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A radioactive form of phosphorus used in the treatment of cancer. |
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A statistics term. A measure of probability that a difference between groups during an experiment happened by chance. For example, a p-value of .01 (p = .01) means there is a 1 in 100 chance the result occurred by chance. The lower the p-value, the more likely it is that the difference between groups was caused by treatment. |
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A tumor suppressor gene that normally inhibits the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer. |
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Valeriana officinalis. A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Also called valerian, garden valerian, Indian valerian, Mexican valerian, garden heliotrope, and Valerianae radix. |
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A way to measure the amount a person has smoked over a long period of time. It is calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked. For example, 1 pack year is equal to smoking 1 pack per day for 1 year, or 2 packs per day for half a year, and so on. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. |
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A chronic condition in which both the breakdown and regrowth of bone are increased. Paget's disease of bone occurs most frequently in the pelvic and leg bones, skull, and lower spine. It is most common in older individuals, and may lead to bone pain, deformities, and fractures. Also called osteitis deformans. |
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A form of breast cancer in which the tumor grows from ducts beneath the nipple onto the surface of the nipple. Symptoms commonly include itching and burning and an eczema-like condition around the nipple, sometimes accompanied by oozing or bleeding. |
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The point at which a person becomes aware of pain. |
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An anticancer drug that is being studied to increase the effectiveness of the chemotherapy drug fluorouracil. |
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(PAL-et)
| |
The roof of the mouth. The front portion is bony (hard palate), and the back portion is muscular (soft palate). |
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The soft flap of tissue that hangs down at the back of the mouth (at the edge of the soft palate). Also called uvula. |
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(PAL-ee-yuh-tiv)
| |
Care given to improve the quality of life
of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of
palliative care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of
the disease, side effects caused by treatment of the disease, and
psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to the disease or its
treatment. Also called comfort care, supportive care, and symptom
management.
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(PAL-ee-yuh-tiv)
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Treatment given to relieve the symptoms
and reduce the suffering caused by cancer and other life-threatening
diseases. Palliative cancer therapies are given together with other cancer
treatments, from the time of diagnosis, through treatment, survivorship,
recurrent or advanced disease, and at the end of life. |
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A condition marked by pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness of the hands or feet. It sometimes occurs as a side effect of certain anticancer drugs. Also known as hand-foot syndrome. |
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A term used to describe cancer that can be felt by touch, usually present in lymph nodes, skin, or other organs of the body such as the liver or colon. |
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Examination by pressing on the surface of the body to feel the organs or tissues underneath. |
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A drug that is used to treat hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood) and cancer that has spread to the bones. It belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. |
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Non-small cell lung cancer that originates in the upper portion of the lung and extends to other nearby tissues such as the ribs and vertebrae. Also called a pulmonary sulcus tumor. |
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A glandular organ located in the abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin. The pancreas is surrounded by the stomach, intestines, and other organs. |
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(pan-kree-a-TEK-toe-mee)
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Surgery to remove all or part of the pancreas. In a total pancreatectomy, part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, the common bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes also are removed. |
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Having to do with the pancreas. |
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A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the pancreas. Also called exocrine cancer. |
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Part of a system of ducts in the pancreas. Pancreatic juices containing enzymes are released into these ducts and flow into the small intestine. |
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A protein secreted by the pancreas that aids in the digestion of food. |
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Fluid made by the pancreas. Pancreatic juices contain proteins called enzymes that aid in digestion. |
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Inflammation of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis may cause diabetes and problems with digestion. Pain is the primary symptom. |
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Prostatic acid phosphatase. An enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer. |
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The collection of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, and can show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation. Also called a Pap test. |
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The collection of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, and can show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation. Also called a Pap smear. |
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An aggressive cancer that usually affects the uterus/endometrium, peritoneum, or ovary. |
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(PAP-i-lair-ee)
| |
Cancer that develops from cells in the thyroid and forms small finger-like projections. The most common type of thyroid cancer, it grows slowly, is more common in women than in men, and often develops before age 40. |
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(PAP-ih-lar-ee TOO-mer)
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A tumor shaped like a small mushroom, with its stem attached to the epithelial layer (inner lining) of an organ. |
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(pap-il-eh-DEE-ma)
| |
Swelling around the optic disk, the area where the optic nerve (the nerve that carries messages from the eye to the brain) enters the eyeball. Papilledema occurs when increased brain pressure caused by tumors or other problems results in swelling of the optic nerve.
