Dividends From Wood Research

Recent Publications January - June 2004

United States
Department of
Agriculture

Forest
Service

Forest
Products
Laboratory


Explanation and Instructions

"Dividends From Wood Research" is a semiannual listing of recent publications resulting from wood utilization research at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). These publications are produced to encourage and facilitate application of Forest Service research. This issue lists publications received between January 1 and June 30, 2004.

Each publication listed in this brochure is available through at least one of the following sources.

Available from FPL (indicated by an order number before the title of the publication): Quantities limited. Order by sending the item number and your complete mailing address.

Available through the Internet: Listed publications are available as PDF documents for viewing or printing through links provided in this document.

Available through sales outlets: Major sales outlets are the Superintendent of Documents, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and various private publishers. Order directly from the outlet.

Available through libraries: Research publications are available through many public and university libraries in the United States and elsewhere. U.S. Government publications are also available through many Government Depository Libraries. Check with a major library near you to determine availability.

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List of Categories

Publications are listed in this brochure within the following general categories:

Biodiversity and Biosystematics of Fungi
Decay Processes and Bioprocessing
Durability
General
Papermaking and Paper Recycling
Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products
Surface Chemistry
Timber and Fiber Demand and Technology Assessment
Wood Anatomy
Wood Chemistry


Biodiversity and Biosystematics of Fungi

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Genus Phanerochaete Inferred From the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region (PDF 140 KB)
de Koker, Theodorus H.; Nakasone, Karen K.; Haarhof, Jacques; Burdsall, Harold H., Jr.; Janse, Bernard J.H. 2003. Mycol. Res. 107(9): 1032-1040.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/koker03a.pdf

Phellinus coronadensis: A New Species From Southern Arizona, USA (PDF 168 KB)
Rizzo, D.M.; Gieser, P.T.; Burdsall, H.H., Jr. 2003. Mycologia. 95(1): 74-79.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/rizzo03a.pdf

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Decay Processes and Bioprocessing

Molecular Characterization of the Hansenula polymorpha FLDI Gene Encoding Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase (PDF 163 KB)
Baerends, Richard J.S.; Sulter, Grietje J.; Jeffries, Thomas W.; Cregg, James M.; Veenhuis, Marten 2002. Yeast 2002. 19: 37-42.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/baere02a.pdf

Accelerated Detection of Brown-Rot Decay: Comparison of Soil Block Text, Chemical Analysis, Mechanical Properties, and Immunodetection (PDF 139 KB)
Clausen, C.A.; Kartal, S.N. 2003. Forest Prod. J. 53(11/12): 90-94.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/claus03b.pdf

Evaluating Wood-Based Composites for Incipient Fungal Decay With the Immunodiagnostic Wood Decay Test (PDF 1.2 MB)
Clausen, C. A.; Haughton, L.; Murphy, C. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-142. 7 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr142.pdf

Early and accurate detection of the extent of fungal deterioration during forensic inspection of the building envelope would eliminate excessive or unnecessary replacement of wood-based building materials. Areas of water infiltration in wood-framed building envelopes in the Pacific Northwest were evaluated visually and sampled for moisture content. Wood samples were cultured in the laboratory and tested for the presence of decay fungi by the immunodiagnostic wood decay (IWD) test. In oriented strandboard sheathing, a correlation was seen between low moisture content, arrested fungal growth, advanced visual deterioration, and negative IWD results in a building envelope in which advanced fungal decay was discovered 3 years prior to the evaluation. Evaluation of exterior siding showed a correlation of high moisture content and of swelling and softening of the product with positive IWD results. We conclude that the IWD test should be used to indicate the presence of decay fungi in areas where high moisture content indicates a potential for biodeterioration, since moisture is a precursor for fungal growth.
Conversion of Conifer Wastes Into Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms (PDF 216 KB)
Croan, Suki C. 2004. Forest Prod. J. 54(2): 68-76.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_croan001.pdf

