State & Private Forestry
Forest Products Laboratory
The Forest Products Conservation & Recycling Review is assembled and edited monthly by Adele Olstad and John Zerbe of the FPC&R; Technology Marketing Unit at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). Review contributions and correspondence may be sent to either Adele or John at the address below. For copies of FPL or North Central Forest Experiment Station publications,
contact FPL Information Services at the same address.
The individual items included in the Review reflect the content and tone of the original articles. Inclusion of an item does not
imply agreement nor endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of facts or opinions contained in any article. The Review does
not evaluate the accuracy of the information reported.
Forest Products Laboratory
One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53705-2398
Phone: (608)231-9200
FAX: (608)231-9592
E-mail: FPC&R; Technology Marketing Unit OR
FPL Information Services (for publication requests)
Look for items in these categories:
Moving Technology Into the Marketplace is the theme for Bioenergy 2000, the ninth biennial conference hosted by the U.S. Department of Energy's Northeast Regional Biomass Energy Program. The conference will be held October 15-19 in Buffalo, NY. Attendees from all over the world with expertise in biomass production, processing technologies, financing, environmental impacts, and regulatory and institutional barriers will present technical papers, discuss policy issues, and network with each other. The conference will also feature a trade show where exhibitors will demonstrate the latest feedstock, fuels, and technologies available for residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and utility customers, as well as a full day of technical tours demonstrating commercial applications of biomass energy technologies. For more information, contact Christina Caffo at 202-624-8564 or nrbp@sso.org.
The National Association of Resource Conservation & Development (RC&D;) Councils' National Conference is scheduled for June 18-21 in Ogden, UT. The conference provides an opportunity to discover how to utilize the power of the RC&D; program and the nonprofit, community-based leverage provided by most RC&D; councils across the country. It will be a time to network with representatives from corporations, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and others interested in resource conservation and development. Sessions dealing with watershed management, rural job creation, and heritage tourism are scheduled, as well as training in fundraising, liability coverage, and partnership building. Full conference information is available on the Internet at www.rcdnet.org/ (2000 Conference) or from Meetings America in Salt Lake City, UT (Tel: 801-994-9000; Fax: 801-994-9010; e-mail: Judy@meet-am.com) or Ogden/Weber Convention/Visitors Bureau, Ogden, UT (Tel: 801-627-8289; Fax: 801-399-0783; e-mail: ka@ogdencvb.org).
Expo 2000 - The Northeastern Forest Products Equipment Expo is touted as the premier logging, sawmilling, and pallet equipment show in the Northeast. It will be held May 5-6 in Springfield, MA and is cosponsored by the Northeastern Loggers' Association and The Northern Logger & Timber Producer magazine. Seminars on sawmilling, logging, safety, and finances will be held. For more information, visit the Expo website at www.nefpexpo.com or contact the Expo main office at 315-369-3078; Fax: 315-368-3736; e-mail: nela@telenet.net.
USDA National Resources Inventory (NRI) Available Online - This inventory is a statistically based sample of land use and natural resource conditions and trends on private land, which accounts for about 70% of U.S. land. According to a press release by Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman, the report found:
The report is maintained by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and can be found on its website at
www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/NRI/1997/
[Sources: Cooperative Forestry Weekly Information Summary, 12/13/99; Press Release No. 047899]
Tax Tips for Forest Landowners for the 1999 Tax Year, by Larry Bishop, a forest management and taxation specialist with the USDA Forest Service Southern Region, Atlanta, GA, is available on the Internet through the Southern Region's Web site (www.r8web.com/).
American Pulpwood Association Changes Its Name - The name was changed to the Forest Resources Association Inc. (FRA) on January 1 to reflect the Association's emerging identity, as outlined in its ongoing strategic planning process. "We are committed to meeting the changing world of wood supply and forest management by changing ourselves," said Jim Fendig, FRA chairman. He said that the Board of Directors is revising the membership and dues categories and will complete development of more inclusive membership categories during spring of 2000.
The FRA is a nonprofit trade association concerned with promoting the best interests of wood fiber suppliers and consumers in the economical, efficient, and sustainable use and stewardship of forest resources to meet wood fiber needs through private enterprise. For more information, visit the Association's website at www.apulpa.org/.
