The Center for the Study of Intelligence supports research and publishing on the intelligence profession and its various disciplines and declassifies historical records related to US intelligence operations during the Cold War. Center Fellows write on theoretical, practical, and historical intelligence issues. Historians write on intelligence topics and publish collections of declassified documents. The Academic Coordinator promotes exchanges with academic institutions and scholars through conferences and seminars and by arranging guest speakers and sponsoring CIA Officers-in-Residence at several universities. The Historical Review Group conducts declassification reviews of documents on subjects of historical interest. Monographs and videos prepared under Center auspices are listed elsewhere in the Newsletter and are available from the National Technical Information Service. Declassified Cold War Records are available at the National Archives. The Center welcomes inquiries from intelligence professionals and scholars about its programs and publications. Find us on the World Wide Web @ www.odci.gov/csi.
Director: Brian Latell
Chief, Historical Review Group: John Pereira
Chief Historian: Kay Oliver
Academic Coordinator: Carole Minor
Chief, Community Relations Group: Robert Leggett
Special Assistant to the Director : Sara Lucas
Publications Officer: Hank Appelbaum
Editor, Studies in Intelligence: Paul Arnold
Curator, Exhibit Center: Linda McCarthy
Curator, Historical Intelligence: Ward Warren
Editor, Newsletter: Ben Fischer
CIA is continuing to declassify historically valuable Cold War records on a priority basis. The Center for the Study of Intelligence has assumed responsibility for reviewing records that are 25 years old or more in accordance with the systematic declassification provisions of Executive Order 12958 signed by President Clinton in 1995. Records judged sensitive in terms of revealing sources and methods are exempt from automatic declassification under the Executive Order but are eligible to be systematically reviewed to determine which portions can be released.
The Center has begun the first phase of two major new declassification projects that were recommended by the DCI Historical Review Panel, an outside group of scholars (see Newsletter issue No. 5):
The review and declassification of the finished intelligence on the Soviet Union complements and supplements our continuing program for declassifying National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) on the Soviet Union, a CIA-initiated effort. We are continuing to review NIEs in the USSR series that are 10 years old or older; to date we have transferred more than 450 NIEs to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). More NIEs will be released by the end of the year.
Our Historical Review Group (HRG) continues to assist the presidentially appointed Assassination Records Review Board by reviewing and releasing CIA records related to the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. On 6 August 1996 HRG members briefed the Board on the extent of CIA's holdings and the considerable effort that goes into providing as much information as possible to the public. Thus far, CIA has released and transferred to NARA some 227,000 pages of declassified documents, and more records are being reviewed.
One of the Center's priority objectives is declassifying records for publication in the Department of State's Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) series. In recent months we have released more than 500 pages for inclusion in FRUS volumes. Subjects included Vietnam, the Koreas, and national security policy.
In September we plan to begin releasing CIA records on the covert action against the Arbenz government in Guatemala in 1954. More records will appear in the following months. Work continues on reviewing a large volume of records on the 1961 Bay of Pigs operation, and we expect to begin releasing documents in this series later this year.
Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment Published
NARA hosted a ceremony and panel discussion on 24 July 1996 to celebrate the publication of the latest volume in the Department of State's Foreign Relations of the United States series, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, 1945-1950. This is the first volume in the 135-year-old series devoted entirely to intelligence issues and records. The State Department's Office of the Historian produced the volume with assistance from the Central Intelligence Agency.
The new volume traces the creation of the US foreign intelligence system from the final days of World War II to the Korean war. It focuses on US efforts to develop and coordinate intelligence collection and plan covert action programs in the early postwar period. The 435 documents contained in the book provide an overview of discussions in the late 1940s at State and other agencies concerning the need for a central intelligence organization, the general outlines of intelligence policy, and how to organize and manage central intelligence. The documents trace CIA's origins back to the OSS through the short-lived Central Intelligence Group and detail controversies over the use of covert action in the early stages of the Cold War. A microfiche supplement that will include another 460 documents will be available later this year.
