| |
Dilation and curettage. A minor operation in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage). Also called dilatation and curettage. |
|
| |
A synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonist that suppresses LH and sex steroid levels. |
|
| |
Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, Chinese rhubarb, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb. |
|
| |
Acridine carboxamide. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. |
|
| |
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of adult T-cell
leukemia and in the treatment of cytopenia (low blood cell count). Also called daclizumab. |
|
| |
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of adult T-cell
leukemia and in the treatment of cytopenia (low blood cell count). Also called dacliximab. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. |
|
| |
An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied in the prevention of cancer. |
|
| |
A drug that helps prevent the formation of blood clots; it belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants. |
|
| |
A synthetic hormone that belongs to the family of drugs called androgens and is used to treat endometriosis. It is being evaluated in the treatment of endometrial cancer. |
|
(dar-be-POE-e-tin AL-fa)
| |
A substance made in the laboratory that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. It belongs to the family of drugs called antianemics. |
|
| |
A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit at a very low angle from the side so that the background appears dark and the objects show up against this dark background. |
|
| |
An impartial group that oversees a clinical trial and reviews the results to see if they are acceptable. This group determines if the trial should be changed or closed. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. |
|
| |
Ductal carcinoma in situ. A noninvasive, precancerous condition in
which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal
cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In
some cases, DCIS may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues,
although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will
become invasive. Also called intraductal carcinoma. |
|
(dih NO-vo)
| |
In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. |
|
| |
Amanita phalloides. A type of poisonous mushroom that has harmful effects on the kidneys and liver. It is responsible for most fatal cases of mushroom poisoning. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. |
|
(de-KOR-tih-KAY-shun)
| |
Removal of part or all of the external surface of an organ. |
|
| |
An iron-chelating agent that removes iron from tumors by inhibiting DNA synthesis and causing cancer cell death. It is used in conjunction with other anticancer agents in pediatric neuroblastoma therapy. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the prevention of veno-occlusive disease, a rare complication of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in which small veins in the liver become blocked. |
|
| |
In medicine, a shortage of a substance (such as a vitamin or mineral) needed by the body. |
|
| |
A disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time. Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer's disease are examples. |
|
| |
A condition caused by the loss of too much water from the body. Severe diarrhea or vomiting can cause dehydration. |
|
| |
DHEA. A substance that is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. |
|
| |
DTH. An inflammatory response that develops 24 to 72 hours after exposure to an antigen that the immune system recognizes as foreign. This type of immune response involves mainly T cells rather than antibodies (which are made by B cells). |
|
| |
A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. |
|
| |
A vaccine made of antigens and dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). |
|
(DEN-i-loo-kin DIF-ti-toks)
| |
A substance used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma when other treatments have not worked. It is also being studied in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia that has not responded to treatment. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological therapy agents. |
|
| |
A metal, root-shaped device that is placed surgically in the jawbone. It acts as an anchor for attaching false teeth (crowns or bridges). |
|
| |
A health professional who specializes in caring for the teeth, gums, and other tissues in the mouth. |
|
| |
A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. |
|
| |
DNA. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. |
|
| |
The anticancer drug cytarabine formulated inside small particles of a synthetic lipid material called DepoFoam. This dosage form slowly releases the drug and provides a sustained action. |
|
| |
Anticancer drugs obtained from microorganisms. |
|
| |
In chemistry, a compound produced from or related to another. |
|
| |
Inflammation of the skin. |
|
(DER-ma-toe-FI-bro-sar-KO-ma pro-TOO-ber-anz)
| |
A type of tumor that begins as a hard nodule and grows slowly. These tumors are usually found in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) of the limbs or trunk of the body. They can grow into surrounding tissue but do not spread to other parts of the body. These tumors are related to giant cell fibroblastoma. |
|
(der-ma-TAH-lo-jist)
| |
A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. |
|
(DER-mis)
| |
The lower or inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin. |
|
| |
Diethylstilbestrol (dye-ETH-ul-stil-BES-trol). A synthetic form of the
hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between about 1940
and 1971 because it was thought to prevent miscarriages. DES may increase
the risk of uterine, ovarian, or breast cancer in women who took it. DES
also has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the
vagina or cervix in daughters exposed to DES before birth. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer as a way to block sex hormones made by the ovaries or testicles. It belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. |
|
| |
A tumor of the tissue that surrounds muscles, usually in the abdomen. A desmoid tumor rarely metastasizes (spreads to other parts of the body). Also called aggressive fibromatosis, especially when the tumor is outside the abdomen. |
|
| |
Causing or forming adhesions or fibrous connective tissue within a tumor. |
|
| |
A rare form of malignant melanoma marked by nonpigmented lesions on sun-exposed areas of the body, most commonly on the head and neck. |
|
(dez-mo-PLAS-tik...)
