State & Private Forestry
Forest Products Laboratory
The Forest Products Conservation & Recycling Review is assembled and edited monthly by Adele Olstad and John Zerbe of the FPC&R; Technology Marketing Unit at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). Review contributions and correspondence may be sent to either Adele or John at the address below. For copies of FPL or North Central Forest Experiment Station publications,
contact FPL Information Services at the same address.
The individual items included in the Review reflect the content and tone of the original articles. Inclusion of an item does not
imply agreement nor endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of facts or opinions contained in any article. The Review does
not evaluate the accuracy of the information reported.
Forest Products Laboratory
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National Arbor Day Foundation 1999 "Building With Trees" Seminars --These regional seminars, designed to help construction and green industry professionals retain trees during building and land development, are being offered in various cities across the United States. Dates and locations of the 1-day seminars are as follows: August 24 (Atlanta, GA); August 31 (Jacksonville, FL); November 15 (Philadelphia, PA); and November 17 (New York City). The seminars are being presented in cooperation with The National Association of Home Builders. For more information, contact The National Arbor Day Foundation at (402) 474-5655.
FPL Plays Role in New Tropical Flowers Stamp --The Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) played a role in the recent First Day Issue celebration commemorating the release of a unique series of U.S. Postal Service stamps. FPL's work was involved with the recyclability of the adhesive. The problem was that the adhesive "gummed up" the recycling machinery and thus the machinery needed to be cleaned frequently. FPL, along with the U.S. Postal Service and industry representatives, improved the adhesive to make it environmentally benign and easy to remove from pulp during recycling.
The tropical flower stamp series is unique in other ways as
well. Since the stamps are made from recycled paper, the manufacturing process
is helping conserve resources. Moreover, the stamps are affixed to both sides
of the liner material, reducing liner waste by 50%. Also, thanks to a new
printing technique, the print quality of the stamps is much higher than ever before.
Viewed under a magnifying glass, the
quality of the stamps is the same as that of a photograph.
[Source: FS Today, May 1999]
New Wood-Based Composites Center (WBC) at Virginia Tech will provide financial support to graduate students and scholarship funds for undergraduates seeking degrees in wood science and technology with an emphasis on wood-based composites. The Center offers its industry members technical research bulletins, a newsletter, short courses, testing services, a student internship and co-op educational program, a voice in research priorities, and the production of well-trained graduates. Founding members are Dow Chemical Co., Georgia-Pacific Resins, ICI Polyurethanes, J.M. Huber Corp., Louisiana-Pacific Corp., National Starch and Chemical, Neste Resins Corp., Trus Joist MacMillan, and Weyerhaeuser Co. For more information, contact Center director Dr. Fred Kamke, Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech, 1650 Ramble Rd., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0503. by telephone (540-231-7100) or e-mail (wbc@vt.edu) or visit the Center's Web site (vtwood.forprod.vt.edu/wbc/).
Furniture Manufacturers Attempt to Reduce Use of Clear Material in Favor of Wood With "Character" -- Bruce Beeken and Jeff Parsons, furnituremakers from Burlington, VT, want to change the way the furniture-buying public looks at wood. In the process, they hope to improve the economies of woodcutting and forestry.
Over the span of nearly two decades, the partners have developed a steady core market for their simple, well-made, and elegant furniture. Now, they are becoming known in larger circles for their creative use of low-value species and grades of lumber, and for their use of certified wood. Instead of avoiding lumber that contains what is typically considered flaws or defects, such as knots, mineral stains, and wormholes, Beeken and Parsons incorporate these features, called "character wood," into their furniture designs. Some of this lumber comes from forests certified as environmentally well-managed by a national assessment organization. By using locally abundant but less commercially valuable species and grades, the two furniture makers have earned some private foundation and Federal research support.
Working with lower grades and incorporating the so-called defects allow Beeken and Parsons to obtain greater yield from sawlogs, but this higher yield has its own costs. To avoid tearing out knots, they've had to develop techniques for cutting, planing, and sanding boards. They've also experimented with formulas to achieve a finish they consider environmentally friendly that reflects light and shows off the distinctive grain and color of the character wood.
