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Classes of Chemical Agents | |
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Classes of Chemical Agents |
Nerve Agents
Health Effects- Physostigmine cholinesterase inhibitors (reversible)
- Organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors (irreversible)
- Disable enzymes responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.
- Initial effects of organophosphorus agents occur within 1-10 minutes of exposure
- Death
- Within 15 minutes for Tabun, Sarin, and Soman
- From 4-42 hours for VX.
Agents Include
- Tabun (NATO military designation, GA)
- Sarin (NATO military designation, GB)
- Soman (NATO military designation, GD)
- GF (Cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate)
- VX (Methylphosphonothioic acid S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester)
- GE (Phosphonofluoridic acid, ethyl-, isopropyl ester)
- VE (Phosphonothioic acid, ethyl-, S-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester)
- VG (Amiton)
- VM (Phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester)
Blister/Vesicant Agents
Health Effects- Vesicants
- Skin blisters
- Damage eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and internal organs
- Initial effects rapid
- Mustard agents
- Destroy different substances within cells of living tissue
- Initial effects occur 12 to 24 hours after exposure.
- Symptoms variable
- Acute mortality low
- Death can occur from complications after lung injury.
Agents Include:
- Lewisite (L)
- Mustard-Lewisite (HL)
- Nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3)
- Phosgene oxime (CX)
- Sulfur mustards (H, HD, HT)
Blood Agents
Health Effects- Highly volatile
- Rapidly acting
- seizures
- respiratory failure
- cardiac arrest
- Cyanogen chloride (CK)
- Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
Pulmonary Agents
Health Effects- Liquids dispersed in gas form
- Damage the respiratory tract and cause severe pulmonary edema in about four hours, leading to eventual death. Effects are variable
- Rapid or delayed depending on the specific agent.
Agents Include
- Chlorine
- Chloropicrin (PS)
- Diphosgene (DP)
- Phosgene (CG)
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Government Information Resources |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry- ToxFAQs™ for Cyanide
- ToxFAQs™ for Mustard Gas
- Phosgene
- Blister Agents, Lewisite and Mustard
- Blister Agents, Nitrogen Mustard
- Blister Agents, Sulfur Mustard
- Phosgene Oxime
- Nerve Agents
- Frequently Asked Questions about Contaminants Found at Hazardous Waste Sites - Mustard Gas
- Frequently Asked Questions About Contaminants Found at Hazardous Waste Sites - Cyanide
Emergency Preparedness and Response
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- Recommendations for Protecting Human Health Against Potential Adverse Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Low Doses of Chemical Warfare Agents.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1988 Feb 12;37(5):72-4, 79 - Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response: Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup
MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000 Apr 21;49(RR-4):1-14.
- Demilitarization of Chemical Weapons
- Emergency Room Procedures in Chemical Hazard Emergencies A Job Aid
- CDC Recommendations for Civilian Communities Near Chemical Weapons Depots: Guidelines for Medical Preparedness
- Chemical Weapons Convention: Issues for Congress
Updated April 30, 2002. - Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons and Missiles: The Current Situation and Trends
Update August 10, 2001. - Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Missile Proliferation Sanctions: Selected Current Law
Updated January 17, 2001. - Weapons of Mass Destruction - the Terrorist Threat
December 8, 1999.
Department of Homeland Security
Ready.GovDepartment of Defense
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Army- Chemical Materials Agency
- Homeland Defense Mission Related Sites
- Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) and Associated Health Guidelines
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion & Preventive Medicine - U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
- Medical Chemical and Biological Defense Research Program
- Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center
- Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries
- Health Service Support in a Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Environment
- Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
- Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Terrorism/Warfare: A bibliography
- Terrorism: A Navy Department Library Research Guide
- Virtual Naval Hospital
- Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries
- Emergency War Surgery NATO Handbook: Part I: Types of Wounds and Injuries: Chapter VI: Chemical Injury
- Field Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook
- Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office
- Local Emergency Planning Committees and Deliberate Releases: Addressing Terrorist Activities in the Local Emergency Plan
Federal Emergency Management Administration
- USFA Hazardous Materials Guide for First Responders
- Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
- CSEPP: Protective Actions
- BACKGROUNDER: TERRORISM
- Medical Response to Chemical Warfare and Terrorism
- Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning: State and Local Guide
Office of Domestic Preparedness
National Institute of Environmental Health 1Sciences
- Hood E. Chemical and Biological Weapons: New Questions, New Answers
Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 Dec;107(12):931-932
National Technical Information Service
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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Searches from the National Library of Medicine |
TOXLINE - Toxicology Information Online
- TOXLINE Core on PubMed (current journal literature)
- TOXLINE Special (technical reports, research projects and archival collections.)
Consumer Health Information from MedlinePlus
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Books |
- Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism.
Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, National Research Council. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 2002.
Available full-text online. - Improving Civilian Medical Response to Chemical or Biological Terrorist Incidents Interim Report on Current Capabilities.
Division of Health Science[s] Policy, Institute of Medicine [and] Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1998.
Available full-text online. - Preparing for Terrorism: Tools for Evaluating the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program
Frederick J. Manning and Lewis Goldfrank, Editors, Committee on Evaluation of the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program, Board on Health Sciences Policy. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 2002.
Available full-text online.
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Web Sites of Related Interests |
- BiodefenseEducation.org
Biodefense Digital Library and Collaboratory - Mitretek Systems
- Chemical/Biological Defense
- Background on Chemical Warfare
- Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for Chemical Agents
- Henry L. Stimson Center
- Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response
Stimson Center Report No. 35 - Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project
- Toxicity of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents
- National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism
- Rand Corporation
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