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Insertion of a thin needle or tube into the abdomen to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity. |
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A bad taste in the mouth. Also called dysgeusia. |
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(pa-RAL-ih-sis)
| |
Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. |
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A type of virus that has hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins in the outer coat and RNA as the genetic material. Measles (rubeola) virus, mumps virus, and Newcastle disease virus are paramyxoviruses. |
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(pair-a-nee-o-PLAS-tik)
| |
A group of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue. |
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An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets nutrients from it. A complete parasite gets all of its nutrients from the host organism, but a semi-parasite gets only some of its nutrients from the host. |
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Having to do with or being a parasite. |
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(pair-a-THIGH-roid)
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One of four pea-sized glands found on the thyroid. The parathyroid hormone produced by these glands increases the calcium level in the blood. |
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(par-a-THI-royd)
| |
A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. |
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(pah-REN-kih-ma)
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The essential or functional elements of an organ. |
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Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. |
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(par-i-KAL-si-tol)
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A substance that is being used to treat overactive parathyroid glands in patients with kidney failure. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Paricalcitol belongs to the family of drugs called vitamin D analogs. |
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The outer layer of the pericardium, which is a thin sac of tissue that surrounds the heart. |
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A progressive disorder of the nervous system marked by muscle tremors, muscle rigidity, decreased mobility, stooped posture, slow voluntary movements, and a mask-like facial expression. |
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Surgery to remove all or part of the parotid gland (a large salivary gland located in front of and just below the ear). In a radical parotidectomy, the entire gland is removed. |
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(sis-TEK-to-mee)
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The removal of the cancer as well as some of the bladder tissue around the tumor. Also called segmental cystectomy. |
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(PAR-shul lair-in-JEK-tuh-mee)
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An operation to remove part of the larynx (voice box). |
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(mas-TEK-toe-mee)
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The removal of cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor. Usually some of the lymph nodes under the arm are also taken out. Also called segmental mastectomy. |
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(neh-FREK-tuh-mee)
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Surgery to remove part of one kidney or a kidney tumor, but not an entire kidney. |
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(o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)
| |
Surgery to remove part of one ovary or part of both ovaries. |
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A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. Also called partial response. |
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A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. |
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Treatment with injections of antibodies made in another animal or in the laboratory. |
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A disorder marked by anemia caused by iron deficiency, and a web-like growth of membranes in the throat that makes swallowing difficult. Having Paterson-Kelly syndrome may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Also called Plummer-Vinson syndrome and sideropenic dysphagia. |
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A broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of cancer to the bone. |
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A method used to determine the stage of cancer. Tissue samples are removed during surgery or a biopsy. The stage is determined based on how the cells in the samples look under a microscope. |
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(pa-THOL-o-jist)
| |
A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. |
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The description of cells and tissues made by a pathologist based on microscopic evidence, and sometimes used to make a diagnosis of a disease. |
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A person who helps a patient work with others who have an effect on the patient's health, including doctors, insurance companies, employers, case managers, and lawyers. A patient advocate helps resolve issues about health care, medical bills, and job discrimination related to a patient's medical condition. Cancer advocacy groups try to raise public awareness about important cancer issues, such as the need for cancer support services, education, and research. Such groups work to bring about change that will help cancer patients and their families. |
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PCA. A method in which the patient controls the amount of pain medicine that is used. When pain relief is needed, the person can receive a preset dose of pain medicine by pressing a button on a computerized pump that is connected to a small tube in the body. |
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Patient-controlled analgesia. A method in which the patient controls the amount of pain medicine that is used. When pain relief is needed, the person can receive a preset dose of pain medicine by pressing a button on a computerized pump that is connected to a small tube in the body. |
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| |
Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the Cancer.gov Web site. More specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancer.gov/cancer_information/pdq/. |
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A dimpled condition of the skin of the breast, resembling the skin of an orange, sometimes found in inflammatory breast cancer. |
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(pee-dee-AT-rik)
| |
Having to do with children. |
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A doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders in children. |
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A registered nurse with an advanced degree in nursing who specializes in the care of children. |
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A surgeon who specializes in the treatment of children. A surgeon removes or repairs a part of the body by operating on the patient. |
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A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. |
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A substance that is used to treat hepatitis C infections, and is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers. PEG-interferon alfa-2b is a cytokine. Also called SCH 54031. |
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A synthetic form of a protein that is normally made in the body to regulate the production of platelets. |
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A modified form of asparaginase, an anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs derived from enzymes. |
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A substance that is being studied for its ability to increase numbers of white blood cells in people who are receiving chemotherapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called colony-stimulating factors. Also called filgrastim-SD/01. |
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Phenethyl isothiocyanate. A naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables. It is being studied as an agent to prevent cancer. |
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A substance that is being studied for the treatment of cancer. |
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Having to do with the pelvis (the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones).
