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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This manual was written by Dr. Brian T. Yates under Contract Number N01-DA-6050 with the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr. Dorothy L. Lockwood; Dr. Keith Saylor, the Contract Principal Investigator; Ms. Melissa Andrews and Ms. Sarah Shiraki of Behavior and Health Research; Dr. Peter Delany, the NIDA Project Officer; Karst Bestemen, M.S.W.; Joseph Heath; Dr. James A. Inciardi; Jeffrey Merrill, M.P.H.; Jane K. Myers, M.S.T.; and Dr. Gary Zarkin offered valuable guidance and comments throughout the preparation of this manual.
DISCLAIMER
The opinions expressed herein are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or any other part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
PUBLIC DOMAIN NOTICE
All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission from the National Institute on Drug Abuse or the author. Citation of the source is appreciated.
National Institute on Drug Abuse
NIH Publication Number 99-4518
Printed August 1999
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Measuring and Improving Costs, Cost-Effectiveness, and Cost-Benefit for Substance Abuse Treatment Programs
A Manual
Index
- Forward
- Introduction
- Why Analyze Costs and Benefits?
- Definition of Terms
- Addictional Resources
- Getting Started
- Timetable
- Initial Steps
- Procedures, Processes. and Outcomes
- Cost-Procedure-Process-Outcome Analysis Model
- Procedures
- Processes
- Procedure-Process Links
- Outcomes
- Process-Outcome Links
- Interest Group Differences
- Using the Worksheets
- Summary
- Overview of Costs
- Cost Measures
- The Need for Cost per Patient
- Standardized Costs
- Collect Cost Data
- Personnel Costs
- Other Direct Patient Costs
- Forms and Formats
- Train Staff to Record Data
- Ensure Complete Data Collection
- Find the Cost per Resource per Procedure per Patient
- Establish a Reporting Period
- Transform Direct Staff Time into Costs
- Calculate the Cost of Space
- Other Direct Costs
- Divide Indirect Service Costs Among Patients
- Sample Resource Sheets
- Keeping Down the Cost of Measuring Costs
- Finding Information on Cost Measurement
- Collect Patient Data
- Before Treatment Begins
- During and After Treatment
- Should Dropouts Be Included?
- Find Cost-Effectiveness
- Measure Effectiveness
- Calculate Procedure Dose
- Link Costs to Outcome
- Costs per Procedure per Patient
- Explore Cost Benefits
- Typical Benefits of Substance Abuse Treatment
- Increased Expenditures from Outcomes
- Transform Effectiveness Findings into Benefits
- Potential Problems with Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Resources for Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Compare Programs and Program Components
- Cost-Outcome Decisions
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
- Cost-Effectiveness Ratios versus Cost-Benefit Ratios
- When Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Converge
- When Net Benefit and Ratios Fall
- Cost-Outcome Graphs
- Assumptions Encouraged by Cost-Outcome Ratios and Revealed by Cost-Outcome Graphs
- Improving Program Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit
- Cost-Procedure Relationships
- Procedure-Outcome Relationships
- Cost-Procedure-Outcome Relationships
- Consider Different Perspectives
- Experiment with Change
- Develop Regular Reports
- The CPPOA Model - An Illustration
- Program Context
- Resource-Procedure Relationships
- Outcomes
- Qualitative/Quantitative Path Analysis
- Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Models for Formative CPPOA
- CPPOA Research Design
- References
