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Augustine Island Volcano.
-- USGS Photo by Harry Glicken, 1986

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View southeast of Augustine volcano, Alaska. At the beginning of an eruption about 350 years ago the former summit collapsed as a huge debris avalanche. The avalanche swept to the sea, forming the hummocky deposit visible in foreground. The great avalanche apparently initiated a gigantic local tsunami that ravaged the shores of lower Cook Inlet.
-- USGS Photo by Richard Waitt

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Vertical aerial view of north part of Augustine Island in September 1991. At the beginning of the 1883 eruption a large debris avalanche suddenly removed the volcano's summit (just south of image) and slid to the sea, forming the hummocky deposit on the coast. Light-colored materials overlying the hummocky debris avalanche are deposits of numerous hot (so-called "pyroclastic) flows from the dome during eruptions in 1883, 1976, and 1986.

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Aerial oblique view east-northeast of Homer Spit, jutting 4 miles out into Kachemak bay in southern Cook Inlet. Thousands of people flock to the spit daily in summer. The highest part of the spit is only a few feet above high- tide limit. The spit is thus vulnerable to a tsunami from a future debris avalanche originating at Augustine volcano 70 miles away.

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View south of Augustine volcano. During the Winter-Spring 1986 eruption, hot pyroclastic flows melted snowpack and caused small catastrophic floods that carried these large boulders to the lower volcano flank and the sea.

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View south of Mount Augustine volcano, Alaska, in July 1990. The low, hummocky, vegetated debris in right foreground is the deposit of a great landslide (debris avalanche) at beginning of the 1883 eruption that removed the summit. After the avalanche five dome-building eruptions (1883, 1935, 1963-64, 1976, 1986) restored the summit ot its former volume and steepness, setting the stage for a new avalanche.

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Aerial view, Novarupta Dome, Katmai Vicinity, Alaska.
-- USGS Photo by Gene Iwatsubo, July 29, 1987

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Fumarole sampling, Mount Mageik
-- USGS Photo by Bea Ritchie, July 1995

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View south of Redoubt volcano, Alaska on 7 April 1990. Hot pyroclastic flows during eruptions between December 1989 and June 1990 melted most of upper Drift glacier. Resulting floods threatened an oil storage-and-loading facility at the valley mouth. Debris of the pyroclastic flows thickly mantled the piedmont lobe of the Drift glacier (in foreground).

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View northwest of Redoubt volcano, Alaska, on 4 March 1990. Steam commonly vents from the dome in the crater in between eruptions.

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View west of Redoubt volcano on 10 April 1990. Drift glacier occupies the valley extending from the vent (at steam plume) to the valley bottom (visible in lower right).

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View southwest down Crescent glacier on south flank of Mt. Redoubt volcano in August 1990. A hot pyroclastic surge during the eruption of 15 December 1989 caused thick snowpack near on the upper volcano flank to avalanche and partly melt. The glacier in the right middleground is blanketed (dark material at surface) by an an unusual ice diamict emplaced during the eruption.

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Acoustic Flow Monitor (AFM) site in the Drift River valley, near Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. The key component of the AFM system is a seismometer, buried in the ground nearby, that responds to the high-frequency (10-300 Hz) vibrations that characterize lahars. Inspired by the Nevado del Ruiz tragedy in 1985, the AFM system was developed and tested at Mount Redoubt, and then successfully used in the Philippines to monitor lahars at Mount Pinatubo.
-- USGS Photo by S. R. Brantley.

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View north of Crater Peak, the active vent of Mount Spurr, Alaska, on 26 September 1992. Crater Peak erupted in June, August, and September 1992. Ash from the August eruption closed Anchorage International Airport. Behind the small steam plume is Mount Spurr. Spurr and the peak visible on the left define the rim of caldera, evacuated by a huge debris avalanche about 10,000 years ago.

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View south of one of hundreds of impact craters on the lower southeast flank of Crater Peak. This one is of a 1-m (3-ft) ballistic block that landed 3.3 km (2.1 mi) from the vent during 19 August 1992 eruption. The block fragmented upon impact, parts of it lying downrange beyond rim of impact crater. Many of these ballistics travelled unusual horizontal arcs.

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