Testimony
Statement by
Jonathan H. Mermin, M.D., M.P.H. Public Health Epidemiologist Country Director for GAP Uganda Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Health and Human Services
on
Fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa: A Progress Report on HHS/CDC Efforts
before the
Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Afairs United States Senate
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April 7, 2004
Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman and members of the Subcommittee on African
Affairs. I am grateful to have a chance to talk with you today about fighting
HIV/AIDS in Africa. My name is Jonathan Mermin. I am a Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS) physician and a public health epidemiologist
at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Since 1999, I
have lived and worked in Uganda, where I run the local HHS/CDC Global
AIDS Program (GAP). In Uganda our program has piloted comprehensive care
and treatment projects that include strong preventive components. Information
from these programs lays the groundwork for full-scale implementation
of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Emergency Plan).
I thank you and your colleagues on the Subcommittee on African Affairs,
and the larger Foreign Relations Committee, for bringing attention to
this important issue. My colleagues and I have been honored by several
congressional visits to our program and, on behalf of the HHS Secretary
Tommy G. Thomson and the Global AIDS Coordinator Ambassador Randall Tobias,
I would like you to know that we welcome future visits from you and your
colleagues.
Under the guidance of the Global AIDS Coordinator’s Office, HHS/GAP’s
commitment in the fight against global HIV/AIDS is part of a collaborative
United States (U.S.) Government effort. HHS/GAP helps resource-constrained
countries prevent HIV infection, improve treatment, care, and support
for people living with HIV; and build capacity and infrastructure to address
the global HIV/AIDS pandemic in 25 priority countries in Africa, Asia,
Latin America, and the Caribbean.
In Uganda, as in all of the HHS/GAP countries, HHS/GAP works with U.S.
Agency for International Development (USAID) and other U.S. Government
agencies, as well as with host-country governments and non-governmental
partners to help people with HIV/AIDS live longer and healthier lives
and to prevent the spread of HIV.
Background
Uganda is an under-developed country, with a per capita Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of $280 per year. Earnings are even less for persons living
in rural areas, where 85 percent of Ugandans live. The health infrastructure
is worse now than 30 years ago. Most hospitals do not have working x-ray
machines, basic laboratory testing, or a reliable supply of simple medicine.
On any given day in Uganda, only five percent of health facilities can
perform a HIV test and only 20 percent can diagnose and treat tuberculosis—the
leading cause of death for persons with HIV in Africa.
In 2001, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated
that there were 600,000 persons living with HIV and AIDS in Uganda, including
100,000 under the age of 15, out of a population of 24 million. There
were 880,000 children orphaned by AIDS and an estimated 84,000 AIDS-related
deaths. UNAIDS currently estimates life expectancy in Uganda to be 42
years mostly because of AIDS.
Even with these statistics and extreme poverty, Uganda was the first
country in the world to show a decrease in HIV prevalence-- a decrease
of 50 percent since 1992. Uganda’s success in mitigating HIV infection
now frequently informs the many global efforts to combat HIV and often
serves as a model. This success was in large part because of early, high-level
political leadership in addressing HIV, resulting in a broad response
that included many innovative prevention programs such as the promotion
of the ABC method, A for abstinence, B for
being faithful, and C for condoms, as appropriate.
The President’s Emergency Plan has adopted the promotion of the
ABC method as a key component of its prevention strategy.
HHS/GAP Uganda, a part of this historic, broad multi-sectoral response,
has developed a wide range of indigenous partners whose HIV/AIDS effort
and expertise are critical to success in fighting the epidemic. These
partners include The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), the first and largest
indigenous organization in Africa providing care and support to people
living with HIV/AIDS. With TASO and other key partners, HHS/GAP is studying
how people living in rural, resource-limited settings can best access
quality, comprehensive HIV care, treatment and preventive servies that
includes antiretroviral therapy (ART). This research study is known as
the Home-Based Care Program and is based in the rural Tororo
and Busia districts in eastern Uganda near the border with Kenya. Components
of this program are further highlighted below.
Building upon these types of projects, the Ugandan Government, with the
help of HHS and others, has embarked on the next stage-- delivering effective
treatment to the hundreds of thousands of Ugandans with HIV who currently
live with almost no access to basic medical care and who have no experience
with taking medicine on a daily basis to prevent illness. The challenges
to this task are best understood from the perspective of people living
in Uganda. As many of you know, Secretary Thompson and Ambassador Tobias
led a delegation of over 100 government, business, faith, and charitable
leaders to Africa in December, when they visited Tororo and met many of
our patients in their homes; some of you have heard Secretary Thompson
speak of the two HIV-positive people he met, Samson and Rosemary. I’m
going to share with you the stories of some other clients, every bit as
sobering, yet hopeful.
