The Human and Social Dynamics (HSD) priority area aims to foster breakthroughs in knowledge about human action and development as well as organizational, cultural, and societal adaptation and change.  Such a transformation in basic understanding would parallel the explosion of knowledge about the physical and biological worlds that characterized the twentieth century.  HSD aims to increase our collective ability to anticipate the complex consequences of change; to better understand the dynamics of human and social behavior at all levels, including that of the human mind; to better understand the cognitive and social structures that create and define change; and to help people and organizations better manage profound or rapid change.  Accomplishing these goals requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach across the sciences, engineering, and education, including the development of infrastructure that can support such efforts. 

The FY 2004 competition will include three topical emphasis areas (Agents of Change; Dynamics of Human Behavior; and Decision Making and Risk) and three resource-related emphasis areas (Spatial Social Science; Modeling Human and Social Dynamics; and Instrumentation and Data Resource Development).  Support will be provided for research-focused, education-focused, infrastructure-focused, and exploratory projects.

The Human and Social Dynamics (HSD) priority area seeks to stimulate breakthroughs in knowledge about human action and development as well as organizational, cultural, and societal adaptation and change.  Such a transformation in basic understanding would parallel the explosion of knowledge about the physical and biological worlds that characterized the twentieth century.  The arrival of the twenty-first century has brought with it new hopes and possibilities for better living.  Revolutionary technologies and ideas that are the product of human minds have created a more closely linked world, within which there is almost instantaneous transmission of information that feeds a global economy.  But it is also a world of change, uncertainty, and disruption that leaves many uncertain about how to respond.

Research about human and social behavior is increasingly characterized by a focus on dynamics -- on how cognitive systems, individuals, formal and informal organizations, cultures, and societies evolve and change over space and time.  Scientific understanding of the dynamics of mental processes, individual behavior, and social activity increasingly requires partnerships that span the different science and engineering research and education communities.

For example, the convergence of biology, engineering, the cognitive and social sciences, and computer and information sciences facilitates basic knowledge about the evolution and limits of human, group, and organizational behavior at levels never before possible.  At the same time, it offers computer scientists and engineers more realistic models of human learning and of the organizational space in which their tools are employed.  Bridging these fields creates new possibilities for those engaged in teaching, learning, and educational systems to transform practice in science, technology, engineering and mathematics classrooms.

Likewise, geographic information systems and related technologies together with advances in multilevel modeling of complex systems and network analysis from the mathematical and physical sciences have opened new frontiers for understanding such diverse subjects as crime, environmental management, epidemics, and linguistic behavior.  These understandings inform problem-solving research in the social and behavioral sciences as well as the biological, physical, and information sciences and engineering.

Through the HSD priority area, NSF seeks to promote research and education activities that will enable the nation to better understand the causes and ramifications of myriad forms of change that have altered the world in which we live.  HSD aims to increase our collective ability to anticipate the complex consequences of change; to better understand the dynamics of human and social behavior at all levels, including that of the human mind; to better understand the cognitive and social structures that create and define change; and to help people and organizations better manage profound or rapid change.

The challenges posed by the need to understand individual and group behavior in the context of natural, human-built, and social environments are immense.  They require research that breaks down disciplinary boundaries and embraces interactions that range in time from nanoseconds to millennia and across scales ranging from the internal workings of the human mind to the interplay of global social and cultural systems.  Accomplishing the goals of the HSD priority area requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach across science and engineering research and education including the development of an infrastructure that can support such efforts.

In its first year, the HSD priority area will support research and education within and across three topical emphasis areas and three resource-related emphasis areas.  The three topical emphasis areas focus on substantive issues associated with the dynamics of change, behavior at different scales, and human responses to changing situations.  The three resource-related emphasis areas focus on methods, tools, and resources needed to advance research and educational capabilities and to help realize the potential of the priority area.  All six emphasis areas encompass topics for which interdisciplinary synergies hold special promise for important breakthroughs. 

