September 1996 |
ToxFAQs™ |
for |
Dinitrophenols |
(Dinitrofenoles (2,4-DNP)) |
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This fact sheet answers the most frequently
asked health questions about dinitrophenols. For more information,
you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737.
This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous
substances and their health effects. This information is important
because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure
to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration,
how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether
other chemicals are present.
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SUMMARY: Exposure to dinitrophenols
occurs mainly from breathing air, drinking water, or eating
food that contains the chemicals. At low levels, these
chemicals may cause cataracts, serious skin rashes, and
decreases in white blood cells. At high levels, these
chemicals may cause increased heart and breathing rates,
and even death. These chemicals have been found in at
least 61 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). |
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What
are dinitrophenols? |
Dinitrophenols are a class of manufactured
chemicals that do not occur naturally in the environment.
There are six different dinitrophenols.
The most commercially important dinitrophenol,
2,4-di-nitrophenol (DNP), is a yellow solid with no smell.
It is used in making dyes, wood preservatives, explosives,
insect control substances, and other chemicals, and as a photographic
developer.
It was used in diet pills in the 1930s
but was banned for this use in 1938. It may be sold under
several trade names, including Caswell No. 392, Sulfo Black
B, and Nitro Kleenup. Use of trade names is for identification
only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service,
or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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What
happens to dinitrophenols when they enter the environment? |
- DNP enters the air, water, and soil during its manufacture
and use.
- It may be formed from reaction of other chemicals in the
air.
- DNP may also enter the environment through landfill and
storage tank leaks, or accidental spills during manufacture
or transport.
- It dissolves slightly in water, and does not easily evaporate
to air.
- It can be broken down slowly in water and soil by small
organisms or by reacting with other chemicals.
- DNP sticks to particles in water, which will cause it
to eventually settle to the bottom sediment.
- DNP also sticks to some types of soil particles, which
may prevent it from moving very deep into the soil with
rainwater.
- DNP probably does not build up significantly in fish.
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How
might I be exposed to dinitrophenols? |
- Breathing contaminated workplace air where it is manufactured
or used.
- Breathing contaminated air from DNP-containing waste sites,
waste incineration, or automobile exhaust.
- Touching contaminated soil or water near DNP-containing
waste sites.
- Ingesting contaminated soil or water near DNP-containing
waste sites.
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How
can dinitrophenols affect my health? |
Most of the information on the health
effects of dinitrophenols comes from old studies of patients
who were prescribed diet pills containing dinitrophenol before
it was banned.
Deaths have occurred in people who ingested
3-46 milligrams of dinitrophenols per kilogram of body weight
per day (3-46 mg/kg/day) for short periods, or 1-4 mg/kg/day
for long periods. Also, people who breathed air containing
40 mg dinitrophenols per cubic meter of air (40 mg/m³)
for long periods have died.
The amount of dinitrophenols ingested
that causes harmful effects varies among people. Increased
basal metabolic rate (the rate that you use energy at complete
rest), increased sweating, a feeling of warmth, weight loss,
and increased heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature
have been observed in people who swallowed as little as 1
mg/kg/day or as much as 46 mg/kg/day for short or long periods
of time.
Ingesting 2-4 mg/kg/day DNP for short
or long periods has caused cataracts in some people, while
ingesting 1-4 mg/kg/day for short or long periods has caused
skin rashes and decreases in white blood cells.
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How
likely are dinitrophenols to cause cancer? |
The Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC),
and the EPA have not classified dinitrophenols for carcinogenicity.
There are no studies available in people
or animals on the carcinogenic effects of dinitrophenols.
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Is
there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to dinitrophenols? |
Tests are available that measure the
amount of DNPs or their breakdown products in blood, urine,
and samples of tissue from the body. However, these tests
may require special equipment and may not be available in
your doctor's office.
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Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? |
The EPA recommends that not more than
70 parts of dinitrophenols per billion parts of water (70
ppb) be present in lakes or streams used for swimming.
The EPA lists DNPs as hazardous air pollutants
(HAP) under the Clean Air Act. The EPA also requires that
discharges or spills into the environment of 10 pounds or
more be reported.
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Glossary |
Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer.
CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service.
Cataract: A decrease in the transparency
of eye lenses.
Evaporate: To change into a vapor or
a gas.
Ingest: Take food or drink into your
body.
Kilogram (kg): One thousand grams.
Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram.
Sediment: Mud and debris that have settled
to the bottom of a body of water.
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References |
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological Profile for dinitrophenols. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
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Where can I get more information? |
ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational
and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize,
evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous
substances. You can also contact your community or state health
or environmental quality department if you have any more questions
or concerns. For more information, contact:
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX: (770)-488-4178
Email: ATSDRIC@cdc.gov
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