September 2002 |
ToxFAQs™ |
for |
Methoxychlor |
(Metoxicloro) |
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This fact sheet answers the most frequently
asked health questions about methoxychlor. For more information,
you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737.
This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous
substances and their health effects. This information is important
because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure
to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration,
how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether
other chemicals are present.
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HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to methoxychlor
occurs mainly when workers, farmers, and gardeners use
this pesticide. Most people are not exposed to this chemical
on a regular basis. In animals, high levels of methoxychlor
caused tremors and convulsions, and affected fertility.
Little is known about the effects of methoxychlor on human
health. Methoxychlor has been found in at least 58 of
the 1,613 National Priorities List sites identified by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). |
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What
is methoxychlor? |
Methoxychlor is a manufactured chemical
that does not occur naturally in the environment. Pure methoxychlor
is a pale-yellow powder with a slight fruity or musty odor.
Methoxychlor is used as an insecticide
against flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, chiggers, and a wide
variety of other insects. It is used on agricultural crops
and livestock, and in animal feed, barns, grain storage bins,
home garden, and on pets.
Methoxychlor is also known as DMDT, Marlate®,
or Metox®.
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What
happens to methoxychlor when it enters the environment? |
- Most methoxychlor enters the environment when it is applied
to agricultural crops, forests, and farm animals.
- Methoxychlor released to the air eventually settles to
the ground. In the soil it sticks strongly to particles.
- It does not dissolve easily in water. Once in water, it
binds to sediments and settles to the bottom.
- Methoxychlor breaks down slowly in air, water and soil
by sunlight and microscopic organisms. It may take several
months.
- Some breakdown products of methoxychlor can be as harmful
as methoxychlor.
- Methoxychlor does not usually build up in the food chain.
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How
might I be exposed to methoxychlor? |
- Most people are not exposed to methoxychlor on a regular
basis.
- Low levels are sometimes found in food, but it is not
usually detected in air or water.
- People who work in factories that make methoxychlor or
products containing it may breathe it in the air or get
it on their skin.
- People who work or live near farms that use methoxychlor
on crops or livestock may be exposed to above average levels
in air, soil, or water.
- People who use pesticides containing methoxychlor for
home gardening or spraying pets may be exposed to above-average
levels in air and on their skin.
- People living near a hazardous waste site that contain
methoxychlor may breath it in air, swallow contaminated
soil or water, or get it on their skin.
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How
can methoxychlor affect my health? |
There is very little information on how
methoxychlor can affect people's health. Animals exposed to
very high amounts of methoxychlor suffered tremors and convulsions
and seizures. Because methoxychlor is broken down quickly
in the body, you are not likely to experience these effects
unless you are exposed to very high levels.
Animal studies show that exposure to
methoxychlor in food or water harms the ovaries, uterus, and
mating cycle in females, and the testes and prostate in males.
Fertility is decreased in both male and female animals. These
effects can occur both in adult and in developing animals
and could also occur following inhalation or skin contact.
These effects are caused by a breakdown product of methoxychlor
which acts as a natural sex hormone. These effects have not
been reported in humans, but they could happen
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How
likely is methoxychlor to cause cancer? |
Most of the information available from
human and animal studies suggests that methoxychlor does not
cause cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) and the EPA have determined that methoxychlor is not
classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
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How
can methoxychlor affect children? |
Little information is available on the
health effects of children exposed to methoxychlor. Children
exposed to large amounts of methoxychlor may suffer tremors
and convulsions, as would probably occur in adults. However,
we do not know whether children differ from adults in their
susceptibility to methoxychlor. The process of sexual maturation
may be altered in children born to women exposed to methoxychlor
during pregnancy or in children exposed shortly after birth.
This possibility is based on what we know from studies in
animals. There are no studies that examined whether methoxychlor
causes birth defects in humans.
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How
can families reduce the risk of exposure to methoxychlor? |
- Purchase an over-the-counter pesticide product containing
methoxychlor that is unopened, labeled, and contains an
EPA registration number.
- Follow the instructions and any warning statements on
the label if you use over-the-counter pesticide products
that contain methoxychlor.
- Prevent children from entering rooms or playing on lawns
too soon after a pesticide has been applied.
- Prevent children from coming in contact with family pets
or farm animals that have been treated with the pesticide.
- Never store pesticides in containers that might appear
attractive to children, such as soda bottles.
- Methoxychlor may occur at very low levels in some food.
Wash fruit and vegetables before consuming them.
- Encourage children not to play at or near hazardous waste
sites.
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Is
there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to methoxychlor? |
There are laboratory tests that can detect
methoxychlor in fat, blood, semen, and breast milk. These
tests can only detect exposure within 24 hours because methoxychlor
leaves your body quickly. These tests do not tell how much
methoxychlor you were exposed to or whether harmful health
effects will occur. The tests are not routinely available
at the doctor's office because they require special equipment.
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Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? |
The EPA also limits the amount of methoxychlor
that may be present in drinking water to 0.04 parts of methoxychlor
per million parts of water (0.04 ppm). The EPA also limits
the amount of methoxychlor present in agricultural products
to 1-100 ppm.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) sets a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 15 milligrams
of methoxychlor per cubic meter of air (15 mg/m³) in
the workplace during an 8-hour shift.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
limits the amount of methoxychlor in bottled water to 0.04
ppm.
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References |
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2002. Toxicological
Profile for methoxychlor. Update. Atlanta, GA:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service.
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Where can I get more information? |
ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational
and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize,
evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous
substances. You can also contact your community or state health
or environmental quality department if you have any more questions
or concerns. For more information, contact:
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX: (770)-488-4178
Email: ATSDRIC@cdc.gov
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