| |
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. |
|
| |
Alanine aminopeptidase. An enzyme that is used as a biomarker to detect damage to the kidneys, and that may be used to help diagnose certain kidney disorders. It is found at high levels in the urine when there are kidney problems. |
|
(a-ba-REL-iks)
| |
A drug used to reduce the amount of testosterone made in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer for which no other treatment options are available. It belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists. Also called Plenaxis. |
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| |
A staging system for prostate cancer that uses ABCD. “A” and “B” refer to cancer that is confined to the prostate. “C” refers to cancer that has grown out of the prostate but has not spread to lymph nodes or other places in the body. “D” refers to cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or to other places in the body. Also called the Jewett staging system or the Whitmore-Jewett staging system. |
|
(AB-do-men)
| |
The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. |
|
| |
Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. |
|
| |
Surgery to remove the anus, the rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon through an incision made in the abdomen. The end of the intestine is attached to an opening in the surface of the abdomen and body waste is collected in a disposable bag outside of the body. This opening is called a colostomy. Lymph nodes that contain cancer may also be removed during this operation. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a special form of the anticancer drug paclitaxel that may have fewer side effects and may be able to be given in higher doses. It belongs to the families of drugs called mitotic inhibitors and taxanes. |
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| |
In medicine, the removal or destruction of a body part or tissue or its function. Ablation may be performed by surgery, hormones, drugs, radiofrequency, heat, or other methods. |
|
| |
Not normal. In referring to a lesion or growth, may be cancerous or premalignant (likely to become cancer). |
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| |
An enclosed collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces in the body. An abscess is a sign of infection and is usually swollen and inflamed. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family
of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.
|
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| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called sulfonamides. |
|
| |
A type of monoclonal antibody being studied in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. |
|
(ak-SEL-er-ay-ted)
| |
Refers to chronic myelogenous leukemia that is progressing. The number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than in the chronic phase but not as high as in the blast phase. |
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| |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A type of drug that is used to lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors belong to the family of drugs called antihypertensives. |
|
| |
A drug that reduces pain and fever (but not inflammation). It belongs to the family of drugs called analgesics. |
|
| |
A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. Also called N-acetyl-L-cysteine. |
|
(a-klor-HY-dree-a)
| |
A lack of hydrochloric acid in the digestive juices in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps digest food. |
|
| |
A substance that is used in the prevention of cancer and in the treatment of psoriasis. It belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. |
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| |
A disorder of the skin in which oil glands and hair glands become inflamed. |
|
(ah-KOOS-tik)
| |
Having to do with sound or hearing. |
|
| |
A genetic condition in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear and cause loss of hearing and balance. Tumors may also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, and may cause loss of speech, eye movement, and the ability to swallow. Also called neurofibromatosis type 2. |
|
| |
AIDS. An acquired defect in immune system function caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS is associated with increased susceptibility to certain cancers and to opportunistic infections, which are infections that occur rarely except in individuals with weak immune systems. |
|
| |
DACA. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. |
|
(ak-ri-low-NYE-tril)
| |
A substance used to make
plastics, rubber, and textiles. Being exposed to acrylonitrile may increase
the risk of developing certain cancers, such as lung, brain, or prostate
cancer. |
|
(ak-TIN-ik ker-a-TOE-sis)
| |
A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. |
|
| |
In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that focuses on finding out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. |
|
| |
A protein that is made by the body and that helps dissolve blood clots. It can also be made in the laboratory and is used in the treatment of heart attack and stroke. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Activase belongs to the family of drugs called systemic thrombolytic agents. Also called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA), and Alteplase. |
|
| |
In biology, to stimulate a cell in a resting state to become active. This causes biochemical and functional changes in the activated cell. |
|
(AK-yoo-PRESH-er)
| |
The application of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body to control symptoms such as pain or nausea. It is a type of complementary and alternative medicine. |
|
(AK-yoo-PUNK-cher)
| |
The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms. It is a type of complementary and alternative medicine. |
|
| |
Mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. |
|
| |
Symptoms or signs that begin and worsen quickly; not chronic.