| |
A rare, aggressive cancer that usually affects young males and usually is located in the abdomen. |
|
| |
A synthetic steroid (similar to steroid hormones produced naturally in the adrenal gland). Dexamethasone is used to treat leukemia and lymphoma and may be used to treat some of the problems caused by other cancers and their treatment. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of fatigue and nervous system side effects caused by chemotherapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called central
nervous system stimulants.
|
|
| |
A drug used to protect the heart from the toxic effects of anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin. It belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. |
|
| |
A combination of drugs that is used as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder). It belongs to the family of drugs called stimulants. Also called Adderall. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. |
|
| |
Difluoromethylornithine. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. |
|
| |
A combination of DHA (a natural fatty acid) and paclitaxel (an anticancer drug) that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. |
|
| |
Dehydroepiandrosterone. A substance that is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that is a combination of a monoclonal antibody (RFB4) and an immunotoxin (dgA). |
|
(dye-a-BEE-teez)
| |
A disease in which the body does not properly control the amount of sugar in the blood. As a result, the level of sugar in the blood is too high. This disease occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or does not use it properly. |
|
(dye-a-BEE-teez MEL-ih-tus)
| |
A group of disorders in which there is a defect in the transfer of glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into cells, leading to abnormally high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
|
|
| |
The process of identifying a disease by the signs and symptoms. |
|
| |
X-ray of the breasts used to check for breast cancer after a lump or other sign or symptom of breast cancer has been found. |
|
| |
A method used to identify a disease. |
|
| |
A research study that evaluates methods of detecting disease. |
|
(dye-AL-ih-sis)
| |
The process of cleansing the blood when the kidneys are not able to filter the blood. |
|
| |
The length of a straight line that extends from one edge of a tumor or other object, through its center and to the opposite edge. It is usually used to measure the size of round or spherical shapes. |
|
(DYE-a-fram)
| |
The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen. |
|
| |
Frequent and watery bowel movements. |
|
(DYE-a-ther-mee)
| |
The use of heat to destroy abnormal cells. Also called cauterization or electrodiathermy. |
|
| |
AZQ. An anticancer drug that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and kill cancer cells in the central nervous system. |
|
| |
A drug used in the treatment of infections caused by viruses. |
|
| |
A type of breast reconstruction in which blood vessels called deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP), and the skin and fat connected to them are removed from the lower abdomen and used for reconstruction. Muscle is left in place. |
|
| |
The things a person eats and drinks. |
|
| |
Vitamins, minerals, or other substances taken by mouth, and intended as an addition to the diet. |
|
(dye-ETH-ul-stil-BES-trol)
| |
DES. A synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between about 1940 and 1971 because it was thought to prevent miscarriages. DES may increase the risk of uterine, ovarian, or breast cancer in women who took it. DES also has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina or cervix in daughters exposed to DES before birth. |
|
| |
A health professional with special training in nutrition who can offer help with the choice of foods a person eats and drinks. Also called a nutritionist. |
|
| |
In cancer, refers to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and tend to grow and spread at a slower rate than undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably. |
|
| |
Widely spread; not localized or confined. |
|
| |
DFMO. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. |
|
(dye-JES-tiv)
| |
The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. |
|
(dye-JES-tiv)
| |
The organs through which food and liquids pass when they are swallowed and digested. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. |
|
| |
A technique that uses a computer, rather than x-ray film, to record x-ray images of the breast. |
|
| |
A type of photography in which images can be viewed on a computer screen. |
|
| |
DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. |
|
| |
Used in photodynamic therapy, a drug that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells. |
|
(DYE-late)
| |
To widen or enlarge an opening or hollow structure beyond its usual size, such as the pupil of the eye or a blood vessel. |
|
(dye-LAY-shun and kyoo-reh-TAHZH)
| |
D&C. A minor operation in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage). Also called dilatation and curettage. |
|
(DYE-lay-tor)
| |
A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. |
|
| |
A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. |
|
| |
A colorless liquid that readily dissolves many chemicals and penetrates animal and plant tissues. It is used in human medicine, veterinary medicine, and pharmaceuticals. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. |
|
| |
A drug used to treat osteoporosis and the bone pain caused by some types of cancer. Also called bisphosphonate. |
|
| |
A drug that prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents. |
|
| |
Cancer that continues to grow or spread. |
|
| |
Length of time after treatment during which no cancer is found. Can be reported for an individual patient or for a study population. |
|
| |
The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived a particular disease for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. In calculating this percentage, only deaths from the disease being studied are counted. Subjects who died from some other cause are not included in the calculation. |
|
(dih-SEM-ih-NATE)
| |
Scatter or distribute over a large area or range. |
|
| |
In medicine, refers to a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body than another part. For example, the fingers are distal to the shoulder. The opposite is proximal. |
|
| |
Removal of the body and tail of the pancreas. |
|
| |
Refers to cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. |
|
| |
In medicine, a pain relief method that takes the patient's attention away from the pain. |
|
| |
A drug that slows the metabolism of retinoids, allowing them to act over a longer period of time. |
|
| |
A drug that increases the production of urine. |
|
| |
A condition marked by small sacs or pouches (diverticula) in the walls of an organ such as the stomach or colon. These sacs can become inflamed and cause a condition called diverticulitis, which may be a risk factor for certain types of cancer. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of
drugs called taxane derivatives.