Over the next 2 to 3 years, Beeken and Parsons want to start a large-scale production facility "close to the resource," probably in northern Vermont. To work on a production basis, they'll have to devise a grading system to achieve consistency and efficiency in sorting and storage, in addition to applying the techniques they are learning about processing and working with character wood.
Henry Swann, chair of Wagner Forest Management and member of the Northern Forest Lands Council (NFLC), observes that developing better markets for low-grade wood is a key to growing healthy forests and economies. The NFLC identified the importance of finding additional uses of low-grade hardwood as a tool for upgrading the quality of stands and discouraging high grading by making it economical to cut lower quality wood. This approach also provides local employment.
Developing new markets for underutilized species and lower
grades of timber was also recognized as a primary goal of a governor's forest
industry task force in New Hampshire last year. In particular, the task force
noted the need to replace markets lost by the downsizing of wood-fired
electrical generating plants
[Source: The Northern Logger & Timber Processor , June 1999]
Softwood Export Council Formed -- In an effort
to expand international markets for U.S. softwood products, some wood trade
associations have joined forces to create the Softwood Export Council (SEC).
Based in Portland, OR, the SEC will operate through offices in Japan, Europe,
Mexico, Korea, China, and Australia. SEC's founding members include the
American Institute of Timber Construction, Alaska Department of Commerce,
California Redwood Association, Evergreen Partnership, CINTRAFOR, North
American Wholesale Lumber Association, Oregon Economic Development Department,
Pacific Lumber Exporters Association, Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau, West
Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau, Western Wood Products Association, and Wood
Molding and Millwork Association. For more information, contact the SEC at
522 SW Fifth Ave., #501, Portland, OR 97204. Tel: (503) 306-3490; Fax: (503)
224-3934; Web site: www.softwood.org/.
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(4): 5, 1999]
Trends in Hardwood Lumber Consumption -- More than 90% of hardwood lumber is used in the following major markets (listed in order of consumption from largest to smallest sector): pallets, furniture, dimension/components, exports, millwork, cabinets, flooring, and railway ties. Traditionally, millwork and export markets demand more high-grade material, while pallets and railway ties utilize more low-grade material. Furniture, dimension, and cabinet products use a wider range of grades and species. Collectively, these markets are estimated to have consumed more than 13 billion board feet (bf) of hardwood lumber in 1997. [One board foot = 0.00236 m³.] Pallets represent the largest single use of hardwood, accounting for one-third of total consumption; however, use of hardwood in pallet manufacture has declined slightly since 1991 (from 4.6 to 4.5 billion bf). In contrast, hardwood flooring has shown the greatest amount of growth, increasing consumption more than twofold since 1991 (from 0.5 to 1.1 billion bf). [Source: Timber Talk, June 1999]
China Initiates Partial Ban on Logging -- As
part of a plan to manage forest resources over the long run, China has imposed
a ban on logging in selected state forests. By the end of 1999, the ban is
expected to extend to about 53 million hectares (130.9 million acres), which
represents more than 60% of China's forests. Chinese press reports have
estimated that the ban will create an annual shortfall of nearly 15 million
cubic meters (6.36 billion bf) of lumber, which is about one-fourth of the
current supply. The U.S. Embassy in Beijing expects the policy, coupled with
an increasing demand for wood products in China, to significantly boost lumber
imports to China in the near future.
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(4): 5, 1999]
Recovery Revenue Estimator -- For a limited time, Auburn Machinery, Inc. is offering a free software program that, according to Auburn, quickly estimates the additional revenues that may be available to mills that want to convert a given percentage of their shorts, slabs, edging strips, trim ends, and other refuse materials into higher value solid wood products instead of lower value chips, fuel, or mulch. The Recovery Revenue Estimator will illustrate additional weekly revenues that could be generated by producing a variety of green and dry products, in conjunction with the revenues generated by the remaining chips, fuel, or mulch. To obtain a free copy of this software, contact Auburn Machinery by telephone (800-888-4244 or 207-784-4244), Fax (207-783-4220), or e-mail (auburnmach@aol.com) or through their Web site (www.auburnmachinery.com).
