State & Private Forestry
Forest Products Laboratory
The Forest Products Conservation & Recycling Review is assembled and edited monthly by Adele Olstad and John Zerbe of the FPC&R; Technology Marketing Unit at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). Review contributions and correspondence may be sent to either Adele or John at the address below. For copies of FPL or North Central Forest Experiment Station publications,
contact FPL Information Services at the same address.
The individual items included in the Review reflect the content and tone of the original articles. Inclusion of an item does not
imply agreement nor endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of facts or opinions contained in any article. The Review does
not evaluate the accuracy of the information reported.
Forest Products Laboratory
One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53705-2398
Phone: (608)231-9200
FAX: (608)231-9592
E-mail: FPC&R; Technology Marketing Unit OR
FPL Information Services (for publication requests)
Look for items in these categories:
LeVan Named TMU Program Manager -- On September 8, Tom Hamilton, Director of the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), USDA Forest Service, announced the appointment of Sue LeVan as permanent Program Manager of the Technology Marketing Unit (TMU). Sue had worked as temporary Program Manager for the past couple of years, in addition to serving as Assistant Director for the Wood Preservation Research Unit.
Hamilton praised LeVan's leadership of the TMU, which has earned "a
strong positive reputation for herself and FPL throughout the country."
He believes that naming her as full-time Program Manager has the
potential to greatly expand FPL's contribution to technology
development and application, and to strengthen FPL's research program
in the process. LeVan will continue to serve on the Director's Office
Staff, since the TMU will now answer directly to the Director rather
than be included in the Wood Products Research area. According to
Hamilton, this organizational change will emphasize FPL's strong
commitment to its technology transfer efforts.
[Source: FPL Today, September 8, 1999]
Forester's Metric Conversions is a Windows-based computer program that
converts user-defined measurements from English (inch-pound) units to
metric (SI) units and vice versa. The program is derived from the
publication Metric Conversions for Foresters by Miyata, Steinhib, and
Coyer of the USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment
Station. To obtain a copy of the program, contact Jefferson Palmer at
the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Forestry
Sciences Laboratory, Princeton, WV. Tel: (304) 431-2700; Fax: (304)
431-2772; e-mail: jpalmer/ne_pr@fs.fed.us. The 1998-99 Consumer's Resource Handbook, published by the Consumer
Information Center (CIC), is 144 pages long and is touted as an
"indispensable handbook to every consumer." It provides advice and
consumer tips on car repair, purchase, and leasing; shopping from home;
ways to avoid consumer and investment fraud; home improvement and
financing; and much more. The Handbook also includes a directory of
national consumer organizations, better business bureaus, corporations,
trade associations, State and local consumer protection offices, State
agencies, military consumer offices, and Federal agencies. Single
copies of the Handbook are available free by writing to CRH, Consumer
Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009, or by accessing the CIC Web site
at www.pueblo.gsa.gov. Rise in the Use of Wood in Cabinets -- According to a recent survey of
kitchen trends by CabinetMaker magazine, the use of wood in kitchen
cabinets has been increasing. "In the spotlight" are solid wood
construction, maple lumber, glaze and natural finishes, face frame
construction, and mouldings.
The use of solid wood for drawer sides has risen in popularity, from
55% of survey respondents in 1998 to 67% in 1999; the use of wood in
doors is approximately the same as that in 1998 (76%). The trend toward
custom looks in stock cabinets means that more manufacturers are
incorporating details that demand more wood, such as crown moulding;
rope, dental, and bead designs; furniture legs; rosettes; and fluted
columns.