Foreign Relations of the United States: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, 1945-1950
Editors: C. Thomas Thorne, Jr.,
David S. Patterson
General Editor: Glenn W. LaFantasie
This volume can be profitably read in conjunction with the CIA History Staff's The CIA Under Harry S Truman (1994).
At the 24 July ceremony, Michael J. Kurtz, Assistant Archivist for the National Archives; Patrick Kennedy, Under Secretary for Management, Department of State; and Brian Latell, Director, Center for the Study of Intelligence, gave the opening remarks. A panel of five historians chaired by William Z. Slany, the Historian, Department of State, discussed the new collection of documents and assessed its contents and contribution to US diplomatic history. The panelists were C. Thomas Thorne, Jr., former Director of Research, Department of State; J. Kenneth McDonald, former Chief Historian, CIA; Thomas F. Troy, CIA, retired; and Melvyn P. Leffler, professor of history at the University of Virginia and member of the State Department's Historical Advisory Committee.
Dr. Latell used the occasion to list the steps the Agency has taken in recent years to accelerate the declassification and release of CIA records and support for the FRUS program. For example, he noted that the CIA has:
Latell reaffirmed CIA's staunch support for the FRUS program, noting that CIA historians are committed to helping State Department researchers identify and locate records. FRUS volumes now include CIA archival citations. CIA has denied less than 3 percent of all documents State has requested for declassification.
The full text of Latell's address, "CIA Support for Foreign Relations of the United States," is available on the Center's home page on the World Wide Web.
On 6 August 1996 John Pereira, chief of the Historical Review Group, and Barry Harrelson briefed the JFK Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB) at an open hearing on the declassification of CIA files related to the assassination. The two CIA officers testified under oath on HRG's efforts to release as many documents as possible for public scrutiny. At issue was whether documents made available by CIA to the House Select Committee on Assassinations during its 1977 investigation of the JFK assassination and "sequestered" by the House should be reviewed and released on an accelerated basis. The ARRB will consider a proposal to declare the sequestered records "not relevant or duplicative" so as to speed up the review process.
The Central Intelligence Agency inherited a large number of intelligence records when it was formed in 1947. These records came from the Coordinator of Information (1941-42); the Office of Strategic Services (1942-45); the Strategic Services Unit (1945-46); and the Central Intelligence Group (1946-47). Subjects range from mundane administrative, personnel, and financial matters to wartime and early Cold War intelligence activities. The records reveal, among other things, the first fledgling attempts to establish a nondepartmental US central intelligence organization.
In the mid-1970s CIA recognized that the main value of such records was historical, not operational. The "OSS Archives"–a generic term for the combined files of all the predecessor organizations–have intrinsic value as permanent historical documentation and should be preserved for posterity and made available to researchers. The National Archives and Records Service (NARS) offered to assist, inasmuch as the Agency had no experience with declassification of this magnitude.
In 1961 the State Department transferred reports from the OSS and State Research and Analysis (R&A) branches to the National Archives. These records, which total some 1,800 cubic feet dating from 1941 to 1961, remained classified until 1972, when the State Department notified the National Archives that all reports dated through 1947 were declassified. Reports dated after 1947 that contain CIA information are still classified.
The National Archives placed Numbered R&A Reports in the State Department record group (RG 59), and all other OSS records are in the OSS record group (RG 226). President Jimmy Carter's Executive Order 12065 on declassification spurred further review by CIA of its OSS collection. The Agency devised a set of review guidelines and formed a team of some 15 retired CIA personnel (many of whom had served in the OSS) to review more than 3,000 cubic feet of material. The OSS team concluded its nearly four-year project in September 1982 and determined that some 94 percent of the records reviewed could be transferred to the National Archives. Records withheld deal primarily with foreign government information, foreign liaison relationships, and confidential sources that still require protection.