Benefits of Short-Rotation Intensive Culture -- Because of the reduction in harvesting on public lands in the Northwest and the inability of pulp and paper mills to find dependable sources of raw material close at hand, short-rotation intensive culture is evoking greater interest as a fiber source. Potlatch Corp. estimates that its 72,000-acre (29,138-ha) plantation in the Pacific Northwest will produce as many as 300,000 to 400,000 acres (150,471 to 161,878 ha) of traditional forest in northern Idaho.
Short-rotation woody crops are grown on more than 100,000 acres (40,469 ha) in the United States. This number is expected to multiply fivefold by the year 2010, according to Bruce Hartsough, University of California-Davis and chairman of the Short-Rotation Woody Crops Operations Working Group. "The (fiber farming) industry in the U.S. is still in its early stages," says Hartsough. "The southern hemisphere has a 30-year head start on us. Brazil, the country with the world's largest hardwood plantation resource, has 6 million acres (2.4 million ha) planted."
Hybrid poplars, the main plantation species, can do well in intermittently flooded bottomlands. In arid eastern Oregon and Washington, irrigation systems pump water and fertilizer to the trees so that they can thrive. In the Southeast, landowners in particular are interested in short-rotation hardwoods because the enterprise can provide a productive use for unproductive land. Site preparation, timely fertilization, and effective weed control are very important. With careful cultivation, tree survival has increased 20% to 25% with the use of herbicides for competition control.
The need for intensive management requires prospective fiber farmers to carefully calculate their expected investment and return. Unlike row crops, short-rotation hardwoods do not generate annual income. Based on current hardwood prices, which in most areas are depressed because of the slowdown in the Asian economy, today's returns appear to be marginal. However, according to a study published by the Delta Land Trust, short-rotation woody crops can produce higher net present values than does traditional soybean production.
To ease the economic transition from annual crops to trees, Jeff Portwood, a forest resource manager with the Crown Vantage paper company, recommends that farmers plant short-rotation hardwoods on land eligible for the government's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). With CRP, the landowner gets cost-share assistance for site preparation and reforestation, and annual rental payments for the land, making this the best fit for fiber farming. The Wetlands Reserve Program also provides support for hardwood reforestation, but its planting cost-share does not reimburse landowners for the high per-acre stocking rate required to maximize fiber farming production. In addition, current regulations are said to be vague about harvesting.
Yet, even without government assistance, a cottonwood plantation has the potential to produce an attractive return. In a hypothetical example, Portwood figures that a cottonwood plantation could achieve an 11.5% annual pretax internal rate of return for the first 10 years, depending upon site quality, proper maintenance in the first year, adequate survival, and commitment to reforestation.
Beyond the economic returns, fiber farming can provide
significant environmental benefits. For example, a feedlot or agricultural
field that is prone to runoff could have a strip of hardwoods at its edge to
filter out nutrients before they reach surface water systems. In addition,
fiber farms can provide rich habitats for wildlife, particularly for
neotropical migratory birds such as warblers, Baltimore orioles, red-headed
woodpeckers, and yellow-billed cuckoos.
[Source: Timber Processing, June 1999]
Paper From Recycled Fiber Close Match to Paper From Virgin Fiber -- A study by the Government Printing Office (GPO) and three manufacturers has shown that copier paper with 30% post-consumer content performs just as well as virgin stock and paper with lower recycled content. The study, coordinated by "Recycling at Work," a program of the U.S. Conference of Mayors, implies that performance, together with price and availability, should not be an impediment to using recycled content copier paper.
Canon, Hewlett-Packard, and Lexmark evaluated three brands of
30% post-consumer multipurpose recycled content paper, and GPO tested more
than a dozen brands of 30% post-consumer copy paper. In total, more than
2 million sheets were run through copiers, laser printers, and ink jet
printers. Performance of the 30% post-consumer stock was equivalent to that of
20% to 25% post-consumer and virgin papers.
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, May 1999]
Paper Sludge Fluidized Bed Combustion System -- Energy
Products of Idaho (EPI) has completed emission testing of a paper sludge
fluidized bed combustion system for the paper industry. The system burns 250
dry tons per day of deinked paper sludge to produce process steam. Emissions
for six pollutants are reported to be 30% which is 100% below permitted limits.
For more information, contact EPI
at (208) 765-1611 or by e-mail at epi@energyproducts.com.
