| Table of Contents | NA-TP-03-03 |
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| Cover | ||||
| Acknowlegments | ||||
| Preface | ||||
| Table of Contents - pdf | ||||
| Content Synopsis Author Literature Cited |
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| CHAPTER 1 - Tree Risk Management | ||||
| Introduction Management of Tree Risk Liability and Risk Developing a Tree Risk Management Plan Reasonable Care and Safety Summary Authors Literature Cited |
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| CHAPTER 2 - Community Tree Risk Management: Program Planning and Design | ||||
| Introduction Historical Perspective Lessons Learned Tree Risk Management Program Planning and Design: A Ten Step Approach |
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| What Do You Have? | ||||
| Step 1. Assess the Tree Resource Step 2. Review Current Tree Management Practices Step 3. Assess Fiscal and Human Resources Available to Manage the Tree Resource |
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| What Do You Want? | ||||
| Step 4. Identify Program Goals | ||||
| How Do You Get What You Want? | ||||
| Step 5. Formulate a Tree Risk Management
Strategy Step 6. Prioritize Inspection and Corrective Action Needs Step 7. Select a Tree Risk Rating System Step 8. Write a Comprehensive Tree Risk Management Program Policy Step 9. Implement a Tree Risk Management Strategy |
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| Are You Getting What You Want? | ||||
| Step 10. Evaluate Program Effectiveness | ||||
| Authors Literature Cited General Reference |
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| CHAPTER 3 - How to Detect and Assess Hazardous Defects in Trees | ||||
| Since this chapter contains many photographs, it is represented in eight manageable and downloadedable sections. | ||||
| Section 1 | ||||
| Defects and Their Risk of Failure | ||||
| Section2 | ||||
| The Seven Defect Categories Decayed Wood |
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| Section 3 | ||||
| Cracks | ||||
| Section 4 | ||||
| Root Problems | ||||
| Section 5 | ||||
| Weak Branch Unions Cankers |
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| Section 6 | ||||
| Poor Tree Architecture Dead Tree, Top, or Branch |
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| Section 7 | ||||
| Tree Risk Inspections and Use of Specialized Diagnostic Tools | ||||
| Root Collar and Stem Girdling Roots Assessments Decay Detection Assessments Examples of Decay Detection Devices Commonly Used in the United States |
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| Metal Rod Rubber Mallet Increment Borer Penetrometers Electrical Conductivity Meters (Shigometer/Vitalometer Sonic and Ultrasonic Detectors Fractometer A Final Word About Decay Detection Devices |
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| Formulating Tree Risk Ratings |
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| Step 1. Locate and Identify Trees to be
Inspected Step 2. Inspect Individual Trees and Assess Their Defect(s) Step 3. Estimate the Risk Rating for Each Tree Step 4. Prioritize Highly Defective Trees for Treatment Step 5. Conduct a Public Review Before Implementing Corrective Actions Step 6. Take Corrective Action as Soon as Possible on the Highest Risk Trees Step 7. Document the Process: Inspection Results, Actions Recommended and Actions Taken |
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| A 7-Step Process Using the USDA Forest Service Community Tree Risk Rating System | ||||
| Step 1. Locate and Identify Trees to be
Inspected Step 2. Inspect Individual Trees and Assess their Defect(s) Step 3. Estimate the Risk Rating for Each Tree Step 4. Prioritize Defective Trees for Treatment Step 5. Conduct a Public Review Before Implementing Corrective Actions Step 6. Take Corrective Action as Soon as Possible on the Highest Risk Trees Step 7. Document the Process: Inspection Results, Actions Recommended and Actions Taken |
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| Section 8 | ||||
| Authors Literature Cited Forms Section |
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| CHAPTER 4 - Prevention of Hazardous Tree Defects | ||||
| Section 1 | ||||
| Introduction Designing a Species-Diverse, Uneven-Aged Urban Forest Matching Tree Species to Site Conditions Site Characteristics That Affect Tree Species Selection |