For example, Margaret Akware is HIV-positive and her husband died of
AIDS in 1996. Margaret is a subsistence farmer, living in a thatch-roofed
home with her two children. In addition to these two children, she takes
care of five AIDS orphans. She lives several miles from the nearest health
center and her family cannot afford even a bicycle for transportation.
She is a unique individual, but her story represents millions of people
living with HIV in Africa.
Margaret speaks in public about having HIV and participates in community
drama groups and educational sessions throughout her District, encouraging
people to get tested for HIV and to support people with AIDS. She lives
each day knowing that if she dies, her seven children will have no place
to live. Without the ART she is receiving through the U.S.-supported Home-Based
Care Program described above, she most certainly would have died.
In addition to ART, she also receives counseling to prevent transmission
of HIV and a basic preventive care package consisting of a method for
making safe drinking water, mosquito nets, and a simple antibiotic that
prevents infections. With the help of this program, Margaret will stay
alive longer and will help educate others while continuing to support
her seven children. Like Margaret’s family, 74 percent of children
living with the 30,000 TASO clients in Uganda are at immediate risk of
becoming orphans, because all of their living parents. Effective HIV treatment
is one of the best orphan prevention programs in the world.
Components of a Home-Based Care Program
Family-centered Basic Preventive Care Package
In Uganda, HHS/GAP and its partners have focused on a family-centered
approach to care and prevention. Working with families increases the chance
for success because it utilizes the family’s support systems, encourages
disclosure of HIV status, and emphasizes the benefits to the whole household
of providing effective care for a family member with HIV. Through a home-based,
family-centered, delivery approach, HHS/GAP is focusing on expanding HIV
testing and counseling, providing a standardized, effective basic care
package to all persons with HIV, and expanding access to ART.
HIV counseling and testing
HIV counseling and testing is the first step to introducing people to
effective HIV/AIDS care. However, a national study in Uganda showed that
70 percent of adults reported wanting to receive testing; only 10 percent
had actually been tested. Currently about 50 percent of people hospitalized
in Uganda have HIV infection, but HIV testing is rarely available in hospitals
and almost never offered to patients.
Another reason HIV counseling and testing is critical in Uganda is for
couples where one spouse is HIV infected and the other is not. Among HIV-infected
members of TASO, 35 percent of married clients have HIV-negative spouses.
Because the spouses have not been tested, many couples think that both
husband and wife have HIV and are, therefore, not taking precautions to
prevent infection. In Uganda, an estimated 40 percent of new HIV infections
are occurring among married couples because they do not know that they
or their partners are at high risk of infection. These data call for widespread,
family-based testing, as well as what is known as “prevention with
positives” counseling, i.e. working with HIV-infected persons to
change their behavior to reduce the chance that they will spread the virus
to others. In addition, HIV testing and counseling is the first step to
introducing people to effective AIDS care.
HHS/GAP Uganda has developed a three-tiered testing program. Its goals
are to expand traditional counseling and testing sites so that people
can have easy access to testing; to begin routine, voluntary HIV counseling
and testing at clinics and hospitals throughout the country; and to explore
door-to-door, home-based testing and counseling using mobile teams to
increase access to testing and, if needed, link people to care. When offered
home-based HIV testing and counseling, over 95 percent of more than 5,000
family members of persons living with HIV in rural Uganda have already
been tested.
Additional tools for care
While ART is essential for those living with HIV, a comprehensive package
of care needs to include more than just antiretroviral therapy. There
are several other inexpensive, effective treatments that are critical
for preventing illness and death which are discussed below.
For example, in Africa, according to the World Health Organization (WHO),
diarrhea is responsible for as much as eight percent of all deaths regardless
of HIV infection status. A capful of diluted chlorine solution added to
water and stored in a plastic vessel reduces diarrhea among persons with
HIV by 35 percent. This provides the whole family with clean water and
costs less than $10 a year.
Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease transmitted from person
to person through the bite of a mosquito. According to the WHO, the disease
exerts its heaviest toll in Africa, where around 90 percent of the more
than one million deaths from malaria worldwide occur each year,. Malaria
is twice as common among adults and children living with HIV. Insecticide-treated
mosquito nets can prevent malaria and cost about $5 a piece.
Additionally, a simple antibiotic, known as cotrimoxazole or Bactrim,
can be used to help prevent both diarrhea and malaria and prolong life.
