Environmental Exposure Report

 

Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II)

Environmental Exposure Reports are reports of what we know today about certain events of the 1990-1991 Gulf War. This particular environmental exposure report focuses on the use of, and exposures to, depleted uranium (DU). This office published its first report on DU in August 1998. This is a second interim, not a final, report. We hope that you will read this and contact us with any information that would help us better understand the events reported here. With your help, we will be able to report more accurately on the events surrounding DU use and exposures. Please contact my office to report any new information by calling:

1-800-497-6261

Bernard Rostker
Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses
Department of Defense

2000179-0000002

Ver 2.0

Last Update: December 13, 2000

Many Gulf War veterans have expressed concern their unexplained illnesses may result from their experiences in that war. In response to veterans’ concerns, the Department of Defense (DoD) established a task force in June 1995 to investigate those incidents and circumstances relating to possible causes. The Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses assumed responsibility for these investigations on November 12, 1996, and gathered information on depleted uranium. This is the second interim report on depleted uranium; it updates the August 4, 1998 Environmental Exposure Report, "Depleted Uranium in the Gulf."

To inform the public about the progress of this office, DoD is publishing on the Internet and elsewhere accounts related to the possible causes of illness among Gulf War veterans, along with documentary evidence or personal testimony used in compiling the accounts. This environmental exposure report is such an account.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. OVERVIEW
 
II. METHODOLOGY
 
III. DEPLETED URANIUM—A SHORT COURSE
A. Health Effects from the Chemical Toxicity of Depleted Uranium
1. DU’s Chemical Properties
2. Chemical Effects
3. Chemical Toxicity Standards and Guidelines
4. Implications for the Military
B. Health Effects from the Radiological Toxicity of Depleted Uranium
1. General Considerations of Radiation Effects
a. Radioactivity and Radiation Emissions
b. Radiation Effects
c. Exposure to Radiation
d. Radiation Exposure Quantities and Units
e. Sources of Exposure
2. DU’s Radiological Properties
3. Radiological Effects of Depleted Uranium
4. Radiological Protection Standards and Guidelines
5. Implications for the Military
 
IV. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS FROM DU USE IN THE GULF THEATER, 1990-1991
A. Summary of Dose and Risk Assessment Methods
B. Level I Exposures (Friendly Fire)
1. Issues with Level I Assessments
2. Refinement of Level I Estimates of DU Intake and Radiation Dose
3. Assessing Possible Health Effects of Refined Level I DU Intake and Radiation Dose Estimates
C. Level II Exposures
1. Field Units
a. Estimates of DU Intake and Radiation Dose
b. Assessing Possible Health Effects
2. Camp Doha Personnel
a. Estimates of DU Intake and Radiation Dose
b. Assessing Possible Health Effects
D. Level III Exposures
1. Field Units
a. Estimates of DU Intake and Radiation Dose
b. Assessing Possible Health Effects
2. Camp Doha Personnel
a. Estimates of DU Intake and Radiation Dose
b. Assessing Possible Health Effects
E. Other Reports Investigated
1. Welders
2. Camp Doha Personnel
3. A-10 Crash
4. Misfired DU Rounds on A-10 Aircraft
F. Summary of Health Assessments
 
V. FOLLOW-UP
A. Environmental Assessments
B. Post-Gulf War Developmental Testing and Evaluation of DU Munitions
C. DoD and VA Medical Surveillance Programs for Gulf War Veterans
D. Medical Testing By Other Laboratories
E. Postwar Research and Literature Reviews
1. Embedded Fragment Research
2. Literature Reviews
 
VI. LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Doctrine and Policy
B. Organizational Support to Deployed Units
C. Training and Education
D. Materiel
E. Medical Readiness, Force Health Protection, and Risk Management
F. Information Management (Including Record-Keeping)
 
VII. CONCLUSION
 
TAB A - Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary
 
TAB B - Units Involved
 
TAB C - Properties and Characteristics of DU
 
TAB D - Methodology
 
TAB E - Development of DU Munitions
 
TAB F - DU Use in the Gulf War
 
TAB G - DU Exposures in the Gulf War
 
TAB H - Friendly-fire Incident Descriptions
 
TAB I - The Camp Doha Explosion/Fires (July 1991)
 
TAB J - Tank Fires
 
TAB K - DU Notification and Medical Follow-up Program
 
TAB L - Research Report Summaries
 
TAB M - Characterizing DU Aerosols
 
TAB N - Gulf War Protective Guidance
 
TAB O - DU Dose and Risk Estimates for the Gulf War Theater, 1990-1991
 
TAB P - DoD and VA Medical Surveillance Programs for Gulf War Veterans
 
TAB Q - General Accounting Office Comments
 
TAB R - Changes in this Report
 
TAB S - Bibliography
 
END NOTES

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