Maple remains the wood of choice, capturing 34% of the vote for
favorite wood, which represents a rise from 32% in 1998. Next are oak
(18%), cherry (13%), and hickory (4%). Birch has been growing in
popularity; it was chosen as favorite by 6% of the respondents, a rise
from 5% in 1998. The editors of CabinetMaker suggest that birch may be
the up-and-coming wood species for the next millennium. The use of
medium-density fiberboard (MDF) has also risen; MDF now captures 19% of
the cabinet market. Interest in Environmentally Certified Lumber Rising, Despite Higher
Costs -- In 1997, Johanna Grönroos and Jim Bowyer conducted a study in
Chicago and Minneapolis/St. Paul (M/SP) with the aims of (1)
determining the attitudes of buyers of single-family homes toward
environmental certification of lumber and wood products by a third
party and (2) assessing the market potential for environmentally
certified lumber and wood products for the construction of homes. The
study took the form of a survey of buyers of new homes in these areas
in 1994 and 1995; 540 homeowners in Chicago and 587 in M/SP were
selected to participate in the study. The response rate was 47% for
Chicago and 67% for M/SP.
A majority of survey respondents indicated that the environmental
impacts associated with building materials production are important;
however, the impact of the production of building materials on the
environment was ranked 13th out of 14 factors considered when buying a
home. Factors that ranked higher than environmental impact were
location, price, investment value, quality of workmanship, quality of
building materials, affordable property taxes, style/appearance, size
and number of rooms, energy efficiency, low maintenance requirements,
lot size, and impact of building materials on personal health. Forty
percent of survey respondents from Chicago indicated that they would be
more likely to buy furniture made from certified lumber and wood
products than building materials made from certified lumber and wood
products; only a quarter of the respondents from M/SP gave similar
responses. A smaller proportion of Chicago and M/SP respondents (25%
and 17%, respectively) indicated that they would be more likely to
select certified lumber and wood products if labeled in such a way that
visitors to their home could easily see that the products are
environmentally friendly.
Nevertheless, the results clearly indicate a market for environmentally
certified lumber and wood products in homebuilding. Approximately 36%
of Chicago respondents and 24% of M/SP respondents indicated that they
would have been willing to pay more for lumber and wood products used
in their homes had such products been environmentally certified by a
third party. Consumers who buy more expensive homes appear more likely
than others to be interested in purchasing and paying premiums for
these products. Overall, those respondents who were willing to pay a
premium said that they would pay up to $3,500 and an average of $2,500
extra for a home built with certified lumber and wood products. U.S. Timber Production, Trade, Consumption, and Price Statistics,
1965-1997, a Forest Products Laboratory report (FPL-GTR-116), presents
statistical information on production, trade, consumption, and prices
of forest products. Although the report focuses primarily on national
statistics, data are also given for regions and States; statistics are
provided for Canadian provinces as well. Information collected from
industry trade associations and government agencies is tabulated. Some
tables show data derived from mathematical calculations, and others
show conversions from different units of measurement. The data are
intended for use by anyone associated with the wood-using industry. One
use of this data series is for tracking technological change over time.
For example, data illustrate the major technology shift in the
wood-using industry with the substitution of oriented strandboard (OSB)
for plywood in the structural panel sector. In 1997, U.S. production of
structural panels totaled 28.5 billion ft²; OSB production rose from
less than 3 billion ft² in 1985 to 10.5 billion ft² in 1997. Plywood
production fell from 20 billion ft² in 1985 to 17.9 billion ft² in
1997. A limited number of free copies of this publication are available
from Forest Products Laboratory via telephone (608-231-9200), Fax
(608-231-9592), e-mail (mailroom/fpl@fs.fed.us), or FPL Web site
(www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/FPLGTR/fplgtr116.pdf).
Wood Pellet Consumption High -- The number of tons of bagged pellet fuel
sold each year in the United States continues to increase. As a result,
pellet manufacturers are cautiously optimistic about their future. For
the year ending March 30, 1998 (pellet fuel sales are tracked on a
heating season basis), the Pellet Fuels Institute (PFI) reported that
690,000 tons of bagged fuel were sold in the United States--1% above the
1997 total of 682,000 tons. Tonnage increased in the Pacific, Central,
and Northeast regions, remained the same in the Mountain and Southeast
regions, but declined substantially in the Great Lakes area.
