Consensus has not been developed across the practicing community regarding which TMD problems should be treated, and when and how they should be treated. The preponderance of the data do not support the superiority of any method of initial management of most TMD problems. The efficacy of most treatment approaches is unknown as most have not been adequately evaluated in long-term studies and virtually none in randomized controlled trials. Although noninvasive therapies are clearly preferred for the vast majority of TMD problems, a small percentage of patients who have persistent and significant pain and dysfunction and for whom more conservative treatment has failed may be considered for surgical intervention. Professional education is needed to ensure the proper and safe practice in the treatment of TMD, especially with regard to pharmacological, surgical, and behavioral approaches.

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