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, May 1999]
Wisconsin Implements New Residential Energy Code -- The Federal Energy Policy Act of 1992 requires states to review present codes to certify whether residential building code provisions should be revised to meet or exceed the Model Energy Code (MEC). Newly constructed homes financed with Federal mortgages, such as Federal Housing Administration and Veterans Affairs, must be built to MEC standards, regardless of the state code.
To move towards this goal, the Department of Commerce, Safety and Buildings Division, and the Uniform Dwelling Code Council embarked on an effort to change the energy provisions of Wisconsin's one- and two-family Uniform Dwelling Code (UDC). UDC Chapter 22 sets minimum energy standards for new Wisconsin homes. Code changes resulting from this process became effective May 1, 1999, and are the first substantial changes in Chapter 22 since it was adopted in 1978. Highlights of the code changes include the following:
The new code also offers more alternative methods to
demonstrate compliance. The UDC Energy Worksheet has been modified to reflect
the new envelope requirements. The Worksheet also includes a prescriptive
package that allows for tradeoffs between components and a high-efficiency furnace.
[Source: Wisconsin Energy News, May-June 1999]
Gold Rush Ghost Town Gets New Alaska Yellow-Cedar Bridge -- In response to increasing visitor and tourist traffic, the city of Skagway, AK, recently decided to improve access to the old abandoned ghost town of Dyea. Dyea is located about 3 miles (4.8 km) from Skagway "as the crow flies," but it is 9 road miles (15 km) over a narrow gravel road that winds around two deep fjords. Dyea was abandoned and is a true "ghost town." No structures remain; only stumps of wooden pilings show where piers and wharves once stood. The old Dyea cemetery is a popular tourist attraction.
The only public access to most of the Dyea Flats required fording Nelson Slough in the area of tidal influence. Dyea has one of the largest tidal ranges in the world, as much as 24 ft (7.3 m) in 6 hours. The normal 18 in. (46 cm) of water at the Nelson Slough ford becomes about 4 ft (1.2 m) deep with an extremely high tide. Since the Nelson Slough runs through the area year round, a bridge was needed to provide reliable access to Dyea Flats at all tidal stages. The bridge is located about a quarter mile (0.4 km) below the ford crossing.
The city of Skagway received a grant from the Forest Service for assistance in design and construction of the bridge. The grant specified that the bridge would be constructed from untreated Alaska yellow-cedar, a naturally decay-resistant wood species, using recently developed stressed-deck technology. The trees were harvested on Chichagof Island and transported to a mill on the island for processing. Difficulty in finding a sufficient number of large cedar trees for bridge timbers delayed timber production--about two-thirds of the cedar was delivered to Skagway in late July 1998 and the remainder in September 1998. Because the mill is located more than 100 miles (161 km) by water from Skagway, the rough-cut timbers had to be shipped on trailers from the mill via state ferry to Juneau and then by commercial barge to Skagway.
For additional information about this project, contact Frank
Muchmore at (907) 463-2513.
[Source: Crossings, Spring 1999]
Builders of Higher Cost Homes Most Willing to Try Engineered Wood Products (EWP) and their favorable opinions are spurring broader market acceptance. EWP have enjoyed a great deal of success in recent years, and all signs point to continued growth in this field. Given the reality of the rapid development of new products and the changing and dwindling wood resource, it is important that industry understand developing markets. Products such as laminated veneer lumber, I-joists, and parallel strand lumber allow performance advantages to be engineered into building products. The use of nontraditional species for such products is another way to deal with the changing resource; e.g., oriented strandboard (OSB) is often made from species like aspen, which has been overlooked for commercial timber.
Pivotal to understanding the business environment of rapid product development is the adoption and diffusion of new technologies. Businesses and individuals differ in their openness to new ideas and technologies. For a product launch to be successful, it is important to identify those who are most likely to adopt the product soon after it is introduced. These "early adopters" not only provide the first sales of a new product, they also pass on their experiences to others, which helps broaden market penetration of the new product.
In 1998, research at the Oregon State University Department of Forest Products looked into the adoption and diffusion of EWP among single-family homebuilders. The researchers determined that identification of early adopters was important in launching a new product. Early adopters tend to be larger firms that build higher-end housing. They serve as the product's initial customer base. More importantly, they serve as opinion leaders in recommending and demonstrating new products for later adopters.