Decay and Termite Resistance of Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Made From Different Wood Species (PDF 320 KB)
Kartal, S. Nami; Green, Frederick III 2003. Int. Biodeter. & Biodegrad. 51: 29-35.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/karta03a.pdf

Characterization of Wood Decay Enzymes by MALDI-MS for Post-Translational Modification and Gene Identification (PDF 299 KB)
de Koker, Theodorus H.; Kersten, Philip J. 2002. In: 33d annual meeting; 2002 May 12-17; Cardiff, Wales UK. Sec. 1. Biology. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 02-10442.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/koker02a.pdf

A Novel Extracellular Multicopper Oxidase From Phanerochaete chrysosporium with Ferroxidase Activity (PDF 943 KB)
Larrondo, Luis F.; Salas, Loreto; Melo, Francisco; Vicuña, Rafael; Cullen, Daniel 2003. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(10): 6257-6263.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/larro03a.pdf

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Durability

Proceedings, Environmental Impacts of Preservative-Treated Wood Conference; 2004 February 8-11; Orlando, FL. Gainesville, FL: Florida Center for Environmental Solutions

Scaled-Up Remediation of CCA-Treated Wood (PDF 390 KB)
Clausen, Carol A.; Kenealy, William R.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_clausen001.pdf

Bioremediation and Degradation of CCA-Treated Wood Waste (PDF 114 KB)
Illman, Barbara L.; Yang, Vina W.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_illman001.pdf

Proceedings, 5th International Scientific Conference, Wood and Fire Safety; 2004 April 18-22; Strbske, Pleso, Slovak Republic

Ignitability of Materials in Transitional Heating Regimes (PDF 155 KB)
Dietenberger, Mark A. 2004. 31-41.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_dietenberger001.pdf

Effects of Backing Board Materials on Wood Combustion Performance (PDF 127 KB)
Hagge, Mathew J.; Bryden, Kenneth M.; Dietenberger, Mark A. 2004. 51-58.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_hagge001.pdf

Fire Resistance of Exposed Wood Members (PDF 78 KB)
White, Robert H. 2004. 337-344.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_white001.pdf

Improving the Two-Step Remediation Process for CCA-Treated Wood: Part I. Evaluating Oxalic Acid Extraction (PDF 76 KB)
Clausen, Carol 2004. Waste Management 24 (2004): 401-405.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_clausen003.pdf

Improving the Two-Step Remediation Process for CCA-Treated Wood: Part II. Evaluating Bacterial Nutrient Sources (PDF 644 KB)
Clausen, Carol A. 2004. Waste Management 24: 407-411.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_clausen002.pdf

Laboratory Studies of CCA-C Leaching: Influence of Wood and Soil Properties on Extent of Arsenic and Copper Depletion (PDF 133 KB)
Crawford, Doug; Fox, Roger; Kamden, Pascal; Lebow, Stan; Nicholas, Darrel; Pettry, David; Schultz, Tor; Sites, Linda; Ziobro, Richard 2002. In: 33d annual meeting; 2002 May 12-17; Cardiff, Wales UK. Sec. 5. Environmental aspects. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 02-50186.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/crawf02a.pdf

Nondestructive Evaluation of Oriented Strand Board Exposed to Decay Fungi (PDF 484 KB)
Illman, Barbara L.; Yang, Vina W.; Ross, Robert J.; Nelson, William J. 2002. In: 33d annual meeting; 2002, May 12-17; Cardiff, Wales UK. Sec. 2. Test Methodology and Assessment. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document IRG/WP 02-20243.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/illman02a.pdf

Effects of Inorganic Ions on Leachability of Wood Preserving N'N-hydroxynapthalimide (NHA) (PDF 189 KB)
Kartal, S. Nami; Dorau, Ben F.; Lebow, Stan T.; Green, Frederick III 2004. Forest Prod. J. 54(1): 80-84.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_kartal001.pdf

Alternatives to Chromated Copper Arsenate for Residential Construction (PDF 1.0 MB)
Lebow, Stan 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-618. 9 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp618.pdf