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| Soil pH Soil Compaction Soil Drainage Low Light Situations Exposure to Sun and Wind Susceptibility to Ice, Snow, and Wind Damage De-icing Salt Damage Human Use of the Area Space Limitations Urbanization of Woodlands |
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| Purchasing High Quality Nursery Stock | ||||
| What Determines Tree Quality? Inspect Nursery Stock to Verify Quality |
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| Section 2 | ||||
| Proper Tree Planting Techniques | ||||
| Basic Planting Guidelines for All Tree
Types Planting Guidelines For Special Situations |
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| Proper Tree Pruning Techniques | ||||
| Pruning Schedules Pruning Young Trees Basic Pruning Methods Wound Dressings Timing of Pruning |
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| Protection of Trees From Construction Damage | ||||
| Protect Healthy, Structurally Sound Trees
– “Save the Best – Chip the Rest” Protect Trees from Direct Injury Protect the Structural Integrity of Trees Protect the Overall Health of Trees Throughout Construction Street Trees and Construction Damage |
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| Authors Acknowledgements Literature Cited General Reference |
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| CHAPTER 5 - Correction of Hazardous Defects in Trees | ||||
| Section 1 | ||||
| Introduction Strategies for Corrective Action |
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| Moving the Target Correcting the Tree |
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| Pruning Cabling and Bracing |
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| Section 2 | ||||
| Converting Hazardous Trees Into Wildlife Trees | ||||
| How Trees Benefit Wildlife Wildlife Cycle of a Tree Criteria for Selecting Wildlife Trees When to Consider Converting a Defective Tree into a Wildlife Tree |
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| Closing the Area Removing the Tree |
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| Implementing Corrective Actions | ||||
| Authors Literature Cited |
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| APPENDICES | ||||
| APPENDIX 1 - Summary of Survey Responses APPENDIX 2 - California Tree Failure Report Form APPENDIX 3 - HOW to Prune Treesx |
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| Introduction Reasons For Pruning Pruning Approaches |
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| The most common types of pruning are: | ||||
| 1. Crown Thinning (Fig. 2) 2. Crown Raising (Fig. 4) 3. Crown Reduction (Fig. 5) |
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| Pruning Cuts | ||||
| 1. Pruning living branches (Fig. 6) 2. Pruning dead branches (Fig. 6) 3. Drop Crotch Cuts (Fig. 6D) |
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| Pruning Practices That Harm Trees When to Prune Pruning Tools Treating Wounds Pruning Guidelines |
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| Glossary Authors References Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Offices |
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| Glossary Index |
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| List of Tables - open bookmark tab to navigate to specific tables | ||||
| Table 2.1. Tree risk zone categories;
color codes; examples of roadways, public buildings and use areas; and tree characteristics that pertain to each tree risk zone Table 2.2. Suggested minimum guidelines for inspection methods and inspection schedules within a community tree risk management program Table 3.1. Tree defects by species Table 3.2. Shell thickness requirements for closed shell Table 3.3. Shell thickness requirements for open shell Table 3.4. Tree characteristics Table 3.5. Branch and tree failures caused by poor architecture Table 3.6. Ranking highly defective trees for treatment priority Table 4.1 The ice storm susceptibility of tree species commonly planted in urban areas Table 4.2 Minimum distance (feet) from the tree’s stem that soil augering/tunneling should occur, based on tree diameter |
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| List of Forms - section bookmarked | ||||
| Form 3.1. Defective trees: Risk Assessment Guidelines (See
Forms Section for a full size copy of the form) Form 3.2: Hazard Tree Inspection Form (See Forms Section for a full-size copy of the form) Form 3.3: USDA Community Tree Risk Evaluation Form (See Forms Section for full size form) Form 3.4: Guide to Codes for USDA Community Tree Risk Evaluation Form |
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