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2000 ARJ Articles

Fall 2000 

The Use of Advanced Warfighting Experiments to Support Acquisition DecisionsDownload strayer.pdf
Kenneth Strayer, Thomas Hoivik, and Susan Page Hocevar

This article summarizes research conducted to determine the use of Advanced Warfighting Experiments to support material acquisition decisions. Specifically, the research evaluated the effectiveness of the Army ask Force XXI Advanced Warfighting Experiment (TF XXI AWE) objective of providing information to support investment decisions and refinement of requirements for emerging technology initiatives. Data were collected from appropriate program offices and user representatives to determine the perceived utility of the recommendations and level of implementation. Subjective data detailing why specific recommendations were or were not implemented were used to determine the contributing factors to a program’s ability to benefit from participation in the experiment.


Measuring the Readiness Cost of One-Size-Shoe-Fits-All Public Policy:  A Fact-Based Look atDownload bessel.pdf Cost-, Hybrid-, and Price-Based Purchasing
Maj Joseph Besselman, U.S. Air Force, Ashish Arora, and Patrick Larkey

Analysis of these three types of purchasing-price-, cost-, and hybrid-based-shows that a slight tweaking of current policy may produce better results, more in line with commercial buying practices.


Building a Business Case for Modeling and SimulationDownload brown_fall00.pdf
C. David Brown, Ph.D., Col Gordon Grant, Canadian Forces,
LTC Donald Kotchman, USA, COL Robert Reyenga, USA, and Lt Col Terence Szanto, USAF

Modeling and simulation technology is the use of models to develop data as a basis for making managerial or technical decisions. It can be a valuable tool for program managers-but it is one that is vastly under-used. This article provides a business-case framework (a methodology to evaluate investment opportunities) for program managers within the Department of Defense to use when determining how to apply modeling and simulation in project management.


The Evolution of 21St Century Acquisition and Logistics ReformDownload mcilvaine.pdf
Paul J. McIlvaine

The United States has changed its military strategy and stepped up the use of its existing military forces without a major defense budget increase. A host of new initiatives are under way to generate the cost savings necessary to continue force modernization without a major budget increase. Reforms so far have primarily focused on the acquisition and logistic parts of the problem. Financial, contractual, and sustainment reforms are needed in order for acquisition logistics reform (ALR) to achieve its full potential.


Cost As an Independent Variable:  Principles and ImplementationDownload kaye.pdf
Col Michael A. Kaye, USAF, Lt Col Mark S. Sobota, USAF, David R. Graham, and Allen L. Gotwald

Cost as an independent variable is a key tool in the thrust to reduce total ownership cost for defense systems. While the need for CAIV is driven by cost constraints, success relies upon identification and use of viable performance, cost, schedule, and risk "trade space." The Air Force has integrated CAIV concepts with those in the Reduction in Total Ownership Program (R-TOC), and has published a comprehensive guidebook for better understanding.


Participatory ContractingDownload washington.pdf
William N. Washington

Participatory contracting represents a philosophy in which the government attempts to involve outside entities in a form of partnership or coordinated effort, with the goal either of reducing costs or improving performance; private industry seeks to increase profits and have greater control over the effort. This win-win scenario can thus appeal to all participants, and makes administration of the contract more of a partnership effort, for its success benefits all the participants.


 

Summer 2000

An Analysis of Management Reserve Budget on Defense Acquisition ContractsDownload christ.pdf
David Christensen, Ph.D. and Carl Templin, Ph.D.

How should one determine the amount required for a contract's management reserve budget? This study reviews decades of data and provides benchmarks for establishing an appropriate amount for such a budget, as well as insight into the relative risk across contract categories, acquisition phases, and contracts managed by the services.


Aircraft Cost Growth and Development Program Length:Download eskew.pdf
Some Augustinian Propositions Revisited

Henry L. Eskew, Ph.D.

This paper examines two notions that were popularized by Norman Augustine. The first is that growth in the cost of successive generations of tactical aircraft is more an inherent (time-driven) characteristic of such programs than a reflection of changes in their technical parameters. The second is that the design and build phase of aircraft development programs has remained virtually unchanged for 40 years, implying that no systematic relationship exists between the characteristics of a program and the length of its development cycle. Models resulting from this examination, which suggest certain modifications to Augustine's original propositions, are tested against recent data from the F/A-18E/F program.


Systems Engineering and the Joint Strike Fighter:Download struth.pdf
The Flagship Program for Acquisition Reform

Robert G. Struth, Jr.

The Joint Strike Fighter program, which aims to provide a new aircraft that will satisfy needs of the U.S. Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, the United Kingdom, and other non-U.S. services, is a challenging undertaking. Adding to the challenge is that it is being conducted under DoD's acquisition reform initiatives. Here we compare its progress to that of past aircraft programs.


The Relationship Between Leader-Member Exchange and Commitment and Organizational Download truck.pdfCitizenship Behavior
Yolanda B. Truckenbrodt

The leader-member exchange theory of leadership, which focuses on the two-way relationship between supervisors and subordinates, aims to maximize organization success by establishing positive interactions between the two. Results of the study detailed here suggests that a significant relationship exists between the quality of the supervisor-subordinate relationship and subordinates' commitment and altruistic organizational citizenship behavior. Recommendations are presented.