For decades chromated copper arsenate (CCA) was the primary preservative for treated wood used in residential construction. However, recent label changes submitted by CCA registrants will withdraw CCA from most residential applications. This action has increased interest in arsenic-free preservative systems that have been standardized by the American Wood Preservers' Association. These include acid copper chromate (ACC), alkaline copper quat (ACQ), copper azole (CBA-A and CA-B), copper citrate (CC), copper dimethyldithio-carbamate (CDDC), and copper HDO (CX-A). All of these CCA alternatives rely on copper as their primary biocide, although some have co-biocides to help prevent attack by copper-tolerant fungi. These alternative treatments have appearance and handling properties similar to those of CCA and are likely to be readily accepted by consumers. Prior studies indicate that these treatments release preservative components into the environment at a rate greater than or equal to that of CCA, but because their components have lower mammalian toxicity they are less likely to cause concern in residential applications. As the treated wood industry evolves, it is probable that a wider range of types and retentions of wood preservatives will become available, with the treatment more closely tailored to a specific type of construction application.
Variability in Evaluating Environmental Impacts of Treated Wood (PDF 731 KB)
Lebow, Stan; Cooper, Paul; Lebow, Patricia K. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-620. 10 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp620.pdf
Preservative-treated wood contains components that may be toxic to non-target organisms if released into the environment in sufficient quantities. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the rate of preservative release from treated wood and/or the extent of their subsequent accumulation in the environment. These studies have produced a wide range of results, with a corresponding range of interpretations and recommendations. This paper reviews research on wood preservative leaching and environmental accumulation and discusses sources of the variability in research findings. Variables such as wood properties, pressure treatment techniques, construction practices, exposure conditions, and site conditions are discussed.
Effect of Simulated Rainfall and Weathering on Release of Preservative Elements From CCA Treated Wood (PDF 322 KB)
Lebow, Stan; Williams, R. Sam; Lebow, Patricia 2003. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(18): 4077-4082.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/lebow03a.pdf

Long-Term Soil Accumulation of Chromium, Copper, and Arsenic Adjacent to Preservative-Treated Wood (PDF 66 KB)
Lebow, S.; Foster, D.; Evans, J. 2004. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72:225-232.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_lebow004.pdf

Rate of CCA Leaching From Commercially Treated Decking (PDF 102 KB)
Lebow, Stan; Foster, Daniel; Lebow, Patricia. 2004. Forest Prod. J. 54(2): 81-88.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_lebow003.pdf

Estimating Air Drying Times of Lumber With Multiple Regression (PDF 509 KB)
Simpson, William T. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note. FPL-RN-0293. 12 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fpl_rn293.pdf

In this study, the applicability of a multiple regression equation for estimating air drying times of red oak, sugar maple, and ponderosa pine lumber was evaluated. The equation allows prediction of estimated air drying times from historic weather records of temperature and relative humidity at any desired location.

Assessment of Decay in Standing Timber Using Stress Wave Timing Nondestructive Evaluation Tools--A Guide for Use and Interpretation (PDF 1.7 MB)
Wang, Xiping; Divos, Ferenc; Pilon, Crystal; Brashaw, Brian K.; Ross, Robert J.; Pellerin, Roy F. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-147. 12 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr147.pdf

This guide was prepared to assist field foresters in the use of stress wave timing instruments to locate and define areas of decay in standing timber. The first three sections provide background information, the principles of stress wave nondestructive testing, and measurement techniques for stress wave nondestructive testing. The last section is a detailed description of how to apply stress wave nondestructive testing methods to standing timber. A sample field data acquisition form is included.