The three topical emphasis areas are:

• Agents of change.  Examination of large-scale transformational changes over different scales, such as globalization, democratization, economic transformations, migrations, and epidemics; the reciprocal relationship between individual and social action, including its role in educational settings; the evolution of culture and society and its interaction with climate, geography, and environment in settings ranging from high-density cities to sparsely populated polar regions; the implications of cultural variation for conflict and assimilation; the implication of large-scale transformational changes for diversity and equality; and adaptation and resistance to technological change and new science- and engineering-based knowledge.
• Dynamics of human behavior.  Explorations into the dynamics of change in human behavior over time, including links between mental processes and human behavior; the dynamics through which individuals and collective entities form, grow, learn, change, and act under the impetus of internal and external stimuli; and explorations of cognitive, computational, linguistic, developmental, social, economic, organizational, cultural, biological, and other processes as dynamic, evolving systems.
• Decision making and risk.  Explorations of changing risks and risk perception and of how these changes affect decision making and help shape human and social behavior; individual and societal responses to risk, such as translation and interpretation of complex scientific information for decision making; decision making under uncertainty associated with many factors, including environmental change, and responses to hazards and extreme events; research on how educational processes or systems respond to changes in risk and risk perceptions; and basic understanding about chronic risks, especially in the areas of environment, energy, and health.

The three resource-related emphasis areas are:

• Spatial social science.  Exploration of how recent technological advances (such as embedded sensors, global positioning systems, and geographic information systems) that provide tools and techniques for acquiring geospatial information can be combined with behavioral, demographic, political, health-related, historical and other social data to advance fundamental understandings of the spatial dimensions of human and social dynamics and/or to expand the utility and accessibility of those tools.
• Modeling human and social dynamics.  Advances in modeling theory and techniques as well as research involving innovative combinations of empirical and theoretical models designed to specify causal relationships, despite confounding factors, in human and social dynamics; the development and application of innovative approaches for improved understanding of complex interactions, such as stochastic agent-based modeling, social network analysis, and new techniques for modeling human behavior and interaction using innovative information and engineering technologies.
• Instrumentation and data resource development.  Development of instrumentation and software that takes advantage of advanced technologies and development of data resources, including new and extended longitudinal databases, collaboratories, and mechanisms for preserving confidentiality in databases that incorporate sensitive biological, behavioral, and social information.

HSD projects within and across these emphasis areas will break down barriers that separate the social and behavioral sciences from one another, from other science and engineering disciplines, and from education.  The cross-fertilization and synergies that mixing disciplines makes possible will yield new approaches to collaboration both substantively and through the interplay of models drawn from many fields.  The knowledge generated by HSD projects can lay the groundwork for innovations in education, including science, technology, and engineering curricula.  Incorporating international cooperation, developing an integrated community of HSD researchers, and strengthening education and training opportunities with an HSD focus have the potential to create not just new understandings of the complexities of human and social life, but also new modes of synergistic collaboration for science and engineering research and education.

NSF invites proposals for innovative research on human and social dynamics and related educational activities.  HSD encourages the development of integrative and diverse interdisciplinary teams, the creation and/or use of shared resources (data, instrumentation, methodologies, etc.), and international collaborative partnerships (when appropriate).  Proposed activities should branch beyond narrow disciplinary perspectives and contribute to building interdisciplinary communities of researchers and educators prepared to meet the challenges of this exciting area.  Because the HSD priority area seeks to stimulate research that contributes to fundamental knowledge across disciplines, team proposals and other collaborative arrangements through which individuals work together in synergistic ways are encouraged.  Inclusion of more junior researchers as team members also is encouraged.

HSD awards will enable researchers and educators to pursue different kinds of activities:

• Research-focused projects, which aim to advance fundamental understanding about important facets of human and social dynamics across multiple disciplininary communities.  In addition to advancing fundamental knowledge, projects should integrate education with research and/or have other kinds of positive broader impacts.  NSF anticipates that most research-focused projects will range in duration from three to five years and have total award sizes ranging from $250,000 to $750,000.
• Education-focused projects, which aim to improve the knowledge, capacity, and capabilities of individuals and groups to develop and use new approaches for the study of human and social dynamics and to strengthen efforts in communicating associated research findings in the classroom and other learning environments.  NSF anticipates that most education-focused projects will range in duration from one to four years and have total award sizes ranging from $50,000 to $150,000.
• Infrastructure-focused projects, which will provide critical resources for many different research communities and facilitate the conduct of human and social dynamics research and education.  NSF will provide support for major activities to improve instrumentation and to develop data resources and other forms of infrastructure.  The outcomes and products of infrastructure-focused projects should make significant, long-term contributions to research across a broad range of disciplines. NSF anticipates that most infrastructure-focused projects will range in duration from three to five years and have total award sizes ranging from $1,500,000 to $6,000,000.
• Exploratory projects, which will enable teams or individuals to conduct preliminary work on specific research, education, and/or infrastructure projects or broader-ranging efforts like workshops that aim to increase awareness, capabilities, and networks within and across scholarly communities.  Exploratory projects should result in tangible products or other ways of communicating findings that can be disseminated across a range of disciplines through appropriate outlets in order to help facilitate and strengthen HSD-related scholarly communities.  Exploratory projects may have durations of up to two years and have total award sizes of up to $200,000 in the Instrumentation and Data Resource Development emphasis area and up to $100,000 in all other emphasis areas.