Upcoming Training Opportunities sponsored by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center:
For more information or requests for registration, contact Mike Dunn, School of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Louisiana State University. Tel: 225-388-4087; Fax: 225-388-4251; e-mail: mdunn@agctr.lsu.edu.
Familiar With USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS)? FAS provides U.S. wood producers, processors, and distributors with market intelligence, assistance, and promotion networks to help them compete effectively in a growing world market for value-added solid wood products. Its mission is to promote the export of U.S. farm, fishery, and solid wood products and to maintain and improve the market share of U.S. goods in overseas markets.
The Forest and Fishery Products Division (FFPD) provides market intelligence concerning worldwide demand for U.S. wood products. Much of this analysis is published in FFPD's five annual issues of Wood Products: International Markets and Trade, which includes trade forecasts, special commodity studies, and key developments received from FAS attachés in more than 30 country markets. FFPD also works with five industry cooperator groups to better expose U.S. products to foreign buyers and to provide guidance to U.S. producers and manufacturers concerning overseas opportunities, consumer preferences, and industrial norms. The marketing tools are quite diverse, including trade shows, overseas representative offices, and demonstration projects. In addition to developing policy to improve market access for U.S. wood products overseas, FFPD works with a wide variety of U.S. Government agencies and trade associations to facilitate technical exchanges. These exchanges serve to introduce foreign buyers, developers, officials, and other technical experts to U.S. species, grades, technologies, and codes to facilitate their adoption of standards friendly to U.S. wood-based products.
To obtain publications, trade data, trade policy, and information on FAS marketing programs for U.S. value-added
solid wood products, visit the FFPD's website at www.fas.usda.gov/ffpd/fpd.html.
For more general export assistance from FAS, visit www.fas.usda.gov/exporter.html.
[Source: Roseanne Freese, Outreach Coordinator, FFPD, FAS, Washington, DC]
Forest Products Annual Market Review 1998-1999, which provides general and statistical information on forest products markets in the UN/ECE region of Europe, North America, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, is now on the Web (www.unece.org/trade/timber/docs/rev-99/rev99.htm). The Review begins with a general overview of the forest products markets in the region and then describes the economic situation. New chapters are "Forest Products Markets in Estonia," Forest Products Markets in New Zealand," "Trade Restrictions and Their Future," and "Forest Products in the Electronic Marketplace."
An additional chapter has been added to regularly cover the certified forest products marketplace. Developments are described for markets of roundwood, sawn softwood, sawn hardwood, wood-based panels, paper and paperboard, wood pulp, and pulpwood. Production, consumption, and trade are considered for each sector, plus relevant material on specific markets. Detailed information is presented in tables, in both the text proper and the appendix.
The Timber Committee Market Statement acts as a followup to the Review, describing forest products markets in 1999 and 2000.
This statement is also available via the UN/ECE Timber Committee's Meeting Documents web page
(www.unece.org/trade/timber/y-tc-57.htm).
[Source: Ed Pepke, Forestry Officer-Marketing, Timber Section, Trade Division, UN/ECE and FAO, Geneva, Switzerland]
Increased Market Share for Steel Studs? Although steel studs do not constitute a sizeable share of the U.S. housing market, they have become increasingly popular during the last decade. The growth of steel stud utilization is the topic of a recent article in The Northern Logger & Timber Processor by Tom Korb.
Korb writes that higher, fluctuating prices for lumber in the early 1990s provided an opening for steel studs to become acceptable. Prices did indeed fluctuate during this decade, but generally in a downward trend. Now, higher prices for lumber have apparently reappeared. This has resulted in a rise of TV advertising that emphasizes how wood harvesting leads to forest destruction. Wood products manufacturers claim that the advertising is mud-slinging at best and factual misrepresentation at worst. They raise the question: Are steel studs, joists, and rafters a viable alternative to the traditional timber frame? The answer is obviously "yes," but at what cost?
Steel promoters claim that their products will ease the lives of both contractors and homeowners. One argument is that steel is extremely stable and uniformly manufactured. It doesn't warp, split, or swell and shrink with ambient moisture changes. In the past, the use of steel was accompanied by a different set of problems. Studs wouldn't fit in tracks because sizes and lengths varied from factory to factory. According to the steel industry, these problems are being addressed. The industry is reportedly standardizing size, length, straightness, and squareness with great precision.