However, even when early adopters are identified and become
targets for successful marketing, this does not ensure a successful product
launch. Early adopters must form opinions about a project for the diffusion
process to take place. It is of utmost importance that these opinions are
positive if a product is to be a winner.
[Source: Wood Technology, May 1999]
I-Joist Performance Gaining Recognition -- According to a
recent release by APA-The Engineered Wood
Association, the APA Performance Standard for APA-EWS Wood I-Joists
(PRI-400) is gaining code recognition. The standard
is now recognized by the Southern Building Code Congress Inc. (SBCCI),
Building Officials & Code Administrators (BOCA), International Conference
of Building Officials (ICBO), and State of Wisconsin and New York City
building officials. PRI-400 establishes a family of I-joists in four commonly
used depths for use in residential floor construction and permits sawn lumber
or structural lumber flanges to be used with either plywood or OSB webs. For a
listing of APA-EWS manufacturers of I-joists and
rimboards, contact APA at (253) 565-6600 or
visit their Web site at www.apawood.org.
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(4): 10, 1999]
New Canadian OSB Design Values -- In late 1998,
the Structural Board Association submitted new design values for OSB products
rated to CSA-O325, based on a series of tests completed by Forintek Canada and
the Alberta Research Council. The proposed Canadian design values have been
closely coordinated with U.S. design values currently promulgated by APA-The Engineered Wood Association
and Plywood Fabricators Service. Acceptance of the design values is expected before the
end of the year.
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(5): 17, 1999]
Paper From Cornstalks -- Heartland
Fibres has begun construction on a $300 million project to produce more than
140,000 tons per year of pulp using its proprietary cornstalk technology. The
facility will also produce lignin and other recoverable chemicals. Corn
growers in the Kearney, NE, area have committed to 150 tons per day of stalks.
Heartland Fibres hopes to build several plants in the next decade.
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, May 1999]
Margarine Containing Wood Pulp Extract, which has been eaten in Finland since 1995, has proven effective lowering cholesterol levels, according to a Mayo Clinic study. The margarine spread is expected to be on U.S. grocers' shelves this year.
The active ingredient in the margarine, plant stanol ester,
can lower the levels of LDL or "bad cholesterol" by 14%. Stanol
ester is tasteless and odorless, and it can be used in just about any
fat-based food. It works by inhibiting the transportation of cholesterol from
the digestive tract to the liver, thus decreasing the amount of total and LDL
cholesterol in the blood.
[Source: The Timber Producer, June 1999]
Acacia mangium Grown for Fiber in Indonesian Plantations -- Indonesia's forests have many problems. Drought-induced forest fires and heavy smoke over the landscape drew much publicity in the world press last year. Slash and burn agriculture has caused additional problems. Consequently, the Indonesian government is planning more effective use of land for pulp and paper as well as palm and rubber plantations. To strengthen the pulp and paper industry, Acacia mangium plantations are being widely cultivated, much like eucalyptus plantations in Brazil.
The Indonesian government currently allots forestry or plantation concessions to private companies for fixed periods (usually 30 years), with a maximum of 741,300 acres (300,000 ha) per landholder. Within the framework of employment through the pulp and paper industry, and observation of a reasonably well-planned government forestry policy, the companies are performing well. A group from the U.S. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) visited three of these plantations last year.
One plantation was APRIL's facility, which supports the pulp
and paper mill at Kerinci, Sumatra. Some of the concession land for the
plantation is mixed tropical (nonprimary) forest, some land consists of former
palm-oil plantations, but other land is denuded agricultural land. The
forestland, once logged, must be immediately redeveloped as A. mangium
plantation or be taken over with grass. Although forestry practices had
been in line with international standards, this facility is currently seeking
ISO 14000 certification since certification is not being granted to anyone who
harvests in the tropics. They are developing sustainable plantations, but they
are also preserving 20% of the land in their concessions as native forest. In
addition, land along both sides of every river is being protected by a buffer
zone (riparian strip). Certain trees, locally known as "bee trees,"
are being protected. Home to honey bees, these trees are being protected to
preserve local honey production. The trees remain and reseed, providing some
diversity to the plantations. Since acacia trees are planted very quickly
after logging, the logging debris will compost within 3 years in the tropical weather.