According to PFI, 500,000 pellet appliances are presently in the field.
This figure takes into account the 40,000 units sold in 1997, according
to the Hearth Products Association. If that figure is correct, then the
average pellet appliance is burning 1.2 tons of pellet fuel per year.
The average pellet mill requires an investment of $1 to $1.5 million
and requires sales of 12,000 to 17,000 tons to break even (assuming a
raw material cost of $30/dried ton). Cubing Pelletizer Recycles Waste to Fuel -- A pelletizer installed at the
Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering & Environmental
Laboratory (NEEL) is turning much of that facility's municipal solid
waste into fuel. Organic materials, office supplies, styrofoam, and
plastic wrap, plus scrap from a wood chipper, are turned into hard gray
cubes for co-firing at the facility's coal-fired steam generation
plant. More than 80% of office trash and about 33% of other facility
waste are pelletized and mixed (up to 30%) with coal. Wastes Converted Into Valuable Industrial Chemical -- An innovative
energy-saving project co-sponsored by the Department of Energy recently
received the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Presidential Green
Chemistry Challenge Award. The project converts wastes like paper
sludge, municipal solid waste, nonrecyclable wastepaper, waste wood,
and agricultural residues into levulinic acid, a valuable industrial
chemical used to make a range of everyday products, including
substitutes for petrochemicals.
Biofine, a small company in Waltham, MA, developed the technology to
turn papermill waste into levulinic acid. The acid can be created from
virtually any biomass waste products for as little as one-tenth the
cost of current manufacturing processes. A demonstration plant in New
York is producing as much as 1 ton acid/day. Others involved in the
project are the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy
Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; New York State
Energy Research and Development Authority; Chemical Industry Services
of West Lafayette, IN; and Merichem and Pencor Environmental Ventures. New Machine to Separate Debris From Wood -- Duraquip of Tualatin, OR, is
offering a patented system that can separate rocks, metals, and other
debris from wood and other biomass materials. The system can also
remove fines, can be used to screen fine sawdust from wood chips, and
has been used to separate metals and glass from municipal solid waste.
One major advantage of the system is that it can handle materials of up
to 60% moisture content without a loss of efficiency. Specific
applications include the removal of rock and fines from planer
shavings, rock from bark and wood (log yard recovery system), glass and
metals from secondary fiber, and rock and contaminates from bagasse.
Part of the system is a rotary air separator (RAS), which was used in
the Department of Energy's Hawaiian gasifier project to remove rock and
other debris from bagasse. Portland, OR, used an RAS system for about
10 years to separate glass and metals from plastics and paper in
municipal solid waste. Consolidated Paper in Byron, WI, has used the
system since 1986 to remove fines from wood chips.
For further information, contact Duraquip, P.O. Box 948, Tualatin, OR
97062. Tel: (503) 639-9826 or (800) 486-5320; Fax: (503) 684-7296;
e-mail: usasales@duraquip.com; Web site: www.duraquip.com. Oklahoma Company Produces Wood/Vinyl Composite Shingles -- Re-New Wood of
Wagoner, OK, uses recycled vinyl and wood to make roof shingles claimed
to be resistant to fire, wind, and hail. The Eco-Shakes are made from
post-industrial vinyl waste and sawdust from sawmills. The materials
carry a 50-year warranty. Although Eco-Shakes are more expensive than
traditional shingles, insurers in five states offer discounts to
homeowners who use them. For more information, call (918) 485-5803. Federal Agencies Team Up to Gauge Sustainability of South's Forest
Resources -- Last month we discussed an environmental study of wood chip
mills being conducted by researchers from the Duke University Nicholas
School of the Environment and North Carolina State University. Concerns
included forest harvesting practices and the impacts of new chip mills
on total regional wood harvests. Pertinent to the chip mill study is
another new 2-year study on the sustainability of forest resources in
the South. This study will not focus on any particular wood-processing
technology, but will rather examine overall timber supply and demand
from all measurable users and the likelihood that future demands can
be met by expected available inventories while protecting biological
integrity and water resources.
