. The Army must remain focuses on its mission to fight and win its battles against the enemy.

Sweet, Timothy. "Masculinity and Self-Performance in the Life of Black Hawk"  American Literature, 1993 65(3): 475-499.

    Abstract: Discusses the traditional masculine tribal role of warrior and US government policy to eliminate the warrior tradition and to control and ultimately eradicate tribal cultures, using the autobiographical Life of Black Hawk (1833). Much of the analysis is based on primary and secondary speech genres used to construct and maintain Black Hawk's gender role in Sauk society. Black Hawk's self-representation as a warrior uses two traditional speech genres: the coup talk and self-vindication narrative. Documentation: Based on The Life of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-kai-Kaik, or Black Hawk . . . Dictated by Himself (1833); 3.

Walsh, Terrence. "Transforming ethics instruction at Fort Knox: Molding Ethical Warriors, One Scenario at a Time". Armor, vol. 111, no 4. Jul-Aug 2002: pp 7-9.

    Abstract: Walsh discusses the importance of training and molding ethical soldiers in the US Army. Soldiers must be trained to choose right actions over wrong ones in order to improve the quality of the Army.

Watson, Bradley C.S. "The Western Ethical Tradition and the Morality of the Warrior."  Armed Forces & Society, no. 26, Fall 1999: pgs 55-72.

    Abstract: Watson argues that Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, Machiavelli, Kant, and Nietzsche each contribute to the contemporary understanding of the warrior and his morality.

Webster, Alexander F. C. "Paradigms of the Contemporary American Soldier and Women in the Military"  Strategic Review, 1991 19(3): 22-30.

    Abstract: The US victory in the Persian Gulf War has led Congress to lift bans on women in combat, arguing that these constraints merely limit the career opportunities of military women. But what effect will lifting the combat exclusion have on the military profession as a whole? There are three paradigms of the military profession: the citizen soldier, the military careerist, and the heroic warrior. Opening combat arms to women is compatible only with the second paradigm. But combat is the sole raison d'etre of the profession of arms, and the marriage of feminism and military careerism can have no other effect than to weaken the US military institution as a whole.

Buckingham, David W., The Warrior Ethos,      Newport, RI: Naval War College: 1999. Available online: Retrieved 28 November 2003. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA366676

    Abstract: This project examines military culture and focuses on the ethos of the warrior subculture. The project is divided into two distinct sections. The first part is a paper titled "The Warrior Ethos in the 21st Century". The second half is a series of essays that examine five distinctive warrior traits in detail. "The Warrior Ethos in the 21st Century" defines the warrior ethos' and identifies five distinctive traits: discipline, sacrifice, cohesion, strength and authority, which the author contends are essential to success in combat but which are distinctive, to some degree, from the society we protect. This ethos is examined, in light of changing technology, changing roles and missions and changing social mores, to determine how, or if, the warrior ethos should change as we enter the 21st century. The five essays on distinctive warrior traits provide background research, primarily anecdotal, to the capstone paper. Both individual and group discipline is identified as essential on the battlefield. Cohesion is defined not only as a result of mutual confidence but also as an intangible result of shared hardship. A warrior's sacrifice - characterized as a relatively high probability of injury or death - is distinctive from the less risky service of the broader military culture. Strength is essential in forms of both physical strength and moral strength. Authority, both the legitimate exercise of authority and the proper respect for positions of authority, is identified at the keystone trait of the entire ethos. The project concludes that, despite tremendous changes in technology and migration of the Army's most visible roles and missions from war-fighting to peace-keeping, the warrior ethos will remain essential to success on the battlefield. Further, the project contends that military culture in general, and the warrior ethos in particular, must be defended from tinkering motivated purely by changes in broader American culture without regard for military effectiveness.

Eshelman, Mark J., The Code of the Warrior and the "Kinder & Gentler Army".  Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2001. Available online: Retrieved 28 November 2003 http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390609

    Abstract: This paper addresses the impact, on the Code of the American Warrior, of accusations that today’s "Kinder, Gentler Army" is incapable of winning wars. The paper seeks to determine whether the American solder’s professional ethic should change as American’s Army enters the 21^st Century. Criticisms regarding a degradation of the American warrior ethic are examined in two broad categories: as a result of societal pressures, primarily the integration of women in the Army, and as a result of increased participation in military operations short of war. The study describes the evolution of the warrior code, and while there is no official code of the American warrior, establish what the code essentially is. The paper reviews past warrior codes in an effort to apply lesions leaned by other societies. After deriving what some might call an idealistic warrior ethic, the paper seeks to determine whether the average soldier is capable of living up to it. The research project’s conclusion is that the current Code of the American Warrior is about right," but could be slightly improves for operations short of war by incorporating lessons from the Chinese warriors of the Tao Te Ching and American law enforcement agencies.

Kienle, Frederick R., The Code of the Warrior and the Kinder, Gentler Army,  Strategy Research Project. Carlisle Barracks: U.S. Army War College, 2001.  Available online:  Retrieved 28 November 2003   http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA389058

    Abstract: This study reviews the history, evolution, and sources of accepted "warrior" norms, behaviors, and values as they exist in today’s Army. This is set against sociological, legislated, and evolutionary developments that have lead to the perception of a "kinder, gentler Army." The research intends to determine if natural evolution has occurred in support of U.S. national interests or if, in fact, today’s Army is less able to meet warfighting and other directed requirements due to a softening of training and operating procedures, which violated the warrior code.

Johnson, Robert C. Warrior Spirit: What it is and How to Make it Happen?,   Army Command and General Staff College,   School of Advanced Military Studies,  1994.  Available online: Retrieved 28 November 2003 http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA289119

    Abstract: A review of Army leadership doctrine exposes a disconnect. Army doctrine states that development of the 'warrior spirit' in soldiers, leaders, and organizations is vital to the Army's success. However, the Army does not have a uniform definition for the term warrior spirit in its leadership doctrine. This monograph defines and discusses techniques that a tactical level leader can use to foster the development of a 'warrior spirit' in his unit. The monograph fulfills the requirements discussed above through an examination of theory, doctrine, and history. The discussion on theory and doctrine is the basis to develop a 'straw-man' definition for warrior spirit as a point of departure. The discussion on two historical cases offers insight into techniques tactical commanders used to develop the warrior spirit in their units. Finally, analysis of the historical cases through the framework of the 'straw-man' definition captures the essence of developing the warrior spirit.

Return to Bibliographies and Reading Lists