The Agency delivered its first shipment in January 1980, stipulating that the National Archives assume responsibility for protecting foreign government information and for safeguarding the identities of OSS personnel. The National Archives found this second requirement too burdensome, causing the CIA to stop releasing OSS records--to the dismay of many historians.
In 1983 William J. Casey, an OSS veteran and President Reagan's first DCI, came up with a solution. On Casey's instructions, the CIA's Chief Historian, J. Kenneth McDonald, investigated the matter and found that there was no legal basis or practical need to protect the identities of former members of OSS. In the spring of 1984 CIA and the National Archives signed a memorandum of understanding that led to the release of the remaining records.
Since 1984 CIA has transferred nearly 4,000 cubic feet of material to the National Archives. RG 226 also contains some 7,648 maps and charts, 376 reels of motion picture film, 27 sound recordings, and nearly 12,000 still pictures. The total amount of OSS textual records from the State Department and CIA in RG 226 is nearly 6,537 cubic feet.
All but 300 cubic feet of OSS records that are still classified now reside at the National Archives. The Agency and the National Archives are currently negotiating the transferal of all remaining OSS records. The National Archives has almost finished declassifying an additional 221 cubic feet of records already transferred by CIA to NARA. With these releases many gaps in OSS history--marked by withdrawal notices in the archival boxes at NARA--will be closed.
OSS records are in the knowledgeable and helpful hands of Larry McDonald, John Taylor, Kenneth Schlessinger, and Wilbert B. Mahoney. With help from volunteers, NARA has divided the records into categories corresponding to the LOCs (Location, Office, and Category) devised by SSU immediately after the war. Computer printouts locate records by identifying point of origin, branch, associated location, area, code/project name, personal name, topical index, notes, record type, and entry. In addition there are finding aids for each entry in RG 226, although they are of varying quality. OSS records are among the most heavily used record groups at NARA on a per-cubic-foot basis. (1)
Records released by CIA over the past 10 years also contain extensive material from the War Department's SSU, which inherited most of OSS's operational records, personnel, and activities in the fall of 1945. Although SSU did not last for long, the origins of many later CIA operations can be traced to its activities during 1945-46. With President Clinton's executive order on declassification, CIA will undertake a review of its Central Intelligence Group (CIG) records. These records, estimated at some 100 cubic feet, were initially part of the OSS archives but were later separated.
The OSS records are invaluable for studying the history of US intelligence. Books based on RG 226 continue to roll off the press. Bradley F. Smith, one of the first historians to use these records, has noted that RG 226 is "a revolutionary archival accession. For the first time in the life of the planet, a nearly complete body of records produced by an intelligence organization of a great power--or of any country for that matter--has been placed in the public and scholarly domain." Smith observed that this was "a totally unprecedented event."
RG 226 is located at NARA in College Park, Maryland.
The CIA History Staff has signed a contract with a team of private researchers headed by Dr. Christof Mauch, a visiting scholar at Georgetown University, to produce an oral history of the OSS. The project will focus on interviewing former OSS members, recording and transcribing their responses, and producing both oral and written records of the interviews. The project team expects to complete 30 unclassified over the next fiscal year.
Mauch has extensive experience working with OSS records. He has published several books and articles on the OSS, the most recent being American Intelligence and the Resistance to Hitler (with J. Heideking). Mauch will be working with several colleagues who are experts on OSS history. On completion of the interview project, CSI will make the interviews available to the scholarly community--either through a publication or through release to the National Archives.
On 22 February 1995, President Clinton signed an Executive Order declassifying imagery collected by the United States' first photographic satellite reconnaissance systems: CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD. These systems--designated KH-1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, 4B, 5 and 6--collected imagery from 1960 to 1972. The Executive Order states that all imagery and supporting data will be declassified upon transfer to the NARA; the transfer is to be completed within 18 months of the date of the Executive Order. Declassification and transfer were completed ahead of schedule on 16 May 1996, with the final delivery of film to the National Archives in College Park, Maryland.