A.  AREAS OF EMPHASIS

During Fiscal Year 2004, all proposals submitted to the Human and Social Dynamics priority area competition must focus on one or more of the three following topical emphasis areas:

• Agents of Change (AOC)
• Dynamic of Human Behavior (DHB)
• Decision Making and Risk (DMaR)

Proposals that address more than one of these topical emphasis areas are encouraged.

The HSD priority area also is interested in encouraging the development of resources (methods, tools, and research infrastructure) that facilitate or enable innovative research in the substantive emphasis areas.  Proposals submitted to HSD may place emphasis on the development of methods, tools, instrumentation, or data resources in one or more of the resource-related emphasis areas:

• Spatial Social Science (S3)
• Modeling Human and Social Dynamics (MOD)
• Instrumentation and Data Resource Development (IDR)

Proposals related to one or more of the three resource-related emphasis areas must also advance knowledge in at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR).  By requiring relationships with topical emphasis areas, HSD seeks to facilitate the development and adaptation of methods, tools, and/or infrastructure in conjunction with advances in topical knowledge.

The three topical emphasis areas are:

Agents of Change (AOC)

The Agents of Change (AOC) emphasis area focuses on the dynamics of large scale changes in humanity and society.  Such changes often transcend national and physical boundaries and range over various temporal scales.  AOC projects should focus on events and processes that relate to human, institutional, and social transformations.  These events and processes can be of natural or human origin.  Globalization, democratization, migrations, and epidemics exemplify large-scale transformational change.  These and other transformations usually involve cascading interactions of human beliefs and behaviors and social and economic institutions with environmental and technological forces, including science-based knowledge.  In addition, they often raise new ethical questions or require that new attention be given to questions previously thought settled.

Following are examples of topics that might be the basis for AOC research-focused projects:

• How regional or global political, economic, or educational institutions affect each other and are influenced by technological change and science- and engineering-based knowledge.
• Relationships between human or social evolution and cultural, environmental, educational, and/or technological change.
• Forces affecting diversity and equality or inequality among individuals, groups, nations, or global regions.
• Factors that lead to conflict or foster cooperation among people.
• Reciprocal relationships among education, national economies, and population growth.
• Ethical and social transformations accompanying changes in organizations or other groups and ways in which new findings in science and engineering or new technologies are embraced.
• Social and organizational influences on the success or failure of technology adoption.
• The effects of weather and climate change or the implications of war and social conflict on the growth and dispersion of civilizations and linguistic communities.
• Global market transformations in relationship to natural systems and major societal change, such as migration and dislocation.

Projects should generate new knowledge about the dynamics of human and social transformations.   Projects involving collaborative teams of social or behavioral scientists with natural or physical scientists, computer scientists, engineers, or educational researchers are especially welcome, as are projects including specialists in the history, philosophy, or ethics of science, engineering, and technology.  Results should have significance for the research literature and have the potential to shed light on important global or regional transformations of human and social behavior.

As one part of the AOC emphasis area, NSF encourages proposals that examine the role of national education policy or national institutions as agents of change.  (See Section IX, “Other Programs of Interest,” for more information.)

Dynamics of Human Behavior (DHB)

The Dynamics of Human Behavior (DHB) emphasis area focuses on the dynamics of change in human behavior over time.  It seeks to unravel links between mental processes and human behavior as well as the dynamic processes through which individuals and collective entities (especially groups, firms, and other organizations) form, grow, learn, change, and act under the impetus of internal and external stimuli.  Increasing knowledge about the behavior of humans requires understanding of biological, computational, cognitive, linguistic, social, and cultural processes, often interacting with each other.  Individuals often act through collective entities like organizations, which have interests and behave in ways that are distinct from and often not easily predicted by the behavior and interests of the individuals that constitute them.  The dynamics of human behavior also involves exploration of how humans interact with other systems, be they natural or artificial.