|
|
| |
A rapidly progressing cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of white blood cells to be produced and enter the blood stream. |
|
(lim-fo-BLAST-ik loo-KEE-mee-a)
| |
ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells (called lymphoblasts) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. |
|
(lim-fo-SIT-ik loo-KEE-mee-a)
| |
ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells (called lymphoblasts) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. |
|
(mye-eh-LAH-jen-us loo-KEE-mee-a)
| |
AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells (not lymphocytes) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. |
|
(MY-eh-loyd loo-KEE-mee-a)
| |
AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells (not lymphocytes) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. |
|
| |
A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. |
|
| |
Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a relatively short time. |
|
| |
A substance used to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex infections that may occur when the body is immunosuppressed. It belongs to the family of drugs called antivirals. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. |
|
| |
A combination of drugs that is used as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder). It belongs to the family of drugs called stimulants. Also called dextroamphetamine-amphetamine. |
|
| |
Uncontrollable craving, seeking, and use of a substance such as a drug or alcohol. |
|
(AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma)
| |
Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties. |
|
| |
A rare type of cancer that usually begins in the salivary glands. |
|
(ad-in-O-ma)
|
(ad-en-OP-a-thee)
| |
Large or swollen lymph glands. |
|
| |
ATP. A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA. ATP made in the laboratory is being studied in patients with advanced solid tumors to see if it can decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength. |
|
| |
A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. |
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| |
In cancer therapy, a drug or substance used in addition to the primary therapy. |
|
| |
Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. |
|
(AD-joo-vant)
| |
Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or biological therapy. |
|
(ah-DREE-nal)
| |
A small gland that produces steroid hormones,
adrenaline, and noradrenaline, which help control heart rate, blood
pressure, and other important body functions. There are two adrenal glands,
one located on top of each kidney. |
|
| |
A hormone and neurotransmitter. Also called epinephrine. |
|
| |
Having to do with or made by the outer layer of the adrenal gland, which produces steroid
hormones. There is an adrenal gland on top of each kidney.
|
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| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. Also called doxorubicin. |
|
| |
ATLL. An aggressive (rapidly progressing) type of T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is marked by bone and skin lesions, high calcium levels, and enlarged lymph nodes, spleen and liver. |
|
| |
An unwanted side effect of treatment. |
|
| |
A substance made from shark cartilage that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels to solid tumors. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and angiogenesis inhibitors. |
|
| |
In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. |
|
| |
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. |
|
| |
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. |
|
| |
The combined organs and tissues of the respiratory tract and the upper part of the digestive tract (including the lips, mouth, tongue, nose, throat, vocal cords, and part of the esophagus and windpipe). |
|
| |
In medicine, to turn a liquid drug into a fine mist that can be inhaled. |
|
(AF-la-TOK-sin)
| |
A harmful substance made by certain types of mold (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) that is often found on poorly stored grains and nuts. Consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxin is a risk factor for primary liver cancer. |
|
| |
Alpha-fetoprotein. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the
families of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors and protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase inhibitors. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. AG3340 is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Also called prinomastat. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Also called nolatrexed. |
|
| |
In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that tests whether taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements can prevent cancer. Also a called chemoprevention study. |
|
| |
A substance that makes particles (such as bacteria or cells) stick together to form a clump or a mass. |
|
| |
A quickly growing cancer. |
|
| |
A type of lymphoma that grows and spreads quickly, and has severe symptoms. It is seen frequently in patients who are HIV-positive (AIDS-related lymphoma). Also called intermediate-grade or high-grade lymphoma. |
|
| |
A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is made in organs such as the liver and the spleen, instead of in the bone marrow. This disease is marked by an enlarged spleen and progressive anemia. Also called chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, primary myelofibrosis, myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis. |
|
| |
A drug that triggers an action from a cell or another drug. |
|
(A-gran-yoo-lo-SITE)
| |
A type of white blood cell; monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes. |
|
| |
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An acquired defect in immune system function caused by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). AIDS is associated with increased susceptibility to certain cancers and to opportunistic infections, which are infections that occur rarely except in individuals with weak immune systems. |
|
| |
A system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for describing the extent of cancer in a patient’s body. The descriptions include TNM: T describes the size of the tumor and if it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes any lymph nodes that are involved, and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another). |
|
| |
AAP. An enzyme that is used as a biomarker to detect damage to the kidneys, and that may be used to help diagnose certain kidney disorders. It is found at high levels in the urine when there are kidney problems. |
|
| |
An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. A high level of alanine transferase released into the blood may be a sign of liver damage, cancer, or other diseases. Also called serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase or SGPT.