Participating in the new study are the USDA Forest Service, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,
Tennessee Valley Authority, and individual State forestry agencies. The
USDA Forest Service is leading the endeavor. The project officially got
underway in March and is expected to conclude by 2001. "Now is the
right time to undertake this study," says the team leader, Forest
Service Specialist John Greis. "With the heightened demands on southern
forest resources, there are perceptions that their sustainability is at
risk. In this study, we want to evaluate that perception and determine
what the forest conditions really are." The Southern Research Station
of the Forest Service will lend direct support to the effort.
For the study, "sustainability" is defined as the ability to manage
private and public forests to meet the needs of the public today,
without compromising the future generations' ability to meet their own
needs. Specialists will conduct the study in two phases. The first
phase will be an evaluation of resources regionwide. In he second
phase, researchers will focus on one or more smaller areas where
sustainability either appears to be in question or demands further
attention. These smaller evaluations could be a State, multicounty, or
ecological region. Agency leaders indicate that the study will not
result in judgments or decisions about future forest uses nor in
recommendations for managing resource extractions or services.
"Our goal," says Greis, "is to provide the best and most accurate set
of data on which leaders, land managers, and landowners can base
decisions. There is so much conflicting information out there right
now. We believe that by providing decisionmakers accurate information,
they will be better prepared to manage and protect the forests of this
region."
The team plans to elicit input from the public--citizens, State leaders,
local officials, and other interested groups. A Web site will be
established to keep interested individuals up to date on the project
and to elicit feedback. For further information, contact John Greis at
(404) 347-7223. Other Agency contacts include Angela Coleman, USDA
Forest Service, (404) 347-7226; Vickie Boatwright, U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Service, (404) 679-7287; Carl Terry, Environmental Protection Agency,
(404) 562-8325; and Barbara Martocci, Tennessee Valley Authority, (423)
632-8632. 1999 Hardwood Symposium Proceedings Available -- Environmental Demands on
Eastern Hardwoods: Issues, Impacts, Opportunities was the theme of the
27th Annual Hardwood Symposium held during May in Cambridge, OH. The
Proceedings contain 16 papers presented by State, Federal, and industry
experts on the issues and impacts of increasing environmental pressure
on eastern hardwood forests and the hardwood industry. Among the
highlights of the Proceedings is the keynote presentation by Dr.
Chadwick Oliver, University of Seattle, who has advised the President,
Secretary of Agriculture, and Congress on forestry issues in the
Pacific Northwest and Nationwide. Dr. Oliver presents a landscape
management approach through which the forest products industry can
demonstrate that forests can readily be environmentally, economically,
and socially sound. Copies of the Proceedings are available from the
National Hardwood Lumber Association for a fee ($10 to members; $13 to
nonmembers). To order a copy, contact Becky Miller at (800) 933-0318. Carcinogens Found at Former Landfill Site --Arsenic, naphthalene, and
other cancer-causing agents have been detected in soil and water
samples at a landfill in Fairfield, ME. The fly-ash disposal facility
was in service from 1976 to 1985, then closed and capped in 1993. The
State's Department of Environmental Protection conducted tests after
reports of "bad water" and a high incidence of cancer in surrounding
residential areas. Tests revealed high concentrations of an arsenic
compound that could have come from wood preservatives. MDF Plant Upgrade -- SierraPine Ltd. has announced plans to add an 8-ft-
(2.4-m-) wide continuous press to its MDF manufacturing facility in
Rocklin, CA. Expected to be operational by October, the new line will
produce MDF in panels as thin as 1/10 in. (0.25 cm). Wood In Transportation (WIT) Program Proposals for commercialization
projects for Fiscal Year (FY) 2000 are being accepted by the USDA
Forest Service. A commercialization project is defined as a project
with areawide or regional significance. The purpose of these projects
is to foster the commercialization of modern WIT technology that has
been developed during the last 10 years of the Program, resulting in
the construction of cost-effective, structurally sound
structures--preferably using local timber resources as well as local
businesses and employees. The WIT Program anticipates about $300,000 in
funding for the FY2000 demonstration program. Because of these monetary
limits, the Program plans to fund up to three commercialization
projects. Proposed projects should focus on advancing one or more of
the following objectives, while emphasizing the use of local timber
when feasible:
For more information, contact Ed Cesa, Program Manager, National Wood
In Transportation Information Center, USDA Forest Service, 180 Canfield
St., Morgantown, WV 26505. Tel: (304) 285-1591; Fax: (304) 285-1505;
e-mail: ecesa/na_mo@fs.fed.us.
