Determinants of Breeding Distributions of Ducks

By

Douglas H. Johnson
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND 58402

James W. Grier
Zoology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105

Johnson, Douglas. H. and James W. Grier.  1988.  Determinants of breeding 
     distributions of ducks.  Wildlife Monographs 100:1-37.

Johnson, Douglas. H. and James W. Grier.  1988.  Determinants of breeding 
     distributions of ducks.  Wildlife Monographs 100:1-37.  Jamestown ND: 
     Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online.   
     http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/birds/distduck/distduck.htm 
     (Version 15APR98).

Table of Contents

• Abstract
• Introduction
  • Acknowledgments
• A Theory of Settling
  • Homing
  • Opportunistic Settling
  • Flexible Settling
  • Life History Characteristics
• Methods
  • Survey Design
  • Aerial Counts
  • Ground Counts
  • Pond Counts
  • Computations
  • Analysis of Pond Counts
  • Breeding-season Distribution, Wintering Areas, and Migration Corridors
  • Relations of Ducks with Local and Continental Ponds
  • Relations to Life History Characteristics
• Results
  • Dynamics of the Wetland Habitat
  • Breeding Distributions of the Species
    • Mallard
    • Gadwall
    • American Wigeon
    • Green-Winged Teal
    • Blue-Winged Teal
    • Northern Shoveler
    • Northern Pintail
    • Redhead
    • Canvasback
    • Lesser Scaup
    • General Patterns
  • Relations with Life History Characteristics
• Discussion
  • Settling Patterns
  • Filling the Habitat
  • Relations to Life History Characteristics
  • Management Applications
• Literature Cited

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