|
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. Also called SDX-102. |
|
| |
A laboratory-made colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets, during chemotherapy. It is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood-forming) agents. Also called interleukin-2 or IL-2. |
|
| |
A type of monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of leukemia. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. Also called Campath-1H. |
|
| |
A drug that affects bone metabolism. It is used in treating osteoporosis and Paget's disease, and is being studied in the treatment of hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and in treating and reducing the risk of bone pain caused by cancer. Alendronate sodium belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. |
|
(AL-ka-LIN-ih-ZAY-shun)
| |
The process by which a substance becomes an alkali. An alkali is the opposite of an acid. |
|
| |
A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. |
|
| |
A drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. It interferes with the cell's DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth. |
|
| |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. |
|
| |
A form of vitamin A that is used in the treatment of acne. It is also being studied in
cancer prevention and as a treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia, usually in combination
with other drugs. Also called tretinoin.
|
|
(Al-o-jen-AY-ik)
| |
Taken from different individuals of the same species. Also called allogenic. |
|
(AL-o-jen-AY-ik)
| |
A procedure in which a person receives stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) from a genetically similar, but not identical, donor. |
|
(AL-o-jen-AY-ik)
| |
A procedure in which a person receives stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) from a genetically similar, but not identical, donor. |
|
| |
Taken from different individuals of the same species. Also called allogeneic. |
|
| |
A drug that lowers high levels of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood caused by some cancer treatments. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied as a gene therapy agent in the treatment of cancer. It increases the ability of the immune system to recognize cancer cells and kill them. |
|
| |
A substance found in certain plants, including aloe vera. It belongs to a family of compounds called anthraquinones, which have shown anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. |
|
(al-oh-PEE-shuh)
| |
The lack or loss of hair from areas of the body where hair is usually found. Alopecia can be a side effect of some cancer treatments. |
|
(AL-fa-FEE-toe-PRO-teen)
| |
AFP. A protein normally produced by a fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy adult men or women (who are not pregnant). An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. |
|
| |
A protein that is made by the body and that helps dissolve blood clots. It can also be made in the laboratory and is used in the treatment of heart attack and stroke. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Alteplase belongs to the family of drugs called systemic thrombolytic agents. Also called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA), and Activase. |
|
| |
A change resulting in something that is different from the original. |
|
| |
Practices used instead of standard treatments. They generally are not recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches. Alternative medicine includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. |
|
| |
A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. |
|
| |
A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called alum. |
|
| |
A cancer vaccine containing a canary pox virus (ALVAC) combined with the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene. |
|
(al-VEE-o-lye)
| |
Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. |
|
| |
A type of poisonous mushroom that has harmful effects on the kidneys and liver. It is responsible for most fatal cases of mushroom poisoning. Also called death cap. |
|
| |
A drug used to treat insomnia (inability to sleep), and anxiety. It belongs to a family of drugs known as imidazopyridines (sedative hypnotics). Also called zolpidem. |
|
| |
A type of skin cancer in which the cells do not make melanin. Skin lesions are often irregular and may be pink, red, or have light brown, tan, or gray at the edges. |
|
| |
A drug used as a chemoprotective drug to control some of the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. |
|
| |
An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called aminoglycoside antibiotics. |
|
| |
The arrangement of amino acids in a protein. Proteins can be made from 20 different kinds of amino acids, and the structure and function of each type of protein are determined by the kinds of amino acids used to make it and how they are arranged. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. |
|
(a-MEE-no-gloo-TETH-ih-mide)
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide is used to decrease the production of sex hormones (estrogen in women or testosterone in men) and suppress the growth of tumors that need sex hormones to grow. |
|
| |
A type of antibiotic that works against many types of bacteria and includes streptomycin, gentamicin, and neomycin. Aminoglycosides are used to treat bacterial infections. |
|
| |
A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. |
|
| |
Acute myelogenous leukemia. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors and intercalating agents. |
|
| |
An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called penicillins or penicillin derivatives. |
|
| |
A drug used in the treatment of infections caused by fungi. It belongs to the family of drugs called antifungals. |
|
| |
A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. |
|
| |
An enlargement of the ducts from the liver and pancreas at the point where they enter the small intestine. |
|
(am-pyoo-TAY-shun)
| |
Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. |
|
(AM-il-aze)
| |
An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. |
|
| |
A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. |
|
(an-AG-re-lide)
| |
A drug that is used to decrease the number of platelets in the blood in order to prevent blood clotting. |
|
(an-a-KIN-ra)
| |
A substance that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, and is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Anakinra blocks the action of interleukin 1 (IL-1). It belongs to the family of drugs called interleukin receptor antagonists. Also called Kinaret®. |
|
| |
Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. |
|
| |
A drug that reduces pain. Analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. |
|
| |
In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. |
|
| |
A severe and sometimes life-threatening immune system reaction to an antigen that a person has been previously exposed to. The reaction may include itchy skin, edema, collapsed blood vessels, fainting, and difficulty in breathing. |
|
(an-ah-PLAS-tik)
| |
A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells. |
|
| |
An aggressive (rapidly progressing) type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is usually of the T-cell type. The cancer cells express a marker called CD30 or Ki-1 on the surface, and may appear in the lymph nodes, skin, bones, soft tissues, lungs, or liver. |
|
(an-a-PLAS-tik)
| |
A rare, aggressive type of thyroid cancer in which the malignant (cancer) cells look very different from normal thyroid cells. |
|
(an-AS-ta-MO-sis)
| |
A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen to grow. It belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. |
|
(AN-dro-jen)
| |
A type of hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. |