NARA received the original negatives recovered from space, along with a complete set of duplicate positives. The positives are available for public examination. NARA also received declassified documents that support the imagery.
In addition to the transfer of imagery and records, the CIA transferred metadata (index data), reduced-resolution digital browse imagery, and a complete set of duplicate negatives for the satellite imagery to the US Geological Surveyís EROS Data Center (EDC) in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
EDC has an online catalog and image-browsing capability for the photography collection, which are accessible, at no charge, on the Internet through the US Geological Survey's Global Land Information System (GLIS). For more information about the Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photographs (DISP) and how to use the online GLIS catalog for data searching, refer to the World Wide Web DISP user guide at URURL:http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/hyper guide/disp.
Customers can order duplicates through GLIS. Workstations are available at the National Archives for accessing GLIS. EDC is the recommended source for procuring duplicate positives. A customer can go directly into GLIS at URL:hhtp://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/webglis.
For information on ordering Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photographs, contact any Earth Science Information Center or call 1-800-USA-MAPS. The cost of each photograph typically ranges from $12 to $24 plus $3.50 handling on each order.
For technical information on Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photographs contact: US Geological Survey EROS Data Center, Customer Services, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, 605-594-6151: FAX 605-594-6589 E-mail: custserv@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov.
Studies in Intelligence Articles Declassified
The Center has released almost 1,000 declassified articles and book reviews from Studies in Intelligence. Larry McDonald of the National Archives and Records Center has prepared an index of more than 300 articles already received and catalogued. The index indicates the Accessions Job Number (#NN3-263-95-007) and cites title and author as well as box, folder, and number for each article and book review in the collection. The index also indicates articles and book reviews that are less heavily redacted than those previously released.
The list is available from Dr. McDonald, and it also appears in the Newsletter of the World War Two Studies Association, No. 55, Spring 1996, pp. 21-34. Researchers are indebted to Dr. McDonald for this highly useful and well-conceived list.
VENONA Conference: Soviet Espionage and the American Response
October 3-4, 1996
National War College
Ft. Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC
Welcome: Lt. Gen. E. J. Rokke, USAF, President, National Defense University, 1:00 p.m.
Keynote Address: Director of Central Intelligence John Deutch
Session 1: Origins of VENONA, l:45-3:15 p.m.
Moderator: David Kahn, Newsday
Session 2: Soviet Espionage in America,
3:30-5:00 p.m.
Moderator: Allen Weinstein,
Reception in the Rotunda, 5:00 p.m.
Session 3: The Counterintelligence Response,
8:30-10:00 a.m.
Session 4: Atomic Espionage, 10:15-11:45 a.m.
Lunch for Panelists, Ft. McNair Officers Club
Memorial Tribute to the late John Costello,
1:20 p.m.
Session 5: Did VENONA Make a Difference?
1:30-3:00 p.m.
Closing Remarks: The Hon. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, US Senate [invited] [introduced by Allen Weinstein] 3:15-4:15 p.m.
Panelists:
Christopher Andrew
Robert Louis Benson
Cleveland Cram
Meredith Knox Gardner
Gregg Herken
David Holloway
Maurice Isserman
David Kahn
Harvey Klehr
Maj. Gen. Yuri Kobaladze
Arnold Kramish
Robert Lamphere
David C. Martin
David E. Murphy
Timothy J. Naftali
Victor Navasky
Verne W. Newton
Marshall Perlin
Cecil James Phillips
Richard Gid Powers
Ronald Radosh
Jerrold L. Schecter
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Athan G. Theoharis
Oleg Tarasev
Aleksandr Vassilev
Allen Weinstein
If you are interested in attending, please contact the Center for the Study of Intelligence. Seating is limited.