Another advantage being touted by the steel industry is that Southern homeowners who already have steel frames can live free of worry about termites, particularly the Formosa termite which became established in six southern states and threatens to spread even deeper into the American heartland. In addition to insect resistance, other advantages attributed to steel include the lack of wall and ceiling cracks and better fastener connections.
According to Korb, although steel promoters will readily list these advantages, they cannot deny the impediments to using steel. First, the final cost of steel is about 12% to 15% higher than that of wood. Carpenters need training to work with steel. Saws need to be exchanged for nibblers, and hammers transferred to screws and drill motors. Steel conducts heat quickly. In northern climates, exterior walls need to be constructed with a high R-factor sheathing and insulation. The primary argument against steel framing advanced by the forest products industry focuses on the resource depletion and pollution caused by the mining, milling, and fabrication of steel. In addition, the forest products industry points out that wood is a renewable resource, unlike iron.
Regardless of the actual merits of either side in the wood vs. steel debate, the battle for the preferences of American
consumers is underway. Wood currently has the market share to lose, and the steel industry is clearly trying to wrestle
away as much of the market as they can.
[Source: The Northern Logger & Timber Processor, January 2000]
Forest Products Industry Poised for Progress - In many ways, the U.S. forest products industry crossed the threshold of the year 2000 in better shape than it has enjoyed in some time. Despite the usual ups and downs in various sectors of the industry and regions of the country over the past decade, the domestic wood industry finds itself at the center of a hot worldwide market for its products. Perhaps the hottest market is at home, where the domestic economy keeps chugging along, chalking up record rates of growth and productivity coupled with low interest rates and inflation. Continued economic prosperity will be a key element in how the industry performs this year. However, economics is only part of the equation. The industry as a whole continues to face daunting social, political, and legal hurdles.
The pulp and paper industry showed signs of a return to profitability in the second half of 1999, and the near term looks promising. Actually, the cyclical recovery of the paper business was initiated in early 1998, but it was short circuited by the Asian economic collapse later that year. The resulting glut of paper on the world market depressed global paper prices, doing its part to keep inflation in check but hurting most major paper companies. In October 1999, however, the price per short ton of linerboard rose 20% to $425, compared to $335 one year earlier.
The forest products industry is faced with a log supply dichotomy not entirely of its own making. On the one hand, the technology for processing small logs is steadily improving, which allows profitable processing of increasingly smaller logs. On the other hand, the amount of available stumpage is shrinking, which encourages the harvesting of smaller and smaller logs. As such, the industry continues to expand with what amounts to fewer resources.
Loggers and sawmillers in the Northeast and Lake States will benefit from the resurgence in the demand for roundwood pulp, but fears continue regarding the source of the raw material used to make paper in mills across the region. While the overwhelming majority of raw wood continues to come from the region's abundant supply of low-grade roundwood, there is always a threat that processed pulp or chips could be imported from other U.S. regions or abroad. An example is one company's exclusive use of processed eucalyptus pulp from South America in its U.S. mills. Some view this as a model that other companies might emulate. Proponents point out that pulp processed in other parts of the world can be of more consistent quality, less expensive, and supplied on a more reliable basis than is roundwood produced domestically. However, given the huge investment in equipment and established infrastructure devoted to pulp production by Northeast/Lake States mills, any significant conversion to processed pulp is unlikely in the near future.
Housing starts are always a major influence on the amount of lumber (both hardwood and softwood) consumed in the United States and abroad. In the wake of a very strong domestic housing year in 1999, industry analysts expect another good, although slightly slower, year in 2000. This, coupled with a resurgence of the export market, should mean another strong year for both hardwood and softwood lumber production. Competition from lumber suppliers overseas-particularly Eastern Europe-is of some concern to U.S. hardwood lumber operations. As domestic stumpage rates continue to rise, U.S. mill officials foresee that competing species, such as European beech, will gain a market share in traditional maple markets.