|
| |
Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones. Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles, by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs (antiandrogens). Also called androgen suppression. |
|
| |
Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones. Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles, by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs, antiandrogens. Also called androgen ablation. |
|
| |
Describes the ability of tumor cells to grow in the absence of androgens (hormones that promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics). Many early prostate cancers require androgens for growth, but advanced prostate cancers are often androgen-independent. |
|
| |
An incomplete description of the medical and treatment history of one or more patients. Anecdotal reports may be published in places other than peer-reviewed, scientific journals. |
|
(a-NEE-mee-a)
| |
A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. |
|
(an-es-THEE-zha)
| |
Drugs or substances that cause loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep. |
|
| |
A doctor who specializes in giving drugs or other agents to prevent or relieve pain during surgery or other procedures being done in the hospital. |
|
(an-es-THET-ik)
| |
A substance that causes loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. |
|
| |
The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including gastrointestinal problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas. |
|
(an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis)
| |
Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. |
|
| |
A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. |
|
(AN-jee-o-gram)
| |
An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray. |
|
(an-jee-AH-gra-fee)
| |
A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray pictures. |
|
| |
An aggressive (rapidly progressing) type of T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma marked by enlarged lymph nodes and hypergammaglobulinemia (increased antibodies in the blood). Other symptoms may include a skin rash, fever, weight loss, or night sweats. |
|
(AN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma)
| |
A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line blood vessels or lymph vessels. Cancer that begins in blood vessels is called hemangiosarcoma. Cancer that begins in lymph vessels is called lymphangiosarcoma. |
|
| |
A protein normally made by the body. It can also be made in
the laboratory, and is being studied in the treatment of cancer.
Angiostatin may prevent the growth of new blood vessels from the surrounding
tissue to a solid tumor. It belongs to the family of drugs called
angiogenesis inhibitors. |
|
| |
ACE inhibitor. A type of drug that is used to lower blood pressure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors belong to the family of drugs called antihypertensives. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. |
|
| |
A drug that is used to treat infections caused by fungi. It belongs to the family of drugs called antifungals. |
|
| |
An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called anthracycline antibiotics. |
|
| |
An abnormal loss of the appetite for food. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, AIDS, a mental disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa), or other diseases. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic antibiotics. |
|
| |
In medicine, a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance. For example, a drug that blocks the stimulating effect of estrogen on a tumor cell is called an estrogen receptor antagonist. |
|
(MEE-dee-a-stin-AH-toe-mee)
| |
A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called the Chamberlain procedure. |
|
| |
The area in the front part of the chest between the lungs. Also called prevascular space. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called anticancer antibiotics. |
|
| |
A type of antibiotic that comes from the fungus Streptococcus peucetius. Anthracyclines are used as treatments for cancer. Daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and epirubicin are anthracyclines. |
|
| |
A type of anticancer drug. |
|
| |
An antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein present on certain types of cancer cells. |
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A vaccine made of antibodies that see other antibodies as the antigen and bind to it. Anti-idiotype vaccines can stimulate the body to produce antibodies against tumor cells. |
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Having to do with reducing inflammation. |
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(an-tee-AN-dro-jen)
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A drug used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. |
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Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. |
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Prevention of the growth of new blood vessels. |
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Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. |
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(an-tih-by-AH-tik)
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A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. |
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(AN-tih-BOD-ee)
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A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. |
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Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. |
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(AN-tee-ka-KEK-see-a)
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Describes a drug or effect that works against cachexia (loss of body weight and muscle mass). |
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A type of anticancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called an antitumor antibiotic or antineoplastic antibiotic. |
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(AN-tee-KAR-sin-o-JEN-ik)
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Having to do with preventing or delaying the development of cancer. |
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A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. |
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(AN-tee-kon-VUL-sant)
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A drug that prevents, reduces, or stops convulsions or seizures. |
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A drug used to treat depression. |
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A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting. |
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A substance that blocks the activity of estrogens, the family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics. |
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A substance that blocks the activity of folic acid. Antifolates are used to treat cancer. Also called folate antagonist. |
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A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. |
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A substance that causes the immune system to make a specific immune response. |
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APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. |
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A vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Also called APC vaccine. |
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A laboratory test to identify antibodies that can bind to the surface of red blood cells or platelets and destroy them. This test is used to diagnose certain blood disorders in which patients make antibodies to their own red blood cells or platelets. It is also used to determine blood type. Also called a Coomb's test. |