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A physical examination of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. |
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| |
Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum, and bladder, and create openings (stomata) through which urine and stool are passed out of the body. In women, the
cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed.
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(lim-FAD-eh-NEK-tah-me)
| |
Surgery to remove lymph nodes in the pelvis for examination under a microscope to see if they contain cancer. |
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The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors. Also called LY231514. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. |
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A drug that removes copper from the body and is used to treat diseases in which there is an excess of this metal. It is also being studied as a possible angiogenesis inhibitor in brain tumors. |
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An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. |
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A firm rod or inflatable device that is placed in the penis during a surgical procedure. The implant makes it possible to have and keep an erection. Penile implants are used to treat erectile dysfunction or impotence. |
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An external male reproductive organ. It contains a tube called the urethra, which carries semen and urine to the outside of the body. |
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A drug that protects healthy tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. |
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A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. It is also being evaluated for its protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people undergoing radiation therapy. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. |
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A drug used to prevent blood clotting and as a treatment that may help decrease weight loss in people with cancer. |
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Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. |
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A protein that causes white blood cells to recognize and destroy melanoma cells. |
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(per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us)
| |
An injection of ethanol (alcohol) through the skin directly into the tumor to kill cancer cells. |
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| |
A procedure to drain bile to relieve pressure in the bile ducts caused by a blockage. An x-ray of the liver and bile ducts locates the blockage of bile flow. Images made by ultrasound guide placement of a stent (tube), which remains in the liver. Bile drains through the stent into the small intestine or into a collection bag outside the body. This procedure may relieve jaundice before surgery. Also called percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD). |
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PTCD. A procedure to drain bile to relieve pressure in the bile ducts caused by a blockage. An x-ray of the liver and bile ducts locates the blockage of bile flow. Images made by ultrasound guide placement of a stent (tube), which remains in the liver. Bile drains through the stent into the small intestine or into a collection bag outside the body. This procedure may relieve jaundice before surgery. Also called percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. |
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(per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee)
| |
PTC. A procedure to x-ray the hepatic and common bile ducts. A contrasting agent is injected into the liver or bile duct, and the ducts are then x-rayed to find the point of obstruction. |
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A measure of how well a patient is able to perform ordinary tasks and carry out daily activities. |
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Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. |
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A type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to check the flow of blood to normal tissue and diseased tissue. |
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An abnormal collection of fluid inside the sac that covers the heart. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylphospholipids. |
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A drug used in cancer prevention that belongs to the family of plant drugs called monoterpenes. |
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The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. |
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An opening made surgically to allow the colon to exit the body through the perineum (the area of the body between the anus and the vulva in females, and between the anus and the scrotum in males). A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. |
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(peh-rih-NEE-al pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee)
| |
Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made between the scrotum and the anus. |
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The area of the body between the anus and the vulva in females, and between the anus and the scrotum in males. |
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(pear-ih-NOOR-al)
| |
Around a nerve or group of nerves. |
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Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. |
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Blood circulating throughout the body. |
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A treatment for Epstein-Barr virus infection or overgrowth of white blood cells (lymphocytes) after an organ or bone marrow transplant. Specific lymphocytes from a sibling donor are infused into the patient to try and reverse these conditions. |
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A condition of the nervous system that causes numbness, tingling, burning or weakness. It usually begins in the hands or feet, and can be caused by certain anticancer drugs. |
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(...NOO-ro-ek-toe-DER-mul...)