[Source: Tappi Journal 81(12): 43-49]
The Permanent Wood Foundations--Design & Construction Guide has
been updated and released by the Southern Pine Council, part of the Southern
Forest Products Association. This 52-page manual covers all aspects of design
and installation of permanent wood foundations (PWF). The all-new edition
includes more than 40 illustrations and nearly 20 tables of specification data
and covers elements of the PWF system, site considerations, and selection of
lumber, plywood, and fasteners, as well as the entire installation process.
Both full basement and crawl space applications are described in detail, and
an index provides details on how to install a wood basement floor with PWF.
This publication can be ordered for $3.00 plus $1.00 for shipping by
contacting the Southern Pine Council, P.O. Box 641700, Kenner, LA 70064-1700.
Tel: (504) 443-4464; Fax: (504) 443-6612.
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(4): 8, 1999]
The 2nd Troubleshooting Wood Processing Problems Seminar will be held October 14 in Roanoke, VA. Sponsored by the Department of Wood Science and Forest Products at Virginia Tech, this seminar is designed for technical and quality control personnel, managers, and supervisors in furniture, cabinet, millwork, and related industries. The program will focus on practical solutions to wood processing problems that occur in a production operation. Topics include wood properties and wood quality that affect processing; moisture problems in manufacturing, storage, and use; control of moisture-related defects in manufacturing; and causes of and cures for lumber drying, machining, and gluing defects.
For additional information or registration materials, contact Fred Lamb by phone (540) 231-7256 or Fax (540) 231-8868.
The 22nd Annual Kiln Drying Short Course will be held August 16-19 at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul. This course is designed to provide basic training for dry kiln operators and supervisors, but it is open to anyone interested in kiln construction, kiln operation, and wood-moisture relations. For more information, contact Harlan Petersen at (612) 624-3407, by Fax: (612) 625-6286, or via e-mail: hpeterse@forestry.umn.edu.
NWPCA Produces Pallets to European Standards -- The
National Wooden Pallet and Container Association
(NWPCA) has announced production of Europallets in the United States. These
units have size and material specifications designed to conform to European
reuse, recycling, and producer responsibility regulations. For more
information, contact Sam Caulfield at (513) 522-8421 or visit the NWPCA Web
site at www.nwpca.com.
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, May 1999]
Juvenile Wood Rating System for Radiata Pine -- Researchers
at the New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd. (FRI) in Rotorua are
developing a numerical rating system for predicting the stiffness, strength,
and stability of families of top-rated radiata pine parents. The rating system
is based on a "juvenile wood index" that looks at four traits:
density, spiral grain, microfibril angle, and compression wood, all of which
can be measured from core samples. FRI researchers estimate that the juvenile
wood index, which will be structured along the lines of the well-known growth
and form system, will be available to certified nurseries in 2 to 3 years. It
will provide a commercial system for identifying seed and nursery stock with
desired attributes. Contact Peter Olson at the New Zealand Forest Research
Institute, Ltd., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, NZ.
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(4): 6, 1999]
Soy Glue for Green As Well As Dry Lumber -- Researchers
at Batelle Memorial Institute have developed a soy flour-based adhesive system
that they claim can be used to fingerjoint either green or dry scrap lumber at
a cost far lower than that of conventional phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde
(PRF) resins. Previous research sponsored by the United Soybean Board proved
that a concentrated soy-protein-based resin was capable of fingerjointing
lumber when used with a PRF. The current research has taken things one step
further by altering the structure of the soy protein to further reduce costs.
Researchers report that the bond strength produced with the new soy system is
higher than that produced by most other resins and that the soy flour used in
the process costs only 14¢ to 16¢ per pound (0.454 kg) versus the
$1.00/lb cost of the industry-standard protein isolate being used today.
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(4): 6, 1999]
Contents
Forest Products Laboratory |
Forest Service |
USDA
Please send any questions or comments to
TMU/fpl@fs.fed.us.
Contact-Name: Adele Olstad
Contact-Phone: 608/231-9329
Document-Date: 1999 June 30
Abstract: June 1999 Issue of FPC&R; Review