Bamboo Flooring -- Although bamboo is a grass, its hardness, strength, and
dimensional stability make it a useful building material. Large species
of bamboo, which mature in 3 years, regenerate without being replanted,
and require no fertilizer or pest control, have been used in
construction projects for thousands of years. Bamboo can also be used
to produce tongue-and-groove flooring. Hollow shoots are sliced into
strips, which are boiled to remove starch, dried, and laminated into
solid boards. The boards are milled to standard strip flooring
profiles. Boric acid is one of the preservatives used to treat the
material before or after laminating, or both. Flooring is available in
a natural light color and a warmer amber color, produced by pressure
steaming the bamboo to carbonize and darken it. Urea-formaldehyde (UF)
adhesives are used to laminate the material. Although UF resin tends to
offgas formaldehyde for a long time after production, the amount of
resin in a laminated product is much less than that in a panel board
product. At least eight companies now import the material, claiming
hardness and dimensional stability properties that compare favorably
with those of red oak and other common hardwoods. U.S. Market for Pinenuts -- Pinenuts (pinyon nuts) have been a subsistence
food for some Native American tribes for many centuries. To serve this
need, these tribes have gathering rights--not only on their own lands
but on some lands outside their reservations. There is said to be an
additional market for these nuts amounting to 8 million lb (3.6 million
kg) per year. A problem is shelling the nuts, but machines have been
developed for this purpose. For a commercial venture, not only the nuts
themselves but also flour and oil manufactured from them are market
possibilities. Reports on Lumber Treating Available -- The American Wood-Preservers'
Association (AWPA) is offering Wood Preserving Plants in the United
States, 1997, a 42-page publication that includes information on
approximately 445 plans operating in the United States as of 1997. The
data include company name, plant location, class of preservatives used,
and number and size of treating cylinders.
The AWPA has also compiled Wood Preserving Statistics, 1997, which
includes tables on production of treated wood products by region and
species, consumption of treating chemicals, treating plant
characteristics and employment, and trends in treatment of wood
products. The report indicates that an estimated 727.8 million ft³
(20.6 million m³) of treated wood products were produced by 445
treating plants in 1997.
These publications are available for a fee from AWPA. Tel: (817)
326-6300; Fax: (817) 326-6306; e-mail: awpa@itexas.net;
Web site: www.awpa.com. The 18th Oak Drying Workshop will be held December 7-9 in Roanoke, VA.
Aimed at beginning operators, the program will cover practical
techniques for the efficient and effective operation of predryers and
dry kilns for oak and other hardwood lumber. Topics include the basics
of hardwood lumber drying, kiln and predryer operating techniques, use
of drying schedules, practical techniques for equalizing and
conditioning (stress relief), causes and cures for drying defects, and
quality control procedures. For additional information or registration
materials, contact Fred Lamb, Department of Wood Science and Forest
Products, Brooks Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0503. Tel:
(540) 231-7256; Fax: (540) 231-8868r e-mail: fml195@vt.edu.
Reports on Nondestructive Evaluation of Strength and Decay in Timber
Bridges -- Forest Products Laboratory researchers Bob Ross and Bob Falk
have collaborated with other researchers to produce Inspection of
Timber Bridges Using Stress Wave Timing Nondestructive Evaluation Tools
(FPL-GTR-114).