Stress Wave Sorting of Red Maple Logs for Structural Quality (PDF 170 KB)
Wang, Xiping; Ross, Robert J.; Green, David W.; Brashaw, Brian; Englund, Karl; Wolcott, Michael 2004. Wood Sci. Technol. 37: 531-537.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_wang001.pdf

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General

Diagnostic Guide for Evaluating Surface Distortions in Veneered Furniture and Cabinetry (PDF 576 KB)
Christiansen, Alfred W.; Knaebe, Mark 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-143. 8 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr143.pdf

Manufacturers and installers of wood-veneered furniture and cabinetry sometimes find that their products eventually develop surface distortions, characterized by either buckling or cracking of the surface finish. The veneer itself sometimes buckles or cracks. Most surface distortions are caused by moisture changes in the product. This guide is a diagnostic tool for locating or narrowing down the source of the problem. By describing the many ways in which moisture changes can become a problem, the guide provides information for avoiding or minimizing surface distortions. Although the guide focuses on veneer, the information presented here should be useful for other wood products as well.
Log Sort Yard Economics, Planning, and Feasibility (PDF 959 KB)
Dramm, John Rusty; Govett, Robert; Bilek, Ted; Jackson, Gerry L. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-146. 31 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr146.pdf

This publication discusses basic marketing and economic concepts, planning approach, and feasibility methodology for assessing log sort yard operations. Special attention is given to sorting small-diameter and underutilized logs from forest restoration, fuels reduction, and thinning operations. A planned programming approach of objectively determining the feasibility of establishing a log sort yard operation is recommended. This critical thinking will help develop the strategic, marketing, business, and operational plans to guide the development and operation of the log sort yard. Preliminary financial feasibility should begin early in the planning process to help focus efforts on potentially viable opportunities and save time, effort, and money from chasing poor investment scenarios. After options are narrowed, detailed resource assessment, markets, and financial analyses are done. Several critical factors are considered and evaluated for each log sort yard scenario. Although commercial log sort yards have a proven track record throughout North America, small community-based and government-operated log yards have had limited success. Serious consideration must be given to employing an experienced log sort yard contractor to operate and manage day-to-day operations. Several operational, policy, and judicial issues need to be resolved for successful operation of government and community log sort yards in the United States.
Bark Beetles and Fungal Associates Colonizing White Spruce in the Great Lakes Region (PDF 327 KB)
Haberkern, Kirsten E.; Illman, Barbara L.; Raffa, Kenneth, F. 2002. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1137-1150.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/haber02a.pdf

Design of a Hydraulic Bending Machine (PDF 813 KB)
Hankel, Steve; Begel, Marshall. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-148. 5 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr148.pdf

To keep pace with customer demands while phasing out old and unserviceable test equipment, the staff of the Engineering Mechanics Laboratory (EML) at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, designed and assembled a hydraulic bending test machine. The EML built this machine to test dimension lumber, nominal 2 in. thick and up to 12 in. deep, at spans up to 20 ft and loads up to 20,000 lbf. The hydraulic bending test machine was built using parts of a 100,000-lbf compression test frame. Added components included W12 by 65 steel beams; steel tube sections, L-sections, and threaded rods for beam attachment; I-beam spacer plates; wood block beam end supports; a 4-in. bore, 10-in. stroke hydraulic cylinder with 38,000 lbf capacity; steel plates for cylinder reinforcement; and two pivoting four-point load head assemblies. Eccentric loads that might occur during a test will not yield the positioning screws of the machine head or otherwise affect test results.
Assessing the Market Potential of Roundwood Recreational Buildings (PDF 1.2 MB)
Paun, Dorothy; Cantrell, Randall; LeVan-Green, Susan L. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-144. 6 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr144.pdf