In the area of framing, the steel industry has mounted an expensive media campaign attacking the environmental credentials of wood framing, suggesting that consumers would be doing the right thing environmentally by building homes from "recycled automobiles." Steel studs currently do not pose a threat to 2-by-4 lumber, but any market share gained by the steel industry will come at the expense of loggers and sawmillers. Ironically, "green" certification of both forestland and forest products, long viewed by some in the forest products industry as an unnecessary obstacle, might help overcome the claims made by the steel industry. Green certification of forestland made respectable gains in 1999, and the outlook is for an increasing number of major landowners to certify their land management practices this year. Although certification can be costly, many landowners view it as an opportunity to not only affirm their management practices but also command higher prices for timber products from the land.
The Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) continues to move towards a higher standard for the production and procurement of forest products nationwide. Now in its 5th year, SFI has become a standard actively promoted by members of the American Forest & Paper Association.
The logging business has been mechanizing steadily since loggers traded in their bucksaws and
crosscuts for chain saws, but it has taken a quantum leap in recent years as computers and advanced
hydraulics have dominated equipment design. Despite its high initial cost, cut-to-length equipment
has gained popularity because it is economical. The combination of labor shortages, low interest rates,
easy credit, environmental concerns, and high demand for logs and pulpwood has created the perfect
environment for cut-to-length logging.
[Source: The Northern Logger & Timber Processor, January 2000]
Excerpts From Amazing Facts About Paper Recycling:
Conversion of Cellulose to Levulinic Acid Provides Stepping Stone to Chemical Manufacture - A new biomass conversion process developed by Biofine Corp in Waltham, MA, reportedly can convert almost any cellulose- or starch-containing biomass feedstock into levulinic acid (LA), a chemical building block that can then be used to manufacture value-added products. The company claims that it can turn waste from landfills, agricultural industries, and papermills into products such as environmentally friendly herbicides and pesticides, gasoline additives, and other chemical intermediates currently made from petroleum. The new process is said to overcome some problems of cost and troublesome byproducts.
Low-cost feedstock can include diverse cellulose-containing waste such as papermill sludge, urban wastepaper, agricultural residues, and cellulose fines from papermaking. The U.S. Department of Energy projects energy savings of more than 75.6 trillion Btu/year and waste reduction of about 26 million tons/year by 2020 from using this new technology.
In 1996, a research consortium was formed to determine the applications and potential markets for biomass-derived products. The consortium included Biofine; Chemical Industry Services of Richmond, VA; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richmond, WA; and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY. The researchers investigated three LA-derived products: methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF), Delta-aminolevulinic acid (DALA), and diphenolic acid (DPA).
The largest potential use of LA is production of MTHF, a fuel extender that can be used to meet requirements
for alternative fleet vehicle fuel. Up to 60% (volume) MTHF content can be blended in gasoline without an adverse
effect on engine performance. Because it is miscible with gasoline, MTHF can be blended at a refinery and transported
by pipeline. In contrast, ethanol, a competitive alternative fuel, must be added later in the distribution process because
water contamination can cause phase separation. DALA is a completely biodegradable herbicide that is effective against
dicotyledonous weeds but does not harm crops such as corn, wheat, or barley. DPA has been used widely to produce
polymers. Other applications for DPA include electronics, printing inks, fragrances, and medicines. A facility in New York
is currently hosting a 1 ton/day demonstration pilot of the LA production technology.
[Source: Waste Age, November 1999]
Editor's Note: A similar writeup on this technology was published in the September 1999 issue of the Review.
China to Regulate U.S. Solid Wood Packing Materials - A press release issued by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) on November 3, 1999 indicated that the People's Republic of China will require heat treatment of solid wood packing materials made from U.S. conifers, beginning January 1, 2000. This regulation applies to shipments from the United States and Japan. According to Chinese officials, coniferous solid wood packing materials from the United States have been found to carry pinewood nematode, a pest associated with pine wilt disease. According to reports, this pest has been intercepted 44 times in U.S. shipments to China since October 1998. The pinewood nematode has been found in five provinces of China and is under official control. A pest risk assessment has been prepared by the Chinese government addressing the issue. China is the latest addition to the list of countries, including the United States and Canada, that regulate solid wood packing material to prevent the introduction of new pests.
For more information on the mission, activities, and organization of APHIS, as well as access to press releases, information, and hot issues, visit the APHIS website at www.aphis.usda.gov/.