Bob Ross has collaborated with other authors in the
publication Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Timber Bridges.
Key findings from these reports are highlighted here.
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of timber bridges may be performed
through visual inspection or techniques which include stress waves
(impact-generated stresses), ultrasonic (propagation of stress waves at
frequencies greater than 20 kHz) techniques, drill resistance,
radiography, microwave/ground penetrating radar (propagation of waves
from 300 MHz to 300 GHz), and vibration (analysis of resonant
frequencies of structural members primarily for determining modules of
elasticity). Although NDE is usually used to evaluate the condition of
individual structural members, it may be used to measure the overall
condition of a bridge. Two common test methods for complete bridges
are dynamic system identification and diagnostic load testing. Bridge
response to dynamic or static loading can be compared to a record of
previous response or an analytical model of the bridge. An extension of
the vibration methods used for simple-span members may be used in
full-scale structures. However, the problem becomes much more complex
since the structure has many more modes of vibration. Each vibration
mode must be investigated to determine the characteristics of the
structure. In British Columbia, researchers determined the natural
frequencies of a bridge at five modes using a forcing hammer, ambient
vibration, and a finite element model. Additional work on timber bridge
dynamic response was conducted in a cooperative study between Iowa
State University, the Forest Products Laboratory, and the Federal
Highway Administration.
Diagnostic load tests typically involve relatively small static loads
applied to a bridge. They provide valuable insight into the true
elastic load-response behavior of a bridge, but they can only be used
as an aid in the prediction of the maximum load-carrying capacity of
the structure.
Bridge inspectors may use stress wave timing instruments to locate and
define areas of decay in timber bridge members. First, a stress wave is
induced by striking the specimen with an impact device equipped with an
accelerometer that emits a start signal to a timer. A second
accelerometer, which is held in contact with the other side of the
specimen, serves to detect the leading edge of the propagating stress
wave and sends a stop signal to the timer. The elapsed time for the
stress wave to propagate between the accelerometers is displayed on the
timer.
The use of stress wave velocity to detect wood decay in timber bridges
and other structures is only limited by access to the structural
members under consideration. This technique is especially useful on
thick timbers or glulam timbers greater than or equal to 89 mm (greater than or equal to 3.5 in.).
Access to both sides of the member is required. The presence of decay greatly affects stress
wave transmission time in wood. A 30% increase in stress wave
transmission times implies a 50% loss in wood strength; a 50% increase
indicates severely decayed wood. Transverse travel paths are best for
finding decay; parallel-to-grain travel paths can bypass regions of
decay. Weight loss is not a good indicator of decay because
considerable strength loss can occur without significant weight loss.
Treatment of wood with waterborne salts has almost no effect on stress
wave transmission time. Treatment with oilborne preservatives increases
transmission time by about 40% compared to that for untreated wood. Portable Bandmill Makes History Come Alive -- A portable bandmill was
used to saw nearly all the wood in the reproduction of the brig Lady
Washington. All the wood for the ship came from the Pacific Northwest.
The reconstruction of the Lady Washington is as faithful as possible to
the original, while still meeting modern Coast Guard safety
regulations. The decks and rigging are considered museum quality and
true in every aspect to the original 1788 version. However, the use of
modern laminates and components such as steel fasteners disqualify the
ship as a true "replica."
Based on weight alone, the vessel contains about 100,000 board feet
(236 m³) of Douglas-fir. Because of the irregular shapes of the ship
parts, a 40% waste estimate is conservative. Various grades of
Douglas-fir were used in reconstruction, including clear, 3-in.-
(7.6-cm-) thick, vertical-grain, old-growth planking stock in 30- to
40-ft (9- to 12-m) lengths.