Fire- and disease-prone forests arise from overabundant stands of small-diameter timber. A means of restoring forest health is to thin these dense stands, but the resulting small-diameter roundwood (SDR) harvest is perceived as having marginal value and use. To better understand this perception, we explored the market potential of using SDR in the recreational buildings market. Our primary goal was to estimate the market potential for recreational buildings constructed from SDR on National and State forests and parks. A questionnaire designed to determine the current and potential market size of public recreational buildings and the extent to which architects and builders would consider using SDR as a recreational building material was distributed to architects and building designers representing both Federal and State organizations. The results indicate that (1) the number of recreational buildings on National and State forests, parks, and recreational areas could increase by 5,150 to 51,500 buildings; (2) wood has been used in 57% of existing recreational buildings and its use could increase by 13%; (3) 58% of the building professionals surveyed said they would consider using SDR in future recreational buildings; (4) the market potential arising from SDR substitution, even for a near-substitute like lumber, is substantial; (5) cabins, pay stations, picnic shelters, concession stands, and information centers would be the best markets to target for SDR use; (6) roundwood is perceived as superior to all other building materials in terms of being an attractive and "green" building material; and (7) SDR market potential will grow to the extent that durability increases and maintenance and construction complexity decrease.
Estimating the Board Foot to Cubic Foot Ratio (PDF ** KB)
Verrill, Steve; Herian, Victoria L.; Spelter, Henry 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-616. 18 p.
**

Certain issues in recent softwood lumber trade negotiations have centered on the method for converting estimates of timber volumes reported in cubic meters to board feet. Such conversions depend on many factors; three of the most important of these are log length, diameter, and taper. Average log diameters vary by region and have declined in the western United States due to the growing scarcity of large diameter, old-growth trees. Such a systematic reduction in size in the log population affects volume conversions from cubic units to board feet, which makes traditional rule of thumb conversion factors antiquated. In this paper we present an improved empirical method for performing cubic volume to board foot conversions.
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Papermaking and Paper Recycling

Bilinear Modelling of Cellulosic Orthotropic Nonlinear Materials (PDF 165 KB)
Saliklis, E.P.; Urbanik, T.J.; Tokyay, B. 2003. J. Pulp Pap. Sci. 29(12): 407-411.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/salik03a.pdf

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Properties and Use of Wood, Composites, and Fiber Products

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites (and other natural fibers); 2003 May 19-20; Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center, Madison, WI. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society

Impact Toughness of Cellulose-Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene: Influence of Microstructure in Laminates and Injection Molded Composites (PDF 639 KB)
Clemons, Craig, Caulfield, Daniel; Giacomin, A. Jeffrey 2003: 119-125.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/clemo03a.pdf

Combined Ultraviolet and Water Exposure as a Preconditioning Method in Laboratory Fungal Durability Testing (PDF 1.0 MB)
Ibach, Rebecca E.; Clemons, Craig M.; Stark, Nicole M. 2003: 61-67.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/ibach03a.pdf

Hybrid Composites: Combining Cellulose Fibers and Wollastonite Mineral Fibers into a Nylon 6 Matrix (PDF 81 KB)
Jacobson, Rodney E.; Caulfield, Daniel F. 2003: 271-276.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/jacob03a.pdf

Effect of Processing Method on Accelerated Weathering of Woodflour-HDPE Composites (PDF 175 KB)
Stark, Nicole M.; Matuana, Laurent M.; Clemons, Craig M. 2003: 79-87.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/stark03c.pdf

Influence of Natural Fibers on the Phase Transitions in High-Density Polyethylene Composites Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (PDF 125 KB)
Tajvidi, Mehdi; Falk, Robert H.; Hermanson, John C.; Felton, Colin 2003: 187-195.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/tajvi03a.pdf

Applications of Nanocomposites and Woodfiber Plastics for Microcellular Injection Molding (PDF 2.3 MB)
Turng, Lih-Sheng; Yuan, Mingjun; Kharbas, Hrishikesh; Winata, Herman; Caulfield, Daniel F. 2003: 217-225.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/turng03a.pdf

Mechanical Properties of Wood Fiber Composites Under the Influence of Temperature and Humidity (PDF 173 KB)
Xue, Yibin; Veazie, David; Glinsey, Cindy; Wright, Meagan; Rowell, Roger M. 2003: 339-343.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/xue03a.pdf

