February 2001 |
ToxFAQs™ |
for |
Toluene |
(Tolueno) |
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This fact sheet answers the most frequently
asked health questions about toluene. For more information,
you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737.
This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous
substances and their health effects. This information is important
because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure
to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration,
how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether
other chemicals are present.
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HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to toluene
occurs from breathing contaminated workplace air, in automobile
exhaust, some consumer products paints, paint thinners,
fingernail polish, lacquers, and adhesives. Toluene affects
the nervous system. Toluene has been found at 959 of the
1,591 National Priority List sites identified by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). |
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What
is toluene? |
Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid
with a distinctive smell. Toluene occurs naturally in crude
oil and in the tolu tree. It is also produced in the process
of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making
coke from coal.
Toluene is used in making paints, paint
thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber
and in some printing and leather tanning processes.
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What
happens to toluene when it enters the environment? |
- Toluene enters the environment when you use materials
that contain it. It can also enter surface water and groundwater
from spills of solvents and petrolieum products as well
as from leasking underground storage tanks at gasoline stations
and other facilities.
- When toluene-containing products are placed in landfills
or waste disposal sites, the toluene can enter the soil
or water near the waste site.
- Toluene does not usually stay in the environment long.
- Toluene does not concentrate or buildup to high levels
in animals.
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How
might I be exposed to toluene? |
- Breathing contaminated workplace air or automobile exhaust.
- Working with gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, paints,
and lacquers.
- Drinking contaminated well-water.
- Living near uncontrolled hazardous waste sites containing
toluene products.
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How
can toluene affect my health? |
Toluene may affect the nervous system.
Low to moderate levles can cause tiredness, confusion, weakness,
drunken-type actions, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite,
and hearing and color vision loss. These symptoms usually
disappear when exposure is stopped.
Inhaling High levels of toluene in a
short time can make you feel light-headed, dizzy, or sleepy.
It can also cause unconsciousness, and even death.
High levels of toluene may affect your
kidneys.
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How
likely is toluene to cause cancer? |
Studies in humans and animals generally
indicate that toluene does not cause cancer.
The EPA has determined that the carcinogenicity
of toluene can not be classified.
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How
does toluene affect children? |
It is likely that health effects seen
in children exposed to toluene will be similar to the effects
seen in adults.
Some studies in animals suggest that
babies may be more sensitive than adults.
Breathing very high levels of toluene
during pregnancy can result in children with birth defects
and retard mental abilities, and growth. We do not know if
toluene harms the unborn child if the mother is exposed to
low levels of toluene during pregnancy.
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How
can families reduce the risk of exposure to toluene? |
Use toluene-containing products in well-ventilated
areas.
When not in use, toluene-containing products
should be tightly covered to prevent evaporation into the
air.
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Is
there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to toluene? |
There are tests to measure the level
of toluene or its breakdown products in exhaled air, urine,
and blood. To determine if you have been exposed to toluene,
your urine or blood must be checked within 12 hours of exposure.
Several other chemicals are also changed into the same breakdown
products as toluene, so some of these tests are not specific
for toluene.
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Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? |
EPA has set a limit of 1 milligram per
liter of drinking water (1 mg/L).
Discharges, releases, or spills of more
than 1,000 pounds of toluene must be reported to the National
Response Center.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
has set a limit of 200 parts toluene per million of workplace
air (200 ppm).
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References |
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2001. Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents.
Volume III Medical Management Guidelines for Acute
Chemical Exposures: Toluene. Atlanta,
GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2000. Toxicological
Profile for toluene. Update. Atlanta, GA: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
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Where can I get more information? |
ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational
and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize,
evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous
substances. You can also contact your community or state health
or environmental quality department if you have any more questions
or concerns. For more information, contact:
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX: (770)-488-4178
Email: ATSDRIC@cdc.gov
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