The New National Wooden Pallet Container Association (NWPCA) Website (www.nwpca.com/) features a continuously updated roster of pallet, container, and reel providers, including contact information, a listing of specific products and services, and hotlinks to individual company websites. Supplier information and a directory of products and services are included, as well as information about pallet design and construction standards and quality assurance programs. The pallet audit posted on the site is designed to help users determine their pallet performance requirements.
Wooden pallets represent a large market for lumber and generate large quantities of waste. Waste accumulations
are exacerbated by early discarding of pallets, often after a single use. The NWPCA created Uniform Standard for Wood Pallets,
which establishes the nationally recognized minimum quality requirements for wood pallets, to promote better quality and
longer pallet life. Copies of this standard can be requested through the website or by phone (703-527-7667), Fax (703-527-7717), or
e-mail ("a href="mailto:palletinfo@aol.com">palletinfo@aol.com).
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, August 1999; The Northern Logger & Timber Processor, January 2000]
New Publication Focuses on Forestry Public Policy - Eco-Link, a quarterly publication
of the Temperate Forest Foundation, aims to link social, economic, and ecological issues in forestry. The latest
issue provides an overview of some significant issues in the management of National Forests in the United States
from 1900-2000 and speculates on developments that might occur from 2000 to 2001. Given the expected increase
in population to 500 million in the current century and lack of increase in available land, the publication points out the need
to work with nature to manage change. The input of all citizens will be needed to find answers to such questions as the following:
Should the 192 million National Forest acres continue to be managed on a multiple use/sustained yield basis?
Shall we continue to produce commodities and amenities or just sustain ecological processes and biodiversity?
Shall natural disturbances be allowed to run their course without human intervention? Issues of Eco-Link are posted
on the Temperate Forest Foundation's website (www.forestinfo.org/) under the Products section.
[Source: The Timber Producer, February 2000]
New Energy-Efficient Value-Engineered House - The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) is supporting construction of an affordable, climate-responsive, one-story home in Pensacola, FL. CARB is one of four Building America teams sponsored in part by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The completely value-engineered home, known as the Carbelle, is based on an existing three-bedroom, two-bath Bristol model designed by one of the region's top builders.
The Carbelle's location in the windswept Florida panhandle guided many of the design team's material selections. The hip-shaped roof design has been found to perform well in high wind zones; for this project, the design was achieved through integration of repeating cathedral trusses, a design element that also allows for cathedral ceilings in the master bedroom and bath. Paints and finishes with low volatile organic content (VOC) will improve indoor environmental quality.
The Carbelle is said to feature optimum value-engineered framing, which will reduce material and labor costs without compromising strength and durability. Stud configuration allows for a higher percentage of insulation, while the preassembled roof truss system speeds construction time. The construction also uses other energy conservation measures in materials and controls.
A control house of identical dimensions and siting/orientation will be used to conduct side-by-side energy testing and
analysis. Initial estimates suggest that the Carbelle will reduce annual energy use and associated costs by as much
as 40% in comparison to the base model, while improving occupant health and comfort.
[Source: Environmental Design & Construction, October 1999]
A Nontimber Forest Products (NTFP) Bibliography is available online via the Institute for Culture and Ecology
website (www.ifcae.org/). The Institute is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to conduct
and support research that contributes to understanding the improving interactions between cultures and the environment.
Although parts are still under development, the database currently contains more than 1,450 records. The editorial committee
is actively seeking authors to write critical reviews and abstracts on new or existing materials for the records. Details
can be found on the website.
[Source: Eric T. Jones, Institute for Culture and Ecology, Portland, OR]
New Forest Service Pilot Program for Forest Botanical Products - In addition to appropriations made under Title II of the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act 2000, various sections of the law provide additional funding and direction for projects and programs within the National Forest System (NFS). Recently, a great deal of interest and concern has arisen over the content of Section 339, Pilot Program of Charges and Fees for Harvest of Forest Botanical Products.
Under this section, the Act directs the Secretary of Agriculture to implement a pilot program to charge and collect
at least the fair market value for forest botanical products (defined as vegetation, excluding trees, growing on NFS lands).
