September 2001 |
ToxFAQs™ |
for |
Methyl Parathion |
(Metilparatión) |
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This fact sheet answers the most frequently
asked health questions about methyl parathion. For more information,
you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737.
This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous
substances and their health effects. This information is important
because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure
to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration,
how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether
other chemicals are present.
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HIGHLIGHTS: The general population
is probably not exposed to methyl parathion. However,
exposure to methyl parathion may occur at farms where
it has been used as a pesticide. Under certain exposure
conditions, methyl parathion can affect the central nervous
system resulting in dizziness, headache, difficulty breathing,
vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, blurred vision, sweating,
and possibly death. This chemical has been found in at
least 16 of the 1,585 National Priorities List sites identified
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). |
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What
is methyl parathion? |
Methyl parathion is an insecticide that
does not occur naturally in the environment. Pure methyl parathion
exists as white crystals. Impure methyl parathion is a brownish
liquid that smells like rotten eggs.
Methyl parathion is used to kill insects
on farm crops, especially cotton. The EPA now restricts how
methyl parathion can be used and applied; only trained people
are allowed to spray it. Methyl parathion can no longer be
used on food crops commonly consumed by children.
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What
happens to methyl parathion when it enters the environment? |
- Methyl parathion enters the environment primarily through
spraying on farm crops.
- Methyl parathion breaks down quickly to other chemical
compounds by interacting with water, bacteria in the water,
and sunlight.
- Methyl parathion sticks to soil and generally does not
move from the soil to groundwater.
- Methyl parathion does not appear to accumulate in fish
or plants.
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How
might I be exposed to methyl parathion? |
- Most people are not exposed to methyl parathion in the
air they breathe or on things they touch, unless they live
next to areas being sprayed.
- Farm workers, chemical sprayers, and people who work
in factories that make methyl parathion are most likely
to be exposed.
- People who live near farms where methyl parathion is
used or near landfills where methyl parathion has been dumped
may be exposed.
- Individuals may also be exposed by going into fields
too soon after spraying.
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How
can methyl parathion affect my health? |
Methyl parathion interferes with the
normal way that the nerves and brain function. Exposure to
very high levels of methyl parathion for a short period in
air or water may cause death, loss of consciousness, dizziness,
confusion, headaches, difficult breathing, chest tightness,
wheezing, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, tremors, blurred vision,
and sweating. Changes in mental state may last several months
after exposure to high levels of methyl parathion has ended.
If people are exposed to levels of methyl parathion below
those that affect nerve function, few or no health problems
seem to occur. A reduced ability to fight infections has also
been seen in some animal studies; we do not know if this would
also occur in humans.
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How
likely is methyl parathion to cause cancer? |
There is no evidence that methyl parathion
causes cancer in people who are regularly exposed, such as
farmers and pesticide applicators, or in animals. The EPA
and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has
determined that methyl parathion is not classifiable as to
human carcinogenicity.
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How
can methyl parathion affect children? |
It is likely that health effects seen
in children exposed to high levels of methyl parathion will
be similar to the effects seen in adults. It is not known
whether children are more sensitive to the effects of methyl
parathion than adults. There is some indication that young
rats may be more sensitive than adults to nervous system effects.
Birth defects have not been observed
in humans exposed to methyl parathion or in the offspring
of animals that ingested methyl parathion while pregnant.
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How
can families reduce the risk of exposure to methyl parathion? |
The general population is not likely
to be exposed to large amounts of methyl parathion. Some people
living in the areas where methyl parathion is used on crops
may be exposed to greater amounts of methyl parathion. Therefore,
staying away from fields that have been recently sprayed may
reduce exposure.
Children should avoid playing in soils
near uncontrolled hazardous waste sites where methyl parathion
may have been discarded.
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Is
there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to methyl
parathion? |
Methyl parathion can be detected in your
blood and its breakdown product can be detected in your urine,
but only within about 24 hours after your last exposure. If
exposure is known or suspected, a test can be done that measures
cholinesterase levels in your blood. However, low levels of
cholinesterase may be a result of methyl parathion exposure
or it could be caused by factors other than methyl parathion.
These tests are not usually available at your doctors office,
but your doctor can send the samples to a laboratory that
can perform the tests. None of these tests, however, can predict
whether you will experience any health effects.
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Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? |
- The EPA allows 0.002 milligrams of methyl parathion per
liter of drinking water (0.002 mg/L) for lifetime exposure
of adults.
- The NIOSH recommends that a person in the workplace not
be exposed to more than 0.2 milligram of methyl parathion
per cubic meter of air (0.2 mg/m³) for a 10-hour workday,
40-hour workweek.
- The EPA allows a maximum of 0.1-1 part methyl parathion
per million parts (0.1-1 ppm) of certain types of food.
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References |
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2001. Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents.
Volume III Medical Management Guidelines for Acute
Chemical Exposures: Methyl Parathion. Atlanta,
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2001. Toxicological
Profile for methyl parathion. Update. Atlanta, GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
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Where can I get more information? |
ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational
and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize,
evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous
substances. You can also contact your community or state health
or environmental quality department if you have any more questions
or concerns. For more information, contact:
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX: (770)-488-4178
Email: ATSDRIC@cdc.gov
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