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Treatment with drugs, surgery, or radiation in order to block the production or action of a hormone. Antihormone therapy may be used in cancer treatment because certain hormones are able to stimulate the growth of some types of tumors. |
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A drug that is very similar to natural chemicals in a normal biochemical reaction in cells but different enough to interfere with the normal division and functions of cells. |
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A drug that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Antimicrotubule agents are used as treatments for cancer. Also called antimitotic agents, mitotic inhibitors, and taxanes. Docetaxel and paclitaxel are antimicrotubule agents. |
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A drug that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Antimitotic agents are used as treatments for cancer. Also called antimicrotubule agents, mitotic inhibitors, and taxanes. Docetaxel and paclitaxel are antimitotic agents. |
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A substance that blocks the formation of neoplasms (growths that may become cancerous). |
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A type of anticancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called an anticancer antibiotic or antitumor antibiotic. |
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A substance isolated from normal human blood and urine that is being tested as a type of treatment for some tumors and AIDS. |
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(an-tee-OKS-i-dent)
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A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. |
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A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and parasites. It is also used in the treatment of some cancers. |
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Treatment with drugs that inhibit the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other types of retroviruses to multiply in the body. |
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Synthetic genetic material that may slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. |
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(AN-tee-THIGH-mo-site GLOB-yoo-lin)
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A protein used to reduce the risk of or to treat graft-versus-host disease. |
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(AN-tee-too-ber-kyoo-LOW-sis)
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Describes a drug or effect that works against tuberculosis (a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs). |
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A type of anticancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called an anticancer antibiotic or antineoplastic antibiotic. |
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A drug used to treat infections caused by viruses. |
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(AY-nus)
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The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. |
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A drug used in the treatment of anxiety and muscle spasms. |
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(a-OR-tuh)
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The largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to vessels that reach the rest of the body. |
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Antigen-presenting cell. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. |
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A vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Also called antigen-presenting cell vaccine. |
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Immune system cells that are collected from a patient with prostate cancer and treated in the laboratory with a molecule found on prostate cells. The treated cells are being studied for their ability to stimulate the immune system to kill prostate cancer cells. |
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A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called pheresis. |
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A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. |
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A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is obtained from a marine organism. |
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A gland that secretes a fluid that includes small parts of the gland’s apocrine cells. Sweat glands in the armpits and groin are apocrine glands. |
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A type of monoclonal antibody that is being studied as a treatment for hematologic (blood) cancers. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. |
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(ap-o-TOE-sis)
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A normal series of events in a cell that leads to its death. |
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A small, fingerlike pouch that sticks out from the cecum (the first part of the large intestine near the end of the small intestine). |
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A substance found in certain plants, including burdock. It has shown antiviral and anticancer effects. Arctigenin belongs to a group of substances called lignans. |
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A substance found in certain plants, including burdock. It has shown anticancer effects. Arctiin belongs to a group of substances called lignans. |
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(a-REE-o-la)
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The area of dark-colored skin on the breast that surrounds the nipple. |
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A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. |
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(a-ROW-ma-tays in-HIB-it-er)
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A drug that prevents the formation of estradiol, a female hormone, by interfering with an aromatase enzyme. Aromatase inhibitors are used as a type of hormone therapy for postmenopausal women who have hormone-dependent breast cancer. |
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A poisonous chemical used to kill weeds and pests. Also used in cancer therapy. |
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A substance that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. It belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastics. |
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(ar-TEE-ree-al EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun)
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The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. |
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(ar-TEER-ee-o-gram)
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An x-ray of arteries; the person receives an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. |
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(ar-TEE-ree-AH-gra-fee)
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A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. |
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A disease that causes inflammation and pain in the joints. |
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(as-BES-tus)
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A natural material that is made of tiny fibers.
