The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Sex-Based Discrimination

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race, color, national origin, and religion. Title VII applies to employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government.

It is unlawful to discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of his/her sex in regard to hiring, termination, promotion, compensation, job training, or any other term, condition, or privilege of employment. Title VII also prohibits employment decisions based on stereotypes and assumptions about abilities, traits, or the performance of individuals on the basis of sex. Title VII prohibits both intentional discrimination and neutral job policies that disproportionately exclude individuals on the basis of sex and that are not job related.

Title VII's prohibitions against sex-based discrimination also cover:

Sexual Harassment
This includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including same sex harassment.
Pregnancy Based Discrimination
Title VII was amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth and related medical conditions.

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 requires that men and women be given equal pay for equal work in the same establishment. The jobs need not be identical, but they must be substantially equal. Title VII also prohibits compensation discrimination on the basis of sex. Unlike the Equal Pay Act, however, Title VII does not require that the claimant's job be substantially equal to that of a higher paid person of the opposite sex or require the claimant to work in the same establishment.

It is also unlawful to retaliate against an individual for opposing employment practices that discriminate based on sex or for filing a discrimination charge, testifying, or participating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or litigation under Title VII.

Statistics

In Fiscal Year 2002, EEOC received 25,536 charges of sex-based discrimination. EEOC resolved 29,088 sex discrimination charges in FY 2002 and recovered $94.7 million in monetary benefits for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals (not including monetary benefits obtained through litigation).

Charge Statistics: Sex-Based Discrimination

Need more information?

EEOC's guidelines on sex-based discrimination are available in the Code of Federal Regulations, at 29 C.F.R Part 1604. The text of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act is also available. EEOC has also issued enforcement guidances on various issues related to sex-based discrimination, including:

Enforcement Guidance on Sex Discrimination in the Compensation of Sports Coaches in Educational Institutions
Discusses the application of the Equal Pay Act and Title VII to the issue of sex discrimination in the compensation of sports coaches in educational institutions.

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