Understanding these interrelationships requires input from many disciplines, including mathematics, computer science, biology, the physical sciences, engineering, physiology, neuroscience, and the social and cognitive sciences at all levels of abstraction and scale.  For example, mathematical models, such as network models employed in the biological and physical sciences, are important tools for understanding both human cognition and organizational action.  Nanotechnology opens up new pathways for exploring the human mind, and engineering and information technologies make possible new forms of organizational intelligence and coordination.

DHB projects that promote partnerships across scientific, engineering, and education-related disciplines to better understand how the dynamics of human, group, and organizational behavior are encouraged.  Theoretical, methodological, and technical approaches all contribute to this goal.  Examples of research that might be supported in this emphasis area include:

• Inquiries that employ formal concepts about dynamics from mathematics, the physical sciences, information science, and engineering to characterize dynamic behavior at the individual or organizational level, such as work that draws on complexity theory, dynamical systems theory, and bifurcation analysis.
• Studies of dynamic interactions among social institutions, human biology, and the environment over time, including historical perspectives.
• Efforts that draw on the convergence of the biological sciences, computer and information science, engineering, nanotechnology, and robotics to better understand human cognitive development or the nature of skills, such as the human facility for language acquisition.
• Augmenting cognitive capabilities by addressing human biases and limitations through the use of information technology, nanoscience, and engineering.
• Studies that explore the capacities of organizations (whether public or private) to assimilate information and the effects of new technologies on these capacities.
• Efforts to explore empirically changes in the survival and growth of organizations and other groups using network, agent-based, evolutionary, or other dynamic process models.
• Studies of moment-by-moment interactions among humans using embedded and distributed sensors and related information technology to capture the ongoing interactions in the context of environmental changes.
• Studies of how humans navigate through natural and built environments and efforts to design environments that incorporate this knowledge.
• Studies of similarities and differences in individuals and organizational motivations or of the effects of organizational embeddedness on individual perceptions and motivations.

Decision Making and Risk (DMaR)

The Decision Making and Risk (DMaR) emphasis area supports projects that focus on the processes through which people, groups, and organizations make decisions under conditions of risk and uncertainty.  Perceptions of risk vary with human, cultural, and social systems.  Individual and group responses to risks vary with how information is generated, structured, analyzed, and presented.  Technological change, information access, and uncertainty also influence risk perception and decision- making.  Risk perceptions are affected by the nature, frequency, and magnitude of the sources of risk.  Responses to chronically occurring conditions, such as obesity and the presence of radon, are different from responses to risks associated with phenomena that usually vary within moderate limits, such as weather conditions or market prices, and these differ from responses to extreme events like earthquakes or cascading system failures in electric power grids.  Responses also vary depending on the sources of risk, as people respond differently to natural hazards than they do to human factors, such as terrorist attacks or underinvestment in education or in critical infrastructure.  As emphasized in the Integrated Research in Risk Analysis and Decision Making in a Democratic Society report to NSF following a 2002 workshop, the kinds of research necessary to address responses to risk and their influence on decision making depends on the nature of the risk.

During FY 2004, NSF encourages research-focused proposals that focus on the nexus of risk and decision making, including chronic risks, risks from vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure systems and networks, and risks from extreme events.  NSF encourages integrated and interdisciplinary research that brings together relevant theory, methods, and findings from the social and behavioral sciences, the physical and natural sciences, and engineering as well as scholarship in ethics and law.  NSF expects proposals to explain how the research will draw from these fields to explain the roles of information, prior experience, emotion, and/or organization in supporting problem solving and decision making in new situations.  It encourages proposals to develop tools and interfaces that can help individuals, groups, and organizations (whether public or private) cope with changes in decision-making contexts and compare and choose from among competing courses of action.  Examples of topics that DMaR research might address include:

• The role of technologies in decisions concerning risk management and how this has changed over time.
• New approaches to market designs that integrate concerns about risk and efficiency in complex systems, such as utility systems like electric power grids.
• The changing role of ethical factors in risk perception, communication, and management.
• The ways that private- or public-sector actions amplify or diminish risk from chronic circumstances or extreme events.
• How prior experience informs problem solving and decision making, and how it can be used or adapted for new situations.
• Decision tools and related technologies to assist in risk estimation and decision making given differences in risk perception across individuals and populations.
• Predicting and representing uncertainty associated with extreme natural hazards, such as earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, tornadoes, and magnetic storms.
• Individual or organizational strategies to cope with changes in decision-making contexts.
• How social, economic, political, cultural, and psychological factors interact with the natural and built environment to influence risk and vulnerability.
• How cognition and emotional judgments interact to affect perceptions of and responses to risk.
• How the provision, dissemination, and translation of scientific information shapes perceptions of and responses to risk.