Achievements in the Utilization of Poplar Wood--Guideposts for the Future (PDF 94 KB)
Balatinecz, John J.; Kretschmann, David E.; Leclercq, André 2001. The Forestry Chronicle. 77(2): 265-269.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/balat01b.pdf

Timber Rivet Connections in U.S. Domestic Species (PDF 1.7 MB)
Begel, Marshall; Wolfe, Ronald W.; Stahl, Douglas 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-619. 15 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp619.pdf

This paper discusses results of tests conducted to expand the data base on the performance of timber rivet connections in U.S. domestic species to verify existing and proposed design procedures. Eight-, 80-, and 200-rivet connections were tested. The 8-rivet joint tests illustrate the effects of material type, rivet length, and load direction on the behavior of rivet connections when gross wood failures are avoided. The 80-rivet connections, loaded perpendicular to grain, show the effect of rivet spacing as well as test support conditions on failure mode and strength. The 200-rivet joints, with load applied parallel to grain, provide data for previously reported failure modes, including the rivet yield/wood crush modes modeled by European yield model (EYM) and gross wood failures. The 200-rivet tests also show the effect of rivet spacing on joint strength and failure mode.

The tests were conducted in two phases. In Phase I, small specimens were made from Southern Pine and ponderosa pine solid sawn lumber, Hem-Fir and Southern Pine glulam, and parallel strand lumber. The small specimens failed by a combination of rivet yielding and wood crushing as described by EYM, rather than by a gross failure of the wood block. Joint yield load was determined by fitting test data to a curve and finding the load at 5% offset displacement. Basic trends can be seen in the data, but yield load is a poor predictor of ultimate load.

In Phase II, large specimens were made from Southern Pine glulam. Larger rivet spacing, wider specimens, and longer rivets generally increased joint capacity; end spacing had no significant effect. Short continuously supported beams had a higher capacity load than did longer simply supported beams. The results show that when wood failure modes occur, thicker glulam has higher capacity, contradicting the size effect of the design code.

Effects of Processing Method and Moisture History on Laboratory Fungal Resistance of Wood-HDPE Composites (PDF 366 KB)
Clemons, Craig M.; Ibach, Rebecca, E. 2004. Forest Prod. J. 54(4): 50-57.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_clemons001.pdf

Using Kinetic Models to Predict Thermal Degradation of Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood Roof Sheathing (PDF 249 KB)
Lebow, Patricia K.; Winandy, Jerrold E.; Lebow, Patricia K. 2003. In: Proceedings, 31st annual conference of North American Thermal Analysis Society; 2003 September 22-24; Albuquerque, NM. Pap. 048.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/lebow03b.pdf

Timber Bridge Evaluation: A Global Nondestructive Approach Using Impact Generated FRFs (PDF 245 KB)
Morison, Angus; Van Karsen, C.D.; Evensen, H.A.; Ligon, J.B.; Erickson, J.R.; Ross, R.J.; Forsman, J.W. 2002. In: Proceedings, 20th international Modal Analysis conference; 2002 February; Los Angeles, CA: 1567-1573.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/moris02a.pdf

Long-Term Performance Monitoring of Hardwood Timber Bridges in Pennsylvania (PDF 4.4 MB)
Wacker, James P.; Calil, Carlito, Jr.; Hislop, Lola E.; Hilbrich Lee, Paula D.; Kainz, James A. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-612. 56 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp612.pdf

Several hardwood timber bridges were constructed in Pennsylvania during the early 1990s. This report summarizes the long-term field performance of seven stress-laminated deck bridges over a 4-year period beginning August 1997 and ending July 2001. Data collected include lumber moisture content, static load test deflection measurements, and bridge condition assessments. In addition, stressing bar force, temperature, and relative humidity conditions were monitored several times per day by a remote data acquisition system installed at each bridge site. Superstructure lamination moisture content ranged between 20% and 40% after nearly 10 years of service. The field performance of four bridges was unsatisfactory. Loss in prestressing bar force necessitated bar re-tensioning at the Millcross Road bridge (Lancaster County), and live load deflection limits were exceeded at the Brookson Road (Crawford County), Laurel Run (Huntingdon County), and Jacobs (Huntingdon County) sites. Several serviceability and/or maintenance deficiencies need immediate attention to achieve satisfactory field performance.
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Surface Chemistry

