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Natural Attenuation
Several organizations have developed definitions for natural attenuation.
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
defines monitored natural attenuation as the
- "reliance on natural attenuation processes (within the context
of a carefully controlled and monitored site cleanup approach) to achieve
site-specific remediation objectives within a time frame that is reasonable
compared to that offered by other more active methods. The 'natural
attenuation processes' that are at work in such a remediation approach
include a variety of physical, chemical, or biological processes that,
under favorable conditions, act without human intervention to reduce
the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants
in soil or groundwater. These in-situ processes include biodegradation;
dispersion; dilution; sorption; volatilization; radioactive decay; and
chemical or biological stabilization, transformation, or destruction
of contaminants." (EPA,
OSWER Directive 9200.4-17P)
-
The American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) defines natural attenuation as the
- "reduction in mass or concentration of a compound in groundwater
over time or distance from the source of constituents of concern due
to naturally occurring physical, chemical, and biological processes,
such as; biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, adsorption, and volatilization."
(ASTM,
E1943-98)
-
The U.S. Air
Force Center for Environmental Excellence defines natural attenuation
as the processes resulting
- "from the integration of several subsurface attenuation mechanisms
that are classified as either destructive or nondestructive. Biodegradation
is the most important destructive attenuation mechanism. Nondestructive
attenuation mechanisms include sorption, dispersion, dilution from recharge,
and volatilization." (Wiedemeier,
1999)
-
The U.S. Army defines natural attenuation
as
- "the reduction of contaminant concentrations in the environment
through biological processes (aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation,
plant and animal uptake), physical phenomena (advection, dispersion,
dilution, diffusion, volatilization, sorption/desorption), and chemical
reactions (ion exchange, complexation, abiotic transformation). Terms
such as intrinsic remediation or bio-transformation are included within
the more general natural attenuation definition." (U.S.
Army, 1995)
Related Headlines
USGS Information on Natural Attenuation
Other Information on Natural Attenuation
References
- ASTM International, 2003, E1943-98 Standard
guide for remediation of ground water by natural attenuation at petroleum
release sites: ASTM Book of Standards, v. 11.04, 43 p.
- U.S. Army, 1995, Interim
army policy on natural attenuation for environmental restoration:
Washington, DC, Department of the Army, Assistant Chief of Staff for
Installation Management, DAIM-ED-R (200-1c), September 12, 1995.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999, OSWER
Directive 9200.4-17P -- Use of monitored natural attenuation at Superfund,
RCRA corrective action, and underground storage tank sites -- April
21, 1999: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 41 p.
- Wiedemeier, T.H., Wilson, J.T., Kampbell, D.H., Miller, R.N. and
Hansen, J.E., 1999, Technical
protocol for implementing intrinsic remediation with long-term monitoring
for natural attenuation of fuel contamination dissolved in groundwater:
U.S. Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, v. 1 & 2, A324248,
A324247a, A324247b.
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