Projects may consider decision making and risk as dependent or independent variables, but they are strongly encouraged to link social scientific analyses with engineering or/and natural system analyses.  Collaborative efforts using interdisciplinary teams are preferred.  At least one member of a team should have expertise in relevant social or behavioral science disciplines, including history, philosophy, or ethics of science, engineering, and technology.

Education projects associated with DMaR are encouraged to improve education in decision- making and risk analysis. Education-related proposals may involve any or all levels of education and should include rigorous evaluations of education activities.

The three resource-related emphasis areas are:

Spatial Social Science (S3)

The Spatial Social Science (S3) resource-related emphasis area focuses on the development and use of new spatial techniques and approaches to study human and social dynamics.  Through interdisciplinary collaborations, new topically relevant knowledge about the spatial dimensions of human and social dynamics and/or the development of new tools can advance spatial social science.   Recent technological advances have significantly altered the kinds of spatial information that can be gathered and analyzed to increase understanding of human and social dynamics.  Among the new tools are global positioning systems, which provide highly precise locational specification; geographic information systems, which help gather, analyze, and present spatial data; spatial decision making tools; mobile sensors and transmitters; and advanced environments for information access and transmission.  Advances also have occurred in spatial analytic methods, including the development of new spatial statistics.

These new tools have increased the use of locational variables in analyses of human and social dynamics along with spatial aspects of other relevant variables.  As a result, NSF is encouraging new lines of inquiry that use these tools in investigations across a broad range of cognitive, behavioral, demographic, economic, social, cultural, political, legal, and environmental topics.  Examples of research topics that will benefit from enhanced use of spatial perspectives and approaches include:

• Neighborhood effects on social activities.
• Community contexts within which social, educational, economic, and political processes occur.
• The growth of regional and global networks that defy traditional geographic and spatial boundaries.
• Spatial dimensions of reciprocal interactions among historical and contemporary science, engineering, and technology developments and human behavior.
• Spatial aspects of human biological and cultural evolution.
• Interactions among different social, economic, cultural, political, and legal processes and natural environmental systems in different locales and geographic contexts.

Projects involving spatial social science should integrate expertise on the processes and phenomena of human and social dynamics with expertise in the development, adaptation, and use of spatial analytic techniques.  NSF is particularly interested in encouraging the development of research teams of two or more individuals who collectively have expertise in both the substantive HSD topics to be explored and in spatial analytic methods, but not every team member needs to have had experience in the practice of spatial social science.

The core of an S3 project should be research on a well-defined topic that will advance basic understanding of human and social dynamics.  An S3 project must also relate to at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR).

Modeling Human and Social Dynamics (MOD)

The Modeling Human and Social Dynamics (MOD) resource-related emphasis area focuses on the development and use of innovative models in the study of human and social dynamics.  Recent advances in knowledge, resources, and technology allow fundamental breakthroughs in modeling complexity and enable the transformation of modeling practices through a merging of theoretical and empirical approaches in ways that can integrate static and dynamic analyses and help identify causal relationships.  MOD will support research on modeling approaches that enhance understanding of human and social behavior at multiple scales.  Collaborations that involve disciplines that use models extensively, such as physics, mathematics, information science, the geosciences, biology, and engineering are likely to provide opportunities for significant advances.  Partnerships involving substantive experts and those who have expertise in model development and validation can generate modeling approaches that stimulate new lines of inquiry regarding HSD topics, while the questions of HSD researchers drive the development of new modeling tools.

The unifying goal of the MOD resource-related emphasis area is to develop approaches for better understanding the causal linkages and other critical relationships associated with human and social dynamics.  Both empirical and formal-theoretical approaches are relevant, as are models that combine approaches.

To encourage synergies of this sort, MOD will emphasize modeling in the context of HSD research and educational themes.  Working with the other areas of emphasis to support new interdisciplinary partnerships, MOD aims to support scientific advances in modeling tools and methods that are available for human and social dynamics research.  It also seeks to enhance the transparency and increase the accessibility of these tools.  MOD is particularly interested in interdisciplinary HSD research activities that incorporate at least one of the following modeling approaches:

• Theoretical approaches that build on mathematical representations that include (but are not limited to) ideas from game theory, adaptive (least squares) and Bayesian learning, structural equation models, dynamic stochastic modeling, and dynamical system approaches.
• Innovative empirical approaches that include (but are not limited to) applied statistical procedures or experimental procedures.  "Hybrid" techniques, such as agent-based modeling, also are welcome.
• The direct linking of theoretical approaches with experimental or empirical tests.  This includes the development of new and better models through an interactive and iterative use of the component theoretical and empirical approaches.