Predicting the Reactivity of Phenolic Compounds With Formaldehyde. II. Continuation of an Ab Initio Study (PDF 83 KB)
Mitsunaga, Tohru; Conner, Anthony H.; Hill, Charles G., Jr. 2002. J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 86: 135-140.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2002/mitsu02a.pdf

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Timber and Fiber Demand and Technology Assessment

Alternative Projections of the Impacts of Private Investment on Southern Forests: A Comparison of Two Large-Scale Forest Sector Models of the United States (PDF 140 KB)
Alig, Ralph, Adams, Darius; Mills, John; Haynes, Richard; Ince, Peter; Moulton, Robert 2001. Silva Fennica. 35(3): 265-276.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/alig01a.pdf

Quantifying Trade-Offs Between Economic and Ecological Objectives in Uneven-Aged Mixed-Species Forests in the Southern United States (PDF 953 KB)
Buongiorno, Joseph; Schulte, Benedict; Skog, Kenneth E. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-145. 5 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr145.pdf

This paper summarizes research on the management of uneven-aged loblolly pine-hardwood stands in the southern United States. This research was composed of three elements: (1) modeling of biological growth of uneven-aged stands of mixed loblolly pine and hardwood trees, (2) optimization to discover sustainable regimes that would best meet economic and ecological objectives such as stand diversity, and (3) simulations to predict the effects of optimal management guides, when applied to stands in different initial conditions. The findings suggest that uneven-aged systems are feasible for the mixed loblolly pine-hardwoods forest type. An infinite number of sustainable management regimes are possible, with different cutting cycles and/or cutting intensities. Regimes with the highest financial returns would lead to pure pine stands, a cutting cycle of about 13 years, diameter-limit cuts at 12 in. diameter at breast height for pines, and total removal of hardwoods. Near-maximum diversity of species and size of trees would be produced by a "hands off" policy, at a high opportunity cost. Intermediate regimes were designed to maximize income, while leaving a sufficiently diverse stand. A simple effective method for converting stands from their initial state to a desired future state is to cut all the trees and only the trees that currently exceed the desired state.
U.S. Forest Products Annual Market Review and Prospects 2001-2004 (PDF 368 KB)
Howard, James L. 2004. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note FPL-RN-0292. 9 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fpl_rn292.pdf

This report provides general and statistical information on forests products markets in terms of production, trade, consumption, and prices. The state of the United States economy is described as of the second quarter of 2003. Market developments are described for timber products, paper and paperboard, fuelwood, and forest products prices. Policy initiatives that address domestic markets and international trade concerns related to U.S. forest products are also discussed. Detailed information and projections are presented for the year 2004.
U.S. Timber Production, Trade, Consumption, and Price Statistics 1965-2002 (PDF 1.7 MB)
Howard, James L. 2003. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-615. 90 p.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp615.pdf

This report presents annual data but is published every 2 years. The data present current and historical information on the production, trade, consumption, and prices of timber products in the United States. The report focuses on national statistics but includes some data for individual States and regions and for Canada. The data were collected from industry trade associations and government agencies. They are intended for use by forest land managers, forest industries, trade associations, forestry schools, renewable resource organizations, individuals in the major timber producing and consuming countries of the world, and the general public. A major use of the data is tracking industry production and consumption trends with time. One of the major shifts occurring recently in the wood using industry is that both production and consumption of roundwood per capita have declined even though consumption of products per capita is increasing--due to increased paper recycling, increased imports, and increased processing efficiency. Consumption per capita in roundwood equivalent has decreased during the past 15 years from 80 ft3 per capita to 67 ft3 per capita in 2002. In the 1960s and 1970s, consumption averaged about 70 ft3 per capita.
Pulpwood Supply and Demand--Development in the South, Little Growth Elsewhere (PDF 295 KB)
Ince, Peter J.; Durbak, Irene 2002. J. Forestry: 20-25 (March).
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Wood Anatomy