When the Western Sawyer portable sawmill was brought to the Lady
Washington job site, a few adjustments had to be made. Only 20 ft (6 m)
of track was brought, but masts more than 60 ft (18 m) long needed to
be milled. The head sawyer made four additional sections of track to
extend the bed to 70 ft (21 m), just enough to saw a mast. Beyond
lengthening the bed, the sawyer did little modification of the stock
saw to take on the heavy, long cuts needed. The original phenolic blade
guides and holders were modified to use "Cool Blocks," a graphite
guideblock system used on industrial shakemills. The sawyer also
decided to use a thicker 0.042 blade stock, donated by a local door
company. The 0.042 blades run truer in heavier cuts than do 0.035 stock
blades.
During the Lady Washington project, the sawyer relied on air cooling of
the sawblade rather than lubrication with water. The wood chips swell
so fast when in contact with water that it is harder to remove them
with a drip lubrication system. Since water is not used for cooling,
maintenance of and rust on the sawmill are greatly reduced. All that is
needed is a light spraying of bar oil and kerosene prior to cutting
pitchy wood.
The Western Sawyer portable bandmill was used to make cants, to reduce
the size of purchased cants, and to do nontaper work. A shipwright's
bandsaw was used as a resaw setup to cut the planking at certain
angles. (A shipwright's saw is a vertical blade bandsaw, very heavily
built with a 36-in. (91-cm) or larger throat and a foot or more of
thickness capacity.) The ribs were cut on the Western Sawyer,
transferred to a shipwright's mill, and then halved again on the
Western Sawyer. Selection and Application of Exterior Stains for Wood, FPL-GTR-106,
describes the properties of stains, methods for applying stains, and
the expected service life of stains. The discussion includes background
information on wood properties and treatment of wood with
preservatives. Both oil-based and latex formulations of
semitrans-parent and opaque (solid-color) stains are described.
Exterior stains for wood protect the wood surface from sunlight and
moisture. Because stains are formulated to penetrate the wood surface,
they are not prone to crack or peel as can film-forming finishes, such
as paints.
A limited number of free copies of this publication are available from
Forest Products Laboratory via telephone (608-231-9200), Fax
(608-231-9592), e-mail (mailroom/fpl@fs.fed.us),
or FPL's Web site (
www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/FPLGTR/fplgtr106.pdf).
Contents
Forest Products Laboratory |
Forest Service |
USDA
Please send any questions or comments to
TMU/fpl@fs.fed.us.
Contact-Name: Adele Olstad
Contact-Phone: 608/231-9329
Document-Date: 1999 October 6
Abstract: September 1999 Issue of FPC&R; Review
[Source: The Internet Connection, Volume 5, Issue 7, 1999]
Marketing and Feasibility
[Source: Southern Lumberman, September 1999]
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(6): 28-34, 1999]
Economics and Financing
[Source: Hearth & Home, July 1998]
Waste Wood and Paper Recycling
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, July 1999]
[Source: DOE This Month, August 1999]
[Source: Bioenergy UPDATE, August 1999]
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, August 1999]
Environmental Issues and Protection
[Source: News Release, April 27, 1999]
[Source: Hardwood Research Bulletin, September 1999]
[Source: Resource Recovery Report, August 1999]
Wood in Transportation & Engineered Wood Products
[Source: Environmental Design & Construction, July/August 1999]
Structural adequacy: designs that will perform as required.
Longevity: preservative treatment processes, quality control,
design, and installation features that maintain the integrity of the
treatment.
Serviceability: features that simplify inspection and maintenance
requirements or could eliminate future checks and adjustments to
maintain structure specifications.
Cost: designs that are economical.
Special Forest Products
[Source: Forest Products Journal 49(1): 6, 1999]
[Source: Keith Schnare, Forest Products Specialist, USDA Forest
Service, Ogden, UT]
Improved Utilization of Solid Wood
[Source: Timber Processing, April 1999]
[Source: Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Timber Bridges,
1998. In: Proceedings of the 5th world conference on timber
engineering; 1998 August 17-20; Montreux, Switzerland: 670-677; and FPL-GTR-114]
[Source: Independent Sawmill & Woodlot Management, April/May 1999]