| |
pPNET. A type of cancer that forms in bone or soft tissue. Also called Ewing's sarcoma. |
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An immature cell found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. |
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(per-IF-er-al)
| |
A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given to the patient after treatment. This helps the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell transplantation. |
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(per-IF-er-al)
| |
A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given to the patient after treatment. This helps the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell support. |
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(pair-ih-STAL-sis)
| |
The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. |
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Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). |
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Cancer of the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers organs in the abdomen. |
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The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes. |
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A method of delivering fluids and drugs directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. Also called intraperitoneal infusion. |
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A method of delivering fluids and drugs directly to tumors in the peritoneal cavity. |
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(PAIR-ih-toe-NEE-um)
| |
The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen. |
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| |
Inflammation of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). Peritonitis can result from infection, injury, or certain diseases. Symptoms may include swelling of the abdomen, severe pain, and weight loss. |
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(per-NISH-us a-NEE-mee-a)
| |
A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. |
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(per-TOO-zoo-mab)
| |
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are produced in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. |
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| |
Positron emission tomography scan. A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. |
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(peh-TEH-kee-a)
| |
Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. |
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| |
PJS. A genetic disorder in which polyps form in the intestine and dark spots appear on the mouth and fingers. Having PJS increases the risk of developing gastrointestinal and many other types of cancer. |
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An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. |
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| |
The sensation of pain or other unpleasant feelings in the place of a missing (phantom) limb. |
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The activity of drugs in the body over a period of time, including the processes by which drugs are absorbed, distributed in the body, localized in the tissues, and excreted. |
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| |
A book describing chemicals, drugs, and other substances and how they are used as medicines. It is prepared by a recognized authority. |
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(FAIR-inks)
| |
The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). |
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The first step in testing a new treatment in humans. These studies test the best way to give a new treatment (for example, by mouth, intravenous infusion, or injection) and the best dose. The dose is usually increased a little at a time in order to find the highest dose that does not cause harmful side effects. Because little is known about the possible risks and benefits of the treatments being tested, phase I trials usually include only a small number of patients who have not been helped by other treatments. |
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| |
A trial to study the safety, dosage levels, and response to a new treatment. |
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| |
A study to test whether a new treatment has an anticancer effect (for example, whether it shrinks a tumor or improves blood test results) and whether it works against a certain type of cancer. |
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| |
A trial to study response to a new treatment and the effectiveness of the treatment compared with the standard treatment regimen. |
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| |
A study to compare the results of people taking a new treatment with the results of people taking the standard treatment (for example, which group has better survival rates or fewer side effects). In most cases, studies move into phase III only after a treatment seems to work in phases I and II. Phase III trials may include hundreds of people. |
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| |
After a treatment has been approved and is being marketed, it is studied in a phase IV trial to evaluate side effects that were not apparent in the phase III trial. Thousands of people are involved in a phase IV trial. |
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| |
PEITC. A naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables. It is being studied as an agent to prevent cancer. |
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| |
A sedative/anticonvulsant barbiturate that has been used to treat diarrhea and to increase the antitumor effect of other therapies. |
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| |
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called signal transduction inhibitors. |
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| |
A drug being studied in the treatment of cancer. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called differentiating agents. |
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| |
A tumor of the adrenal gland that causes it to produce too much adrenaline. Pheochromocytomas are usually benign (noncancerous), but can cause dangerously high blood pressure and other symptoms, including pounding headaches, heart palpitations, flushing of the face, nausea, and vomiting. |
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(fer-E-sis)
| |
A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called apheresis. |
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| |
An abnormality of chromosome 22 in which part of chromosome 9 is transferred to it. Bone marrow cells that contain the Philadelphia chromosome are often found in chronic myelogenous leukemia. |
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| |
The puncture of a vein with a needle for the purpose of drawing blood. Also called venipuncture. |
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(FOS-for-us)
| |
Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. |
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(FOS-for-us)
| |
A nonmetallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nerves, bones, and teeth and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells). |
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| |
A radioactive form of phosphorus used in the treatment of cancer. It is also used to help locate areas of DNA damage. |
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| |
The effect produced when certain substances are exposed to light. In cancer treatment, some drugs become active when exposed to light and are then able to kill tumor cells. |
|
(foe-toe-dye-NAM-ik)
| |
Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. |
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| |
A drug used in photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, photofrin becomes active and kills the cancer cells. |
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| |
A procedure in which blood is treated outside the body, with ultraviolet light and drugs that become active when exposed to light, and then returned to the body. It is being studied as a treatment for some blood and bone marrow diseases and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Also called extracorporeal photophoresis. |
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| |
A condition in which the eyes are more sensitive to light than normal. |
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| |
A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. |
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| |
A type of tumor found in breast tissue. It is often large and bulky and grows quickly. It is usually benign (not cancer), but may be malignant (cancer). Also called cystosarcoma phyllodes. |
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| |
An exam of the body to check for general signs of disease. |
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| |
A health professional who teaches exercises and physical activities that help condition muscles and restore strength and movement. |
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| |
The use of exercises and physical activities to help condition muscles and restore strength and movement. For example, physical therapy can be used to restore arm and shoulder movement and build back strength after breast cancer surgery. |
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| |
PDQ. The Physician Data Query is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the Cancer.gov Web site. More specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancer.gov/cancer_information/pdq/. |
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| |
Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. |
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| |
A substance that has been studied as a treatment for cancer. Phytic acid is found in large amounts in cereals and legumes. Also known as inositol hexaphosphate. |
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| |
A chemical found in plants. Many phytochemicals are thought to reduce a person's risk of getting cancer. |
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| |
An estrogen-like substance found in some plants and plant products. Phytoestrogens may have anticancer effects. |
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| |
A plant-based compound that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines, resulting in lower blood cholesterol levels. Phytosterols may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also called plant sterol. |
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| |
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiangiogenesis agents. |
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| |
A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. |
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| |
A drug used to increase salivation in people who have dry mouth caused by opioids or radiation therapy. Pilocarpine belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. |
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(PI-lo-SIT-ik)
| |
Made up of cells that look like fibers when viewed under a microscope. |
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| |
The initial study examining a new method or treatment. |
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| |
A tiny organ in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal gland or pineal organ. |
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(PIN-ee-al)
| |
A tiny organ in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. |
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A tiny organ in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal gland. |
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(PIN-ee-al...)