VENONA: Soviet Espionage and The American Response 1939-1957 (forthcoming)
Edited by Robert Louis Benson and
Michael Warner
DCI John Deutch declassified the VENONA program in July 1995. This volume is being published in conjunction with the conference on VENONA. It is intended as a handbook for those interested in the VENONA program and its place in US intelligence history. Key documents on the US response to Soviet espionage and 99 of the most important Soviet intelligence messages that were intercepted, deciphered, and translated are included.
Mr. Benson is with the Office of Security, National Security Agency and is an expert on VENONA.
Dr. Warner is Deputy Chief of the CIA History Staff and previously worked in the Directorate of Intelligence.
This publication will be available on the CSI home page and from NTIS.
The Center for the Study of Intelligence has commissioned an unclassified study of Congress as a consumer of intelligence as the focal point of a one-day conference cosponsored by Georgetown University's Institute for the Study of Diplomacy in December 1996. The author of the study is L. Britt Snider, former staff director of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the US Intelligence Community (the Brown Commission) and general counsel to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. The study will address the origins, evolution, and impact of sharing intelligence with Congress while examining the problems and pitfalls affecting current arrangements between the legislative and executive branches.
CIA and the Okhrana Files
by Ben Fischer
Author's note: The Center is planning to publish a collection of six essays on the foreign operations of the Tsarist secret police, the Okhrana. These essays, all written by "Rita T. Kronenbitter," appeared in classified issues of Studies in Intelligence in the mid- to late 1960s and were recently declassified and released to the National Archives. Their titles are: "Paris Okhrana 1885-1905;" "The Illustrious Career of Arkadiy Harting;" "The Sherlock Holmes of the Revolution;" "Okhrana Agent Dollin;"The Okhrana's Female Agents: Russian Women;" and "The Okhrana's Female Agents: Indigenous Recruits."
These essays are based on the archives of the Paris bureau of the Russian Imperial Police or Okhrana. The bureau operated from an office in the Russian Embassy from 1883 to 1917. Historians and general readers alike, we hope, will find the essays interesting and informative. The following note examines why the CIA Counterintelligence Staff became interested in the Okhrana files and how the files survived over the decades, ending up at the Hoover Institution in Palo Alto, California.
CIA Interest in the Okhrana Files
The author of the six essays, "Rita T. Kronenbitter," was a CIA counterintelligence officer who remains anonymous. Kronenbitter was among the first researchers to display an interest in the Okhrana files. The essays were originally classified "confidential," perhaps because Kronenbitter did not want to reveal the substance, the purpose, or even the fact of CIA interest in the Okhrana records. They deal with strictly historical subjects and make no effort to go beyond the tales of Russian policemen and revolutionary terrorists.
Why then was CIA counterintelligence interested in what the Hoover Institution's press release hailed as a "mother lode of knowledge on crucial years leading to the overthrow of the Romanovs in March 1917"? British espionage historian Richard Deacon may have inadvertently put his finger on the reason when he wrote (in 1972) that the Okhrana "was, in fact, a comprehensive, coordinated espionage and counter-espionage organization, the most total form of espionage devised in the latter part of the nineteenth century and still forming the basis of Soviet espionage and counter-espionage today." [emphasis added]
The Hoover archive was in fact the only comprehensive collection of Russian police and intelligence files in the West. Kronenbitter and the CI staff apparently believed the files would yield data on Russia's "intelligence culture" and methods, which could offer insights into contemporary Soviet operations.
The opening of a Foreign Bureau (Zagranichnaia agentura) in Paris 1883 was a sign of both success and of failure for the Okhrana--success because so many revolutionaries and terrorists had been driven out of Russia, and failure because the locus of subversive activities had become ensconced abroad along with the subversives themselves. The Russian émigré community quickly grew to some 5,000 persons in the Paris area. The City of Light, moreover, was the hub for revolutionary groups operating throughout Western and Central Europe.
The Studies essays portray the Russian police officials who ran the Foreign Bureau, but they do not neglect the colorful agents, double agents, and agents provocateurs who worked for and against the Okhrana. Many of these characters could have stepped out of the pages of a Conrad story or a le Carr novel, but their deeds were real.
