September 2003 |
ToxFAQs™ |
for |
Selenium |
(Selenio) |
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This fact sheet answers the most frequently
asked health questions about selenium. For more information,
you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737.
This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous
substances and their health effects. This information is important
because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure
to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration,
how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether
other chemicals are present.
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HIGHLIGHTS: People may be exposed
to low levels of selenium daily through food and water.
Selenium is a trace mineral needed in small amounts for
good health, but exposure to much higher levels can result
in neurological effects and brittle hair and deformed
nails. Occupational inhalation exposure to selenium vapors
may cause dizziness, fatigue, irritation of mucous membranes,
and respiratory effects. This substance has been found
in at least 508 of the 1,636 National Priorities List
sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). |
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What
is selenium? |
Selenium is a naturally occurring mineral
element that is distributed widely in nature in most rocks
and soils. In its pure form, it exists as metallic gray to
black hexagonal crystals, but in nature it is usually combined
with sulfide or with silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals.
Most processed selenium is used in the electronics industry,
but it is also used: as a nutritional supplement; in the glass
industry; as a component of pigments in plastics, paints,
enamels, inks, and rubber; in the preparation of pharmaceuticals;
as a nutritional feed additive for poultry and livestock;
in pesticide formulations; in rubber production; as an ingredient
in antidandruff shampoos; and as a constituent of fungicides.
Radioactive selenium is used in diagnostic medicine.
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What
happens to selenium when it enters the environment? |
- Selenium occurs naturally in the environment and can
be released by both natural and manufacturing processes.
- Selenium dust can enter the air from burning coal and
oil. This selenium dust will eventually settle over the
land and water.
- It also enters water from rocks and soil, and from agricultural
and industrial waste. Some selenium compounds will dissolve
in water, and some will settle to the bottom as particles.
- Insoluble forms of selenium will remain in soil, but soluble
forms are very mobile and may enter surface water from soils.
- Selenium may accumulate up the food chain.
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How
might I be exposed to selenium? |
- The general population is exposed to very low levels of
selenium in air, food, and water. The majority of the daily
intake comes from food.
- People working in or living near industries where selenium
is produced, processed, or converted into commercial products
may be exposed to higher levels of selenium in the air.
- People living in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites
or coal burning plants may also be exposed to higher levels
of selenium.
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How
can selenium affect my health? |
Selenium has both beneficial and harmful
effects. Low doses of selenium are needed to maintain good
health. However, exposure to high levels can cause adverse
health effects. Short-term oral exposure to high concentrations
of selenium may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Chronic
oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium compounds
can produce a disease called selenosis. The major signs of
selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological
abnormalities (such as numbness and other odd sensations in
the extremities).
Brief exposures to high levels of elemental
selenium or selenium dioxide in air can result in respiratory
tract irritation, bronchitis, difficulty breathing, and stomach
pains. Longer-term exposure to either of these air-borne forms
can cause respiratory irritation, bronchial spasms, and coughing.
Levels of these forms of selenium that would be necessary
to produce such effects are normally not seen outside of the
workplace.
Animal studies have shown that very high
amounts of selenium can affect sperm production and the female
reproductive cycle. We do not know if similar effects would
occur in humans.
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How
likely is selenium to cause cancer? |
Studies of laboratory animals and people
show that most selenium compounds probably do not cause cancer.
In fact, studies in humans suggest that lower-than-normal
selenium levels in the diet might increase the risk of cancer.
The International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) has determined that selenium and selenium
compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity
to humans.
The EPA has determined that one specific
form of selenium, selenium sulfide, is a probable human carcinogen.
Selenium sulfide is not present in foods and is a very different
chemical from the organic and inorganic selenium compounds
found in foods and in the environment.
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How
can selenium affect children? |
It is likely that the health effects
seen in children exposed to selenium will be similar to the
effects seen in adults. However, one study found that children
may be less susceptible to the health effects of selenium
than adults.
Selenium compounds have not been shown
to cause birth defects in humans or in other mammals.
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How
can families reduce the risk of exposure to selenium? |
- Certain dietary supplements and shampoos contain selenium;
these should be used according to the manufacturer's directions.
- Children living near waste sites that contain selenium
or coal burning plants should be encouraged to wash their
hands before eating and to avoid putting their unwashed
hands in their mouths.
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Is
there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to selenium? |
Low levels of selenium are normally found
in body tissues and urine. Blood and urine tests for selenium
are most useful for people who have recently been exposed
to high levels. Toenail clippings can be used to determine
longer term exposure. These tests are not usually available
at your doctor's office, but your doctor can send the samples
to a laboratory that can perform the tests. None of these
tests, however, can predict whether you will experience any
health effects.
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Has
the federal government made recommendations to protect human
health? |
The EPA restricts the amount of selenium
allowed in public water supplies to 50 parts total selenium
per billion parts of water (50 ppb).
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) sets a limit of 0.2 mg selenium/m³ of workroom
air for an 8-hour work shift.
ATSDR and the EPA have determined that
5 micrograms of selenium per kilogram of body weight taken
daily would not be expected to cause any adverse health effects
over a lifetime of such intake.
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References |
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2003. Toxicological
Profile for selenium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
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Where can I get
more information? |
ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational
and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize,
evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous
substances. You can also contact your community or state health
or environmental quality department if you have any more questions
or concerns. For more information, contact:
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX: (770)-488-4178
Email: ATSDRIC@cdc.gov
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