Government Contracting PathologiesDownload lloyd.pdf
Robert E. Lloyd, CPCM

While it is nice to see federal contracting agencies glowing with expectant self esteem over the bright future that reform legislation and regulation seem to promise, it may be more useful to lay them down on the couch and explore a few of the pathologies that may yet hinder them from becoming ideal acquisition offices.


Maintaining the Government's Ability to Buy SmartDownload wong.pdf
Carolyn Wong, Ph.D., Kenneth Horn, Ph.D., Elliot Axelband, Ph.D., and Paul Steinberg, Ph.D.

Today, the Department of Defense possesses a competent "smart buyer" (SB)
capability. But unless corrective measures are soon taken, the effect of downsizing the federal government workforce may undermine future SB capability. Three measures will prevent this from happening: the Department of Defense must establish and maintain collaborative research environments; it must try to ensure that work environments encourage direct and open communications among the players; and it must maintain a talented technical staff of scientists and engineers by exploiting the full range of recruiting tools and implementing career development opportunities.


 

Spring 2000

Cyber Warfare:  Protecting Military SystemsDownload alford.pdf
Lt Col Lionel D. Alford, Jr., USAF

Software is a key component in nearly every critical system used by the Department of Defense. Attacking the software in a system—cyber warfare—is a revolutionary method of pursuing war. This article describes various cyber warfare approaches and suggests methods to counter them.


Enterprise Architecture for DoD AcquisitionDownload brown.pdf
CDR David P. Brown, USN

The Department of Defense (DoD) could achieve substantially higher acquisition cost savings by following the lead of industry in applying systems engineering theory to organizational structure, to develop an enterprise architecture for DoD acquisition.


CESA: The COTR Expert System AidDownload Liebowitz.pdf
Dr. Jay Liebowitz

One of the first expert systems developed for the acquisition and procurement and contracting area was built at the Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. This case study serves as a key reference in using expert systems in the acquisition area and provides lessons for further advances in this area.


Private Sector Downsizing:  Implications for DoD
Michael L. Marshall and J. Eric Hazel

The Department of Defense surges forward with plans to increase efficiency by downsizing its in-house laboratories. Corporate America’s adventure with such policies during the past decade, however, has left it with strong second thoughts (as well as low employee morale, high turnover, stagnant profits, and little increase in productivity).


From Cradle to Save:  Revolutionary Acquisition Force Structure Alternatives for the 21st CenturyDownload olson.pdf
Lt Col Craig Olson, USAF 

Military strategists depict a future characterized by the uncertainty of when and where conflicts will emerge—requiring that U.S. forces be prepared to engage worldwide, with leading-edge technologies. This challenge cannot be met without a revolutionary change in the present acquisition force structure. The services have the tools in hand to meet this challenge; will the Department of Defense (DoD) be able to make the needed changes?


 

Engineering Management Training: Comparing Experiential Versus Lecture Methods of Download lightsey.pdfInstruction
Robert H. Lightsey, D. Sc.

While many studies have compared passive and active instructional methods, none provides statistical evidence that one method is clearly superior. When the subject matter to be taught is technical in nature, however, the experiential method has been shown to be more effective in terms of both student reactions and learning.


Technical Performance Measures and Distributed-Simulation Training SystemsDownload proctor.pdf
Dr. Michael Proctor and MAJ Michael J. Lipinski, U.S. Army

Simulation systems are increasingly being used as a cheaper alternative to field training, and as the Services put such systems into place, acquisition managers must add new methods to the traditional technical performance measures to assess the effectiveness of these training systems.


Baselining Acquisition ReformDownload reig.pdf
Raymond W. Reig

Accumulating baseline data on the defense acquisition system is essential to gauging just how successful reform efforts have been so far. This article delineates the first step in that process.


Systemic Fiscal Optimism in Defense PlanningDownload jordan.pdf
Dr. Leland G. Jordan

Defense planning and budgeting increase national security costs by significantly overestimating available future resources. An analysis of Department of Defense out-year resource estimates over a period of 20 years and six administrations— the first econometric analysis of budgeted and realized resources in defense— demonstrates that an optimistic bias has spanned administrations and appears to be a systemic characteristic rather than political one. The result has significant implications for reduction of defense costs without loss of capability.


Test and Evaluation Management Reform: Issues and OptionsDownload love.pdf
James D. Love

Can a change in the management structure of the Department of Defense’s test and evaluation infrastructure make it more cost effective and efficient while retaining the responsiveness and the weapons quality of the present system?


Management: Towards a Unified Field TheoryDownload pollock.pdf
Neal Pollock

This article is a "theme" review of three books written by management theorists of high repute. (It follows in the footsteps of a piece published here 4 years ago (Frisch, 1995).) These authors approach management from very different perspectives. But to quote Frisch, "Unfortunately, every conceptualization and interpretation needed to arrive at a theory represents the point of view or, more generally, the same "facts" can have different meanings for different people: and even the same people may view the facts differently depending on the time and situation" (Frisch, 1995).


 


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