| |
A type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain. |
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(PIN-ee-o-blas-TOE-ma)
| |
A fast growing type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain. |
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(PIN-ee-o-sye-TOE-ma)
| |
A slow growing type of brain tumor that occurs in or around the pineal gland, a tiny organ near the center of the brain. |
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A condition in which the conjunctiva (membranes lining the eyelids and covering the white part of the eye) become inflamed or infected. Also called conjunctivitis. |
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A combination of drugs used to fight infections in people who have cancer. Piperacillin is a synthetic penicillin; tazobactam enhances the effectiveness of piperacillin. |
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A substance that is being studied in the prevention and treatment of scar tissue caused by radiation therapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called anti-inflammatory agents. |
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(pih-TOO-ih-tair-ee)
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The main endocrine gland. It produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions, especially growth. |
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A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. Also called BBR 2778. |
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. A genetic disorder in which polyps form in the intestine and dark spots appear on the mouth and fingers. Having PJS increases the risk of developing gastrointestinal and many other types of cancer. |
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A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. |
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An inactive substance or treatment that looks the same as, and is given the same way as, an active drug or treatment being tested. The effects of the active drug or treatment are compared to the effects of the placebo. |
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Refers to a clinical study in which the control patients receive a placebo. |
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The organ that nourishes the developing fetus in the uterus. |
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The transfer of blood from a placenta to an individual whose own blood production system is suppressed. Placental blood contains high levels of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer and severe blood disorders such as aplastic anemia. Also called umbilical cord blood transplant. |
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A plant-based compound that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines, resulting in lower blood cholesterol levels. Plant sterols may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also called phytosterol. |
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(PLAS-ma)
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The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. |
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A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. |
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The outer membrane of a cell. |
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Having to do with plasma cells (a type of white blood cells). |
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(PLAS-ma-sye-TOE-ma)
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Cancer of the plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies) that may turn into multiple myeloma. |
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(plas-ma-fer-EE-sis)
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The process of separating certain cells from the plasma in the blood by a machine; only the cells are returned to the person. Plasmapheresis can be used to remove excess antibodies from the blood. |
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A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for diseases. |
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An operation that restores or improves the appearance of body structures. |
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(PLAYT-let)
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A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called a thrombocyte. |
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A metal that is an important component of some anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin and carboplatin. |
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A drug used to reduce the amount of testosterone made in patients with advanced symptomatic prostate cancer for which no other treatment options are available. It belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists. Also called abarelix. |
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Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. |
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(PLOOR-a)
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A thin layer of tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity. It protects and cushions the lungs. This tissue secretes a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the lungs to move smoothly in the chest cavity while breathing. |
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The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity. |
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An abnormal collection of fluid between the thin layers of tissue (pleura) lining the lung and the wall of the chest cavity. |
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(PLOO-ro-DEE-sis)
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A medical procedure that uses chemicals or drugs to cause inflammation and adhesion between the layers of the pleura (the tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity). This prevents the buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity. It is used as a treatment for severe pleural effusion. |
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A nerve that has become thick and misshapen due to the abnormal growth of cells and tissues that cover the nerve. |
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(pleks-AH-pah-thee)
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A disorder affecting a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels. |
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(PLOY-dee)
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The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets. |
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A disorder marked by anemia caused by iron deficiency, and a web-like growth of membranes in the throat that makes swallowing difficult. Having Plummer-Vinson syndrome may increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Also called Paterson-Kelly syndrome and sideropenic dysphagia. |
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Able to mature or develop in any of several ways. |
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A cell that is able to develop into several different types of cells or tissues in the body. |
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A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. |
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Primitive neuroectodermal tumor. One of a group of cancers that
develop from the same type of early cells, and share certain biochemical and
genetic features. Some PNETs develop in the brain and central nervous
system (CNS-PNET), and others develop in sites outside of the brain such as
the limbs, pelvis, and chest wall (peripheral PNET).