Fees will be charged to persons who collect such botanical products from NFS lands to recover costs associated
with permitting and monitoring authorized harvests. In addition to the charges and fees, Section 339 also requires the
Secretary to conduct appropriate analyses to determine whether and how the harvest of botanical products on NFS land
can be conducted on a sustained basis. Waivers for personal use (as determined by the Secretary) will be issued. All funds
collected under the program shall be deposited into a special account within the U.S. Treasury to be used later in covering
the administrative costs of the permitting process, conducting inventories of nontimber forest products, determining
sustainable harvest limits, monitoring and assessing the impact of harvest levels, and conducting restoration activities.
The pilot plan is designed to run from 2000 through 2004.
[Source: Forest Community News, February 2000]
Past and Present Uses of Acorns - More than 60 species of oak trees grow throughout North America,
and all produce edible acorns. Oaks are broadly divided into two groups: red (or black) oaks, which produce nuts
with a bitter taste (a result of high tannin content), and white oaks, which contain less tannin and produce sweet nuts.
The annual nut crop from oak trees in North America surpasses the combined yearly yield of all other nut trees,
both wild and cultivated. After caps and shells are removed, acorns can be eaten raw or roasted. Acorn flour is much
like cornmeal and does well in recipes mixed with wheat flour. Its nutty flavor is a pleasant change for pancakes and
breads. For medicinal purposes, acorns used to be brewed into a strong tea, which acted as an emetic. The mold
that grew in some acorns was stored, cultivated, and used as a poultice for infections and inflammations; it was a natural penicillin.
[Sources: The Timber Producer, February 2000;
Income Opportunities in Special Forest Products, Agric. Handb. 666, May 1993]
Hardwood Council Improves Website - The Hardwood Council website
(www.hardwoodcouncil.com/) has undergone a major renovation,
providing easier navigation and quicker access to information on North American hardwood. A new homepage design,
thumbnail images, and site guide graphics have been added. The site also features a new Frequently Asked Questions
section and links to Council member sites. The online version of the Tips & Techniques technical series remains a popular
site feature, offering specification guidelines for North American hardwood interior applications.
[Source: The Timber producer, February 2000]
Basic and Advanced Circular Saw Tensioning Short Courses will be held at the Cloquet Forestry Center near Duluth, MN. Sponsored by the University of Minnesota, Department of Wood & Paper Science, the training will be held April 3-6 (Basic) and April 7-8 (Advanced). For more information, contact Tom Milton at 612-624-5307 or e-mail: tmilton@forestry.umn.edu.
A Guide to Bandsaw Blades is a special supplement to the December/January 2000 issue
of Independent Sawmill & Woodlot Management (IS&WM;). Editor Mark Condon indicated that
of all the comments received from readers, the subject that comes up the most frequently concerns blades.
Questions on how to keep blades sharp, how to reduce breakage, and how to set blades are common. The guide
was compiled to answer these types of questions, and it will be an annual supplement to IS&WM;. Featured
topics include better sawing methods for bandsaw blades, ways to sharpen and set blades, tips from technicians,
ways to prolong blade life, and methods for hammering circle saws. For more information, contact
Sawmill Publishing, L.L.C., Bangor ME. Tel: 888-290-9469; Fax: 207-945-9874;
e-mail: sawmill@mint.net;
website: www.sawmillmag.com/.
[Source: Independent Sawmill & Woodlot Management, December/January 2000]
Seminar on Curve Sawing Hardwood Logs Into Lumber: A Profit Opportunity - This seminar, cosponsored by the Department of Wood Science and Forest Products at Virginia Tech and the Virginia Forest Products Association, is scheduled for May 18 in Richmond, VA. It is being held in conjunction with the East Coast Sawmill & Logging Equipment Exposition. Along with exploring the application of curve sawing in processing hardwood logs into lumber, technologies for processing small-diameter low-grade hardwood logs into pallet parts will be discussed. For seminar or registration information, contact Sharon Daley by phone (540-231-7105), Fax (540-231-8868) or e-mail (daley@vt.edu).
Contents
Forest Products Laboratory |
Forest Service |
USDA
Please send any questions or comments to
TMU/fpl@fs.fed.us.
Contact-Name: Adele Olstad
Contact-Phone: 608/231-9329
Document-Date: 2000 March 7
Abstract: February 2000 Issue of FPC&R; Review