Asbestos can cause several serious diseases, including cancer. |
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(ah-SYE-teez)
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Abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen that may cause swelling. In late-stage cancer, tumor cells may be found in the fluid in the abdomen. Ascites also occurs in patients with liver disease. |
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An enzyme used in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastics. |
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An enzyme found in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high level of aspartate transaminase released into the blood may be a sign of liver or heart damage, cancer, or other diseases. Also called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase or SGOT. |
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An infectious fungal disease that occurs most often in the skin, ears, nasal sinuses, and lungs of people with suppressed immune systems. |
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A family of fungi commonly found in soil. Certain types may cause disease, especially in people who have suppressed immune systems. |
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(AS-pi-rit)
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Fluid withdrawn from a lump (often a cyst) or a nipple. |
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(as-per-AY-shun)
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Removal of fluid or tissue through a needle. Also, the accidental breathing in of food or fluid into the lungs. |
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A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. |
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(AS-say)
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A laboratory test to find and measure the amount of a specific substance. |
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Weakness; lack of energy and strength. |
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(AS-troe-site)
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A type of cell found in the brain and
spinal cord. An astrocyte is a small, star-shaped glial cell (a cell that
surrounds and supports nerve cells).
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(as-troe-sye-TOE-ma)
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A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. |
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Lack or absence of balanced proportions between parts of a thing. |
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Having no signs or symptoms of disease. |
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A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Atamestane blocks the production of the hormone estrogen in the body. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens. |
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Loss of muscle coordination. |
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A rare, inherited, progressive, degenerative disease of childhood that causes loss of muscle control, a weakened immune system, and an increased risk of cancer. |
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(ah-TAK-sik)
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Awkward, uncoordinated walking. |
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(at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis)
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Failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely. This may be caused by a blocked airway, a tumor, general anesthesia, pneumonia or other lung infections, lung disease, or long-term bedrest with shallow breathing. Sometimes called a collapsed lung. |
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A type of laboratory mouse that is hairless, lacks a normal thymus gland, and has a defective immune system because of a genetic mutation. Athymic, nude mice are often used in cancer research because they do not reject tumor cells, from mice or other species. |
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Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. An aggressive (rapidly progressing) type of T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is marked by bone and skin lesions, high calcium levels, and enlarged lymph nodes, spleen and liver. |
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Adenosine triphosphate. A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA. ATP made in the laboratory is being studied in patients with advanced solid tumors to see if it can decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength. |
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A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called endothelin-1 protein receptor antagonists. |
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Weakened or thinned. Attenuated strains of disease-causing bacteria and viruses are often used as vaccines. The weakened strains are used as vaccines because they stimulate a protective immune response while causing no disease or only mild disease in the person receiving the vaccine. |
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(AY-TIP-i-kul hy-per-PLAY-zha)
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A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells look abnormal under a microscope and are increased in number. |
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ATT/RHT or AT/RT. An aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, kidney, or liver that occurs in very young children. |
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A drug that may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that makes cancer cells live longer. Also called bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139 and oblimersen. |
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A substance found in soybeans that may slow down or stop the spread of cancer. This substance does not break down in an autoclave (a device that uses high-pressure steam to kill microorganisms and clean medical equipment). |
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A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. |
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(aw-TAHL-o-gus)
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Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. |
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In transplantation, refers to a person's own bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most large bones that produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. |
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(aw-TAHL-o-gus)
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A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. |
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In transplantation, refers to a person’s own white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease. |
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(aw-TAHL-o-gus)
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A procedure in which stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) are removed, stored, and then given back to the same person. |
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A cancer cell from an individual's own tumor. |
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A monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of colorectal cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It may prevent the growth of new blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. Also called bevacizumab. |
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(ak-SIL-a)
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(AK-sil-air-ee)
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Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. |
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(AK-suh-LAIR-ee dis-EK-shun)
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Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary lymph node dissection. |
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(AK-suh-LAIR-ee)
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A lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph channels from the breast. |
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(AK-suh-LAIR-ee…dis-EK-shun)
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Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary dissection. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. |
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A substance that is used in cancer research to cause colon tumors in laboratory animals. This is done to test new diets, drugs, and procedures for use in cancer prevention and treatment. |
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Diaziquone. An anticancer drug that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and kill cancer cells in the central nervous system. |
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A drug that inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. Also called zidovudine. |
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