|
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(noo-MAT-ik LAIR-inks)
| |
A device that is used to help a person talk after a laryngectomy. It uses air to produce a humming sound, which is converted to speech by movement of the lips, tongue, or glottis. |
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(noo-mo-NEK-toe-mee)
| |
An operation to remove an entire lung. |
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(noo-MONE-ya)
| |
An inflammatory infection that occurs in the lung. |
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A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is being studied for its ability to treat cancer. |
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A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. |
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A biodegradable wafer that is used to deliver the anticancer drug carmustine directly into a brain tumor site after the tumor has been removed by surgery. Also called Gliadel Wafers. |
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A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer and as an immune system stimulant. It is made in the laboratory by combining the nucleic acid RNA with the chemicals poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose. |
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A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called camptothecins. Also called CT-2106. |
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| |
A protein that can be linked to a chemotherapy drug to deliver the drug directly to the tumor with fewer side effects. It is being studied as a treatment for cancer. Also called CT-2103. |
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PCR. A laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific DNA sequence. |
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| |
A common variation or mutation in DNA.
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Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. |
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(POL-ip)
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A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. |
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(POL-i-PEK-tuh-mee)
| |
Surgery to remove a polyp. |
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A substance that is found in many plants and gives some flowers, fruits, and vegetables their color. Polyphenols have antioxidant activity. |
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A substance that is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It is made from decaffeinated green tea, and contains chemicals called catechins, which are antioxidants. Also called green tea extract. |
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The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). |
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A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. |
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Punica granatum. A subtropical shrub or tree. Juice from the fruit may contain substances that decrease or slow the rise of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. It is being studied for its ability to delay or prevent recurrent prostate cancer. |
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Part of the central nervous system, located at the base of the brain, between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It is part of the brainstem. |
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Having to do with the pons (part of the central nervous system, located at the base of the brain, between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain). |
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An anticancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called photosensitizing agents. |
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An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called anticancer antibiotics. |
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An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. |
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An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. |
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A blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs and the spleen to the liver. |
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A lymph node in the area of the armpit (axilla) to which cancer has spread. This spread is determined by surgically removing some of the lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present. |
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A test result that reveals the presence of a specific disease or condition for which the test is being done. |
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| |
PET scan. A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. |
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Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." |
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After death. Often used to describe an autopsy. |
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Anticancer drugs given to kill cancer cells that survive after remission induction therapy. |
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(po-TASS-ee-um)
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A metallic element that is important in body functions such as regulation of blood pressure and of water content in cells, transmission of nerve impulses, digestion, muscle contraction, and heartbeat. |
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| |
A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparation of some drugs. |
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In medicine, the effect of increasing the potency or effectiveness of a drug or other treatment. |
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Progesterone receptor positive. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR+ need the hormone progesterone to grow and will usually respond to hormonal therapy. |
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| |
Progesterone receptor negative. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR- do not need the hormone progesterone to grow and usually do not respond to hormonal therapy. |
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(pre-KAN-ser-us)
| |
A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. |
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| |
A skin disease marked by scaly or thickened patches on the skin, and often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches often occur on sunexposed areas of the skin and in older white men. These patches may become malignant (cancerous). Also called Bowen's disease or precancerous dermatosis. |
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| |
A skin disease marked by scaly or thickened patches on the skin, and often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches often occur on sunexposed areas of the skin and in older white men. These patches may become malignant (cancerous). Also called Bowen's disease or precancerous dermatitis. |
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| |
Growths that protrude from a mucous membrane. Precancerous polyps may (or are likely to) become cancer. |
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| |
Research using animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful. Preclinical studies take place before any testing in humans is done. |
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(pre-DIK-tiv)
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A situation or condition that may increase a person's risk of developing a certain disease or disorder. |
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A synthetic corticosteroid used in the treatment of blood cell cancers (leukemias) and lymph system cancers (lymphomas). |
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| |
Belongs to the family of drugs called steroids and is used to treat several types of cancer and other disorders. Prednisone also inhibits the body's immune response. |
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(PREE-loo-KEE-mee-a)
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A disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called myelodysplastic syndrome or smoldering leukemia. |
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| |
A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. |
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| |
Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." |
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A doctor's order for medicine or another intervention. |
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The area in front of the trachea (windpipe). |
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The area in the front part of the chest between the lungs. Also called anterior mediastinum. |
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Surgery to remove one or both breasts in order to decrease the risk of developing breast cancer. Also called prophylactic mastectomy. |
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A doctor who manages a person's health care over time. A primary care doctor is able to give a wide range of care, including prevention and treatment, can discuss cancer treatment choices, and can refer a patient to a specialist. |
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| |
Cancer that arises in the lymphoid tissue found in the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. |
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The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. |
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| |
A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is made in organs such as the liver and the spleen, instead of in the bone marrow. This disease is marked by an enlarged spleen and progressive anemia. Also called chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis.