Micrandra inundata (Euphorbiaceae), a New Species With Unusual Wood Anatomy From Black-Water River Banks in Southern Venezuela (PDF 263 KB)
Berry, Paul E.; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. 2004. Systematic Botany. 29(1): 125-133.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2004/fpl_2004_berry002.pdf

Analysis of Three Microscopic Characters for Separating the Wood of Pinus Contorta and P. Ponderosa (PDF 192 KB)
Wiedenhoeft, Alex C.; Miller, Regis B.; Theim, Terra J. 2003. IAWA J. 24(3): 257-267.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/wiede03a.pdf

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Wood Chemistry

Proceedings, 12th ISWPC international symposium on wood and pulping chemistry; 2003 June 9-12; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Department of Forest Ecology and Management.

FT-Raman Spectra of Cellulose and Lignocellulose Materials: "Self-Absorption" Phenomenon and its Implication for Quantitative Work (PDF 332 KB)
Agarwal, Umesh; Kawai, Nancy 2003. Vol. 3: 127-130.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/agarw03b.pdf

In situ Quantitation of Ring-Conjugated Ethylenic Lignin-Units in Spruce Thermomechanical Pulps by FT-Raman spectroscopy (PDF 347 KB)
Agarwal, Umesh P.; Ralph, Sally A. 2003. Vol. 3: 119-122.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/agarw03c.pdf

Aging of Printing and Writing Paper upon Exposure to Light. Part 2. Mechanical and Chemical Properties (PDF 351 KB)
Hunt, Chris; Yu, Xiaochun; Bond, James; Agarwal, Umesh; Atalla, Raj 2003. Vol. 3: 231-234.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/hunt03c.pdf

Understanding Wood Chemistry Changes During Biopulping (PDF 330 KB)
Hunt, Chris; Kenealy, William; Houtman, Carl 2003. Vol. 2.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/hunt03b.pdf

Raman Microprobe Analysis of Single Ramie Fiber During Mercerization (PDF 244 KB)
Isogai, Akira; Agarwal, Umesh P.; Atalla, Rajai H. 2003. Vol. 3: 263-266.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/isoga03a.pdf

Characterization and Reactions of a Salix Extractive With a Unique Ring System (PDF 346 KB)
Landucci, Lawrence; Ralph, Sally; Hirth, Kolby 2003. Vol. 3: 199-202.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/landu03a.pdf

Electrochemical Delignification of Wood Pulp Using Polyoxometalate Mediators (PDF 307 KB)
Reiner, R.S.; Springer, E.L.; Atalla, R.H. 2003. Vol. 2.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/reine03a.pdf

An Improved 13C-Tracer Method for the Study of Lignin Structure and Reactions--Differential 13C-NMR (PDF 1.0 MB)
Terashima, Noritsugu; Evtuguin, Dmitry; Neto, Carlos Pascoal; Parkås, Jim; Paulsson, Magnus; Westermark, Ulla; Ralph, Sally; Ralph, John 2003. Vol. 1
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/teras03a.pdf

Kinetic Analysis of Polyoxometalate (POM) Oxidation of Non-Phenolic Lignin Model Compound (PDF 251 KB)
Yokoyama, Tomoya; Chang, Hou-min; Weinstock Ira A.; Reiner, Richard S.; Kadla, John F. 2003. Vol. 2.
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/yokoy03a.pdf

Formation, Isomerization, and Derivatization of Keggin Tungstoaluminates (PDF 183 KB)
Cowan, Jennifer J.; Bailey, Alan J.; Heintz, Robert A.; Do, Bao T.; Hardcastle, Kenneth I.; Hill, Craig L.; Weinstock, Ira A. 2001. Inorg. Chem. 40(6666-6675
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/cowan01a.pdf

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