It is available even in the most rural villages in Africa and when purchased
in bulk, treatment costs only $6 a year per person. When taken daily by
persons with HIV in Africa, this drug reduces death by nearly 50 percent,
malaria by 70 percent, and diarrhea and hospitalizations by 30 percent.
HHS/GAP is working with the Ugandan Ministry of Health to develop a policy
regarding its use. Currently over 30,000 people are taking it every day,
and with funding from President Bush’s Emergency Plan, it is expected
that this number will increase to 300,000 in the next four years.
In Uganda, HHS/GAP, as well as its partners in the President’s
Emergency Plan, are promoting the aforementioned strategies- a comprehensive
package of care, that uses a family-centered approach that includes these
simple, life-extending interventions -- a method for making safe drinking
water, mosquito nets, cotrimaxazole, testing and counseling, and ART,
which is discussed in the next section. The strategies discussed above
highlight the existence of simple interventions that prevent illness and
death and can be rapidly implemented. However, the impact of these interventions
is modest when compared to the life-extending, life-improving effects
of ART.
Antiretroviral therapy
When AIDS was first recognized in 1981, patients with the disease were
unlikely to live longer than a year or two. Since then, scientists have
developed an effective arsenal of drugs that can help many people infected
with HIV live longer and healthier lives. These drugs are called antiretroviral
drugs because they attack HIV, which is a retrovirus. Antiretroviral therapy
(ART) can significantly affect the disease progression of HIV/AIDS. The
diagnosis of AIDS occurs when the count of a person’s CD4 cells
(a critical part of a person’s immune system) is less than 200.
As a comparison, a healthy HIV-negative person has a CD4 cell count of
about 1,000. The death rate for persons with CD4 cell counts of less than
200 is 50 percent per year; however, the death rate is reduced to less
than five percent per year with ART.
Nevertheless, there are many challenges to developing rural ART-based
care in resource-limited settings. Drug adherence presents potential difficulties,
leaving the possibility for the development of viral resistance. CD4 cell
count and HIV viral load monitoring are traditional tools used to monitor
the health of those living with HIV and to assess drug resistance, but
providing this testing presents challenges in settings with limited infrastructure
and trained personnel. There is often no system for sustained distribution
of drugs. There is extreme poverty with no access to electricity. Sanitation
and clean water are limited, and access to transportation is often unavailable
creating a tremendous barrier for this widely dispersed population.
In the U.S., persons with HIV started taking zidovudine, also known as
AZT, when it was first developed, and later, with treatment advances,
people had the opportunity to take two drugs at a time. While people with
AIDS lived longer taking two drugs, it was soon realized that taking three
drugs at a time was the optimal drug regimen to keep people alive longer
and prevent the emergence of drug resistance. This is one of the reasons,
in addition to adherence issues, that the United States is currently coping
with the burden of multi-drug resistant cases of HIV infection. Governments,
physicians, and people with HIV in Africa are concerned that they might
have similar difficulties with drug resistance, especially since Africa
does not have the sophisticated resistance testing available in other
countries. In Africa we are starting with triple-therapy antiretroviral
drugs (ARVs). This means that emergence of resistance will be delayed
if people can adhere to the drug regimen. Adhering to the appropriate
drug regimen is easier now than ever before - most regimens can be taken
twice a day instead of four times a day as was the case 10 years ago.
Even though most people in Africa are not used to taking pills to prevent
illness, we have found that, when provided education on the importance
of following drug regimens, people adhere extremely well.
However, the traditional tools used for assessing drug resistance, CD4
cell count and HIV viral load monitoring, present challenges. In most
African countries the cost of traditional CD4 cell count and HIV viral
load monitoring is greater than the cost of ARV drugs. In addition, the
machines for conducting the testing are usually available in only one
or two laboratories in the country. To make the situation even more difficult,
manufacturers of these testing machines currently recommend that CD4 cell
counts must be conducted within two days of blood draw.
HHS/CDC has spent the past four years developing less expensive ways
of conducting CD4 cell counts. Now, using state-of-the-art technology,
HHS/GAP Uganda has reduced the cost of a CD4 cell count from $15 to $3
and has shown that the blood can wait five days to be tested with completely
accurate results. This allows transport of blood specimens once a week
from remote sites to a central or regional laboratory. HHS/GAP is also
conducting a study to see whether laboratory monitoring is necessary at
all. It is possible that, through weekly or monthly monitoring by a trained
lay person who also delivers the ART to a person’s home, signs of
drug failure such as weight loss and yeast infections can be detected
quickly and the need to change drug regimens can be evaluated. These types
of practical evaluations are necessary if we are to adapt effective interventions
to the complexities of life in Africa.