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| |
PNET. One of a group of cancers that
develop from the same type of early cells, and share certain biochemical and
genetic features. Some PNETs develop in the brain and central nervous
system (CNS-PNET), and others develop in sites outside of the brain such as
the limbs, pelvis, and chest wall (peripheral PNET).
|
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| |
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Prinomastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Also called AG3340. |
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| |
A substance that can produce oxygen byproducts of metabolism that can cause damage to cells. |
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| |
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antibiotic therapy adjuncts. |
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| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. |
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(pro-klor-PAIR-a-zeen)
| |
A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiemetics. |
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(prok-TOS -ko-pee)
| |
An examination of the rectum using a thin, lighted tube called a proctoscope. |
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(PROK-toe-sig-moid-OSS-ko-pee)
| |
An examination of the rectum and the lower part of the colon using a thin, lighted tube called a sigmoidoscope. |
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| |
Offspring; the product of reproduction or replication. |
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(pro-JES-ter-own)
|
(PR-)
| |
PR-. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR- do not need the hormone progesterone to grow and usually do not respond to hormonal therapy. |
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(PR+)
| |
PR+. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR+ need the hormone progesterone to grow and will usually respond to hormonal therapy. |
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| |
A lab test to determine if breast cancer cells have progesterone receptors. If the cells have progesterone receptors, they may depend on progesterone for growth. This information can influence how the breast cancer is treated. |
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(pro-JES-tin)
| |
Any natural or laboratory-made substance that has some or all of the biologic effects of progesterone, a female hormone. |
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(prog-NO-sis)
| |
The likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence. |
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(prog-NOS-tik)
| |
A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). |
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| |
Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. |
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| |
One type of measurement that can be used in a clinical study or trial to help determine whether a new treatment is effective. It refers to the probability that a patient will remain alive, without the disease getting worse. |
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| |
Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. |
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| |
Multiplying or increasing in number. In biology, cell proliferation occurs by a process known as cell division. |
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| |
A measure of the number of cells in a tumor that are dividing (proliferating). May be used with the S-phase fraction to give a more complete understanding of how fast a tumor is growing. |
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| |
PLL. A type of chronic lymphocyctic leukemia (CLL), in which too many immature white blood cells (prolymphocytes) are found in the blood and bone marrow. PLL usually progresses more rapidly than classic CLL. |
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| |
A colony-stimulating factor that stimulates the production of blood cells, especially platelets; it is given during chemotherapy to increase blood cell regeneration. Promegapoietin is a cytokine that belongs to the family of drugs called hematopoietic (blood-forming) agents. |
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| |
A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. |
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| |
In medicine, something that prevents or protects.