During FY 2004, projects related to the MOD emphasis area must advance knowledge in at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR).  Possible lines of inquiry include the development and application of stochastic agent-based modeling, complex social network analysis, and techniques for modeling human behavior and interaction using innovative information and engineering technologies.  Proposals should make clear the expected contributions of projects both to the state of the art in modeling and to substantive understandings in other emphasis areas.

Instrumentation and Data Resource Development (IDR)

The Instrumentation and Data Resource Development (IDR) resource-related emphasis area focuses on the development and use of shared instrumentation and data resources for human and social dynamics research and education.  The goal of the IDR emphasis area is to create or extend innovative, large-scale infrastructure projects that are likely to facilitate major advances in the understanding of human and social dynamics.

New and improved infrastructure is necessary to support and enhance the broad range of human and social dynamics research and education activities.  Development of instrumentation and data resources will take advantage of information technology, microelectronics, nanotechnology, photonics, robotics, sensing systems, modeling, data mining, and meta-analysis techniques to address fundamental questions associated with human and social dynamics.  Data resources are expanding in a variety of formats, including new and extended longitudinal databases and mechanisms for preserving confidentiality in databases that incorporate sensitive biological, behavioral, and social information.  New kinds of instrumentation will continue the process of opening new lines of inquiry that build on technological advances, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), global positioning systems, and tools for genetic analysis and neuroinformatics.

Infrastructure provides critical data and observational capabilities to support many different projects, especially when the costs of data-acquisition or instrumentation would be far greater than the benefits that might be associated with a specific project.  Infrastructure facilitates both collaborative and comparative research as well as more effective and efficient use of instruments and data resources.  The development of new forms of instrumentation and data broadens the range of questions that scientists and engineers can try to answer.

Infrastructure-focused projects may be in one or more of the following categories:

• Projects that support the collection, dissemination, and quality enhancement of data from surveys, experiments, administrative records, case studies, historical records, objects of investigation (such as DNA or archaeological items) or other sources in order to answer important scientific and engineering questions associated with the study of human and social dynamics.
• Projects that support or extend facility infrastructure, archives, and other knowledge systems and tools that enable world-wide access to interoperable digital libraries, databases, repositories, and collections of physical objects that incorporate innovative capabilities for the creation, use, and archiving of information with, where necessary, data confidentiality protection.
• Projects that support collaboratories to enable real-time controlled experimentation in ways that allow researchers to share the use of expensive experimental equipment and/or to share widely the process and results of research in progress.
• Projects that support the development and/or deployment of instrumentation and techniques that can be brought to bear on key HSD questions.
• Projects that create and/or extend longitudinal databases or mechanisms for preserving confidentiality in databases or that develop and deploy mechanisms for preserving confidentiality in databases that incorporate sensitive biological, behavioral, and social information.

During FY 2004, projects supported in the IDR resource-related emphasis area must advance knowledge in at least one of the topical emphasis areas (AOC, DHB, or DMaR).  All infrastructure proposals should make clear how the larger community will gain access to and otherwise be served by the proposed infrastructural development.

B.  GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING ALL EMPHASIS AREAS

NSF has special interest in proposals that develop and employ innovative approaches in the study of human and social dynamics.  All HSD proposals will be evaluated with respect to their intellectual merit, their broader impacts, and their responsiveness to the goals of the HSD competition.  Special consideration will be given to the extent to which projects are likely to contribute to understanding of human and social dynamics across a range of disciplines.  Proposals therefore should describe expected contributions across relevant disciplines.  Multidisciplinary advisory panels will evaluate all proposals.  (Projects of $100,000 or less in size may be evaluated solely by a multidisciplinary panel of program officers without external review.)  When appropriate, international collaborative partnerships are encouraged.

In addition to conducting the work outlined in their proposals, principal investigators are expected to attend a biennial meeting of HSD awardees.  This meeting will enable awardees to communicate with each other, share project results, discuss issues of common interest, and participate in activities designed to facilitate the integration of research and education.