|
|
| |
Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. |
|
| |
Rumex acetosella. A plant that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects. Also called sheep sorrel and sorrel. |
|
| |
A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiemetics. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. |
|
| |
A drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It belongs to the family of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It is being studied in the treatment of side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain. |
|
| |
The amount of medicine taken, or radiation given, at one time. |
|
| |
A chemotherapy treatment plan in which drugs are given with less time between treatments than in a standard chemotherapy treatment plan. |
|
| |
Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose-dependent. |
|
| |
Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment. |
|
| |
The strength of a treatment given over a period of time. |
|
do-SIM-uh-trist
| |
A person who determines the proper radiation dose for treatment. |
|
| |
A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. |
|
| |
A procedure in which x-rays of the colon and rectum are taken after a liquid containing barium is put into the rectum. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that outlines the colon and rectum on an x-ray and helps show abnormalities. Air is put into the rectum and colon to further enhance the x-ray. |
|
| |
In biology, the amount of time it takes for a cell to divide, or for a population of cells (such as a tumor) to double in size. As cells divide more rapidly, the doubling time becomes shorter. |
|
(DOOSH)
| |
A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. |
|
| |
A disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 and characterized by mental retardation and distinguishing physical features. |
|
| |
A substance that is being studied in the prevention of recurrent prostate cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called vitamin D analogs. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. Also called Adriamycin. |
|
| |
An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. |
|
| |
Belongs to a group of antihormone drugs. |
|
| |
Digital rectal examination. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. |
|
| |
A synthetic pill form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient in marijuana that is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. |
|
| |
Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose,
treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers
to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be
habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
|
|
| |
A condition that occurs when the body gets used to a medicine so that either more medicine is needed or different medicine is needed. |
|
| |
Sexual climax without the release of semen from the penis. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug formed by the combination of diphtheria toxin and a colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The colony-stimulating factor is attracted to cancer cells, and the diphtheria toxin kills the cells. |
|
(dukt)
| |
In medicine, a tube or vessel of the body through which fluids pass. |
|
| |
The most common type of breast cancer. It begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast. |
|
(DUK-tal KAR-si-NO-ma in SYE-too)
| |
DCIS. A noninvasive, precancerous condition in
which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal
cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In
some cases, ductal carcinoma in situ may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues,
although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will
become invasive. Also called intraductal carcinoma. |
|
(DUK-tal luh-VAHZ)
| |
A method used to collect cells from milk ducts in the breast. A hair-size catheter (tube) is inserted into the nipple, and a small amount of salt water is released into the duct. The water picks up breast cells, and is removed. The cells are checked under a microscope. Ductal lavage may be used in addition to clinical breast examination and mammography to detect breast cancer. |
|
| |
A staging system used to describe the extent of colorectal cancer. Stages range from A (early stage) to D (advanced stage). |
|
| |
A group of symptoms that occur when food or liquid enters the small intestine too rapidly. These symptoms include cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness. Dumping syndrome sometimes occurs in people who have had a portion of their stomach removed. |
|
| |
Inflammation of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach). |
|
(doo-ah-DEE-num)
| |
The first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline. |
|
| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. Also called exatecan mesylate. |
|
| |
Disease. Usually refers to diseases of the blood. |
|
| |
A condition in which a sense, especially touch, is distorted. Dysesthesia can cause an ordinary stimulus to be unpleasant or painful. It can also cause insensitivity to a stimulus. |
|
| |
A bad taste in the mouth. Also called parageusia. |
|
|
|
(dis-PLAY-zha)
| |
Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. |
|
(dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vye)
| |
Atypical moles; moles whose appearance is different from that of common moles. Dysplastic nevi are generally larger than ordinary moles and have irregular and indistinct borders. Their color frequently is not uniform and ranges from pink to dark brown; they usually are flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface. |
|
(dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vus)
| |
An atypical mole; a mole whose appearance is different from that of a common mole. A dysplastic nevus is generally larger than an ordinary mole and has irregular and indistinct borders. Its color frequently is not uniform and ranges from pink to dark brown; it is usually flat, but parts may be raised above the skin surface. |
|
| |
Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath. |
|
Back to Top