HHS/GAP has found that the biggest obstacle to ART, especially in rural
areas, is the inability to travel to a clinic to receive medication. Many
people live so far from clinics that transportation by bicycle or bus
to pick up drugs is not available along the paths that lead to their homes.
If transportation is available, it is too expensive. Many people with
HIV have died at home simply because they could not afford to come to
the clinic when they were sick or they could not afford their medication.
To address this barrier, HHS/GAP and its partners have brought the health
care system to people these rural areas, using the Home-Based Care
Program, the project Secretary Thompson and Ambassador Tobias visited
in December. In this project, community health workers travel to people’s
homes on motorcycles to provide home-based HIV testing and counseling,
cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, mosquito nets, clean water, Tuberculosis treatment,
prevention with positives counseling, and ART. They deliver drugs, ask
a short, standardized symptom questionnaire, and support adherence to
drug treatment. The project is based at one District hospital and is already
treating over 1,000 persons in two Districts. Many Emergency Plan partners
are applying some of the same interventions in other Ugandan areas.
Time
Much of the initial work in setting up a program that delivers HIV testing,
basic care, and ART in Africa is spent on planning the program, developing
counseling protocols and drug distribution systems, purchasing infrastructure
and hiring staff. Because HHS/GAP developed many of its own tools, the
Home-based Care Program in Tororo took a year to begin implementation.
However, now that it is in place, rapid expansion depends almost solely
on funding. For example, a HHS/GAP-supported program in urban Kampala,
a faith-based initiative called Reach Out, provided its first
person ART using Emergency Plan funds only five weeks after Congress passed
the FY2004 budget. Since this program had already planned for a family-centered
program that adopted many of the interventions and materials that HHS/GAP
had developed, they could immediately implement the program.
Let me convey the importance of home-based care in the provision of ART
through the story of Jennifer Birungi, one of the first persons to receive
ART funded by the President’s Emergency Plan. Jennifer is a 36-year
old woman with HIV and she is a widow with two children. Last month, she
was diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis, a painful and devastating
infection for people with HIV. Without treatment, her life expectancy
would have been six days. However, she was started on a drug for her meningitis
infection as well as ART and has greatly improved. Although she has never
attended school, lives in a one room house with no blankets or furniture,
and struggles to find enough food for her children, she has taken every
dose of her medicine on time.
Christopher Omoit is a client of the Home-Based Care Program.
He is 53 years old and lives in rural Uganda with his wife, Florence,
their five biologic children, and two orphans from his sister who died
of AIDS. He was a laboratory technologist until 1999, when he became too
sick to continue working and tested positive for HIV. Through U.S. government
support, his whole family was provided HIV testing and counseling. His
wife was HIV-negative because they were counseled about how to prevent
transmission, and today, she remains negative. HHS/GAP provided him with
a basic care package, and since then he has reported, “I used to
get sick a lot with diarrhea and malaria, but now I can do my work without
falling sick.”
The basic care package helped Christopher, but his CD4 cell count was
13 and he knew he would not live on the basic care package alone. At this
point, to survive, ART was absolutely necessary. Just six months ago,
his field officer came on a motorcycle and provided him with his first
supply of ART. He has since established a support group for people taking
ART and the group has started income-generating activities. Because he
is part of a home-based program that focuses on preventive care, he rarely
becomes ill, can avoid having to walk four miles to the nearest clinic,
he and his family stay healthy, and he is strong enough to work. Because
his ARVs are delivered to him on a regular basis and his family has been
educated to help him remember to take his drugs, he is adhering to his
regimen better than the average person with HIV in the United States.
Within the next year, partially or wholly supported by U.S. Government
funds, over 24,000 Ugandans like Christopher will be taking antiretroviral
drugs, over 100,000 people with HIV will be receiving effective basic
care, and thousands of infections will have been prevented. As the President’s
Emergency Plan is implemented, these numbers will increase. What is currently
working in Uganda will work even better on a larger scale, and we can
continue to make progress addressing the worst epidemic in recorded history.
Lastly, the success of home-based care in Uganda is in large part stems
from the efforts President Bush and Congress have devoted to global AIDS
over the past decade. The tremendous leadership of President Bush and
members of Congress and their contribution towards the fight against global
AIDS cannot be overstated. On behalf of my HHS and State Department colleagues
and all those who work to combat global AIDS, I would like to thank Congress
for the role you have played in helping to fight this global pandemic.
In conclusion, I thank you for the opportunity to speak today and I would
be pleased to answer any questions.
Last Revised: April 8, 2004
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