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(pro-fih-LAK-tik KRAY-nee-ul ir-ray-dee-AY-shun)
| |
Radiation therapy to the head to reduce the risk that cancer will spread to the brain. |
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(pro-fi-LAK-tik mas-TEK-toe-mee)
| |
Surgery to remove one or both breasts in order to decrease the risk of developing breast cancer. Also called preventive mastectomy. |
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(pro-fi-LAK-tik o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)
| |
Surgery intended to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by removing the ovaries before disease develops. |
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| |
Surgery to remove an organ or gland that shows no signs of cancer, in an attempt to prevent development of cancer of that organ or gland. Prophylactic surgery is sometimes chosen by people who know they are at high risk for developing cancer. |
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| |
An attempt to prevent disease. |
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| |
In medicine, a study or clinical trial in which participants are identified and then followed forward in time. |
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| |
A research study that follows over time groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke) and compares them for a particular outcome (such as lung cancer). |
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| |
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. |
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(PROS-tate)
| |
A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. The prostate surrounds part of the urethra (the canal that empties the bladder) and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. |
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| |
PSA. A substance produced by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or infection or inflammation of the prostate. |
|
| |
A blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a substance produced by the prostate and some other tissues in the body. Increased levels of PSA may be a sign of prostate cancer. |
|
(pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee)
| |
An operation to remove part or all of the prostate. Radical (or total) prostatectomy is the removal of the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it. |
|
(FOS-fa-tays)
| |
PAP. An enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer. |
|
(pros-TAT-ik in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul NEE-o-play-zha)
| |
PIN. Noncancerous growth of the cells lining the internal and external surfaces of the prostate gland. It is an important sign that prostate cancer may develop. |
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(PROS-tah-TITE-is)
| |
Inflammation of the prostate gland. |
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(pros-THEE-sis)
| |
A device, such as an artificial leg, that replaces a part of the body. |
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(pros-tho-DON-tist)
| |
A dentist who specializes in replacing missing teeth or other structures of the mouth to restore an individual’s appearance, comfort, or health. |
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| |
A compound that interferes with the ability of certain enzymes to break down proteins. Some protease inhibitors can keep a virus from making copies of itself (for example, AIDS virus protease inhibitors), and some can prevent cancer cells from spreading. |
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(PRO-teen)
| |
A molecule made up of amino acids that are needed for the body to function properly. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and hair and of substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies. |
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| |
PKC. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. PKC is an enzyme found throughout the body's tissues and organs. There are several forms of PKC that are involved in many cellular functions. |
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| |
A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. |
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| |
An evaluation of proteins in a sample of blood. This may help detect early cancer or cancer recurrence, or help predict response to treatment. |
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| |
The study of the structure and function of proteins, including the way they work and interact with each other inside cells. |
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| |
An action plan for a clinical trial. The plan states what the study will do, how, and why. It explains how many people will be in it, who is eligible to participate, what study agents or other interventions they will be given, what tests they will receive and how often, and what information will be gathered. |
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| |
A small, positively charged particle of matter found in the atoms of all elements. Streams of protons generated by special equipment can be used for radiation treatment. |
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(…ray-dee-AY-shun…)
| |
A type of radiation therapy that uses protons generated by a special machine. A proton is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from an x-ray. |
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| |
A noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity (metabolic information). It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which provides information about the shape and size of the tumor (spacial information). Also called magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. |
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| |
Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. |
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| |
In medicine, refers to a part of the body that is closer to the center of the body than another part. For example, the knee is proximal to the toes. The opposite is distal. |
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| |
A drug that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called dipeptidyl boronic acids. Also called bortezomib. |
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| |
Prostate-specific antigen. A substance produced by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or infection or inflammation of the prostate. |
|
(sam-O-ma)
| |
A structure found in some benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor cells. Psammoma bodies look like hardened concentric rings when viewed under a microscope. They can be a sign of chronic inflammation. |
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| |
A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called cyclosporine analogs. It is used with chemotherapy to prevent or overcome the resistance of tumor cells to some anticancer drugs. |
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(SOO-doe-mix-O-ma PAIR-ih-TOE-nee-I)
| |
A build-up of mucus in the peritoneal cavity. The mucus may come from ruptured ovarian cysts, the appendix, or from other abdominal tissues, and mucus-secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. |
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| |
A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. |
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| |
A chronic disease of the skin marked by red patches covered with white scales. |
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| |
A specialist who can talk with patients and their families about emotional and personal matters, and can help them make decisions. |
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| |
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (per-kyoo-TAN-ee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee). A procedure to x-ray the hepatic and common bile ducts. A contrasting agent is injected into the liver or bile duct, and the ducts are then x-rayed to find the point of obstruction. |
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| |
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage. A procedure to drain bile to relieve pressure in the bile ducts caused by a blockage. An x-ray of the liver and bile ducts locates the blockage of bile flow. Images made by ultrasound guide placement of a stent (tube), which remains in the liver. Bile drains through the stent into the small intestine or into a collection bag outside the body. This procedure may relieve jaundice before surgery. Also called percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. |
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| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. |
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| |
Drooping of the upper eyelid. |
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| |
Non-small cell lung cancer that originates in the upper portion of the lung and extends to other nearby tissues such as the ribs and vertebrae. Also called a Pancoast tumor. |
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| |
A device that is used to deliver a precise amount of drug at a specific rate. |
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| |
Trifolium pratense. A plant whose flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It is being studied in the relief of menopausal symptoms and may have anticancer effects. Also called red clover and wild clover. |
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| |
A virus that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. PV701 belongs to a family of viruses that cause Newcastle disease in birds. |
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| |
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called acridines. |
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| |
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It
belongs to the family of drugs called histone deacetylase inhibitors. |
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