The story of how these files survived and were transferred from Paris to Palo Alto is an intriguing tale. When Russian revolutionaries overthrew the Romanov dynasty in March 1917, they quickly turned attention to their former opponents in the Okhrana. A committee was formed to investigate Okhrana offices inside the Empire in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Warsaw as well as in Paris, with a view to prosecuting the Czar's police officials. The last imperial ambassador to France, Basil Malakoff, had initially closed the small Okhrana office in Paris and sealed its files, but he reopened them when the official inquiry began. When the Provisional Government fell to Lenin and the Bolsheviks in November 1917, Malakoff resealed the files and waited for further instructions.
France refused to resume relations with the Communist government in Moscow and withheld recognition until 1924, when the USSR was formed. In the meantime, Malakoff had not been idle. He exploited the confusion in Moscow to remove the files and then put them into 16 large packing crates, which he bound with wire and sealed. Malakoff apparently had a flair for operations; he codenamed the removal operation "Tagil" after a Siberian village, and he managed to keep his activities secret. When the Bolsheviks finally got around to asking for "their" files, Malakoff swore that he had burned them shortly after the October Revolution.
It took almost two years to move the files to California; we do not know how they got there or why the trip took so long. Malakoff did not ask for money, but he made a contract with the Hoover Institution stipulating that the archive would remain sealed until his death and would not be shown to the public for another three months thereafter. The ex-ambassador probably believed that the Okhrana men were "good cops" compared to the henchmen of the dreaded Cheka, who probably would have killed him if their service had discovered his treachery. Malakoff's contract with Hoover, together with his longevity--he died in Switzerland in 1957 at age 86--long prevented the outside world from even knowing that the Paris files were intact and in California. The "phantom" files that the Soviets thought had disappeared were displayed at a press conference for the first time on 28 October 1957. According to Hoover records, the complete archive contains 206 boxes, 26 scrapbooks, 164,000 cards, and 8 linear feet of photographs; it is a veritable who's who of the Russian revolution and includes files and photos of Stalin, Molotov, and Trotsky.
Harvard Project on Intelligence and Policy
Founded in 1987, under
contract with CIA, this project conducts research and training on the role of
intelligence in policymaking. The project includes an annual executive program
for intelligence professionals held at the John F. Kennedy School of Government
at Harvard and preparation of case studies that illustrate the role of
intelligence in national policymaking. The case studies are available for
purchase from Harvard and are being used in many college and university courses.
Titles include:
For information regarding price and availability, contact:
The 1996 unclassified version of the Intelligence Community's professional journal Studies in Intelligence will soon be available in print as well as on the Center's Internet home page and includes the articles and reviews listed in the inset.
Please note that copies of Studies in Intelligence are available only from:
Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project
Exchange and Gift Division (subscriptions)
or
Photoduplication Service (individual copies)
Library of Congress
Washington, DC, 20504
or
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
703 487-4650
A Roundtable Discussion
The Brown Commission and the Future of Intelligence
A Colloquium
The Intelligence Community: Is It Broken?
How to Fix It?
A Singular Opportunity
Gaining Access to CIA's Records
The Need for Integrity
Thoughts Provoked by "The Very Best Men"
The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty
Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence-Policy Relations
Another System of Oversight
Intelligence and the Rise of Judicial Intervention
A Different Kind of Threat
Some Thoughts on Irregular Warfare
Declassification's Great Leap Forward
CORONA and the Intelligence Community
The Intelligence of Nations
Adam Smith Examines the Intelligence Economy
Coping With Iran-Contra
Personal Reflections on Bill Casey's Last Month at CIA
Revisiting Vietnam
Thoughts Engendered by Robert McNamara's
In Retrospect
Salvage and Liquidation
The Creation of the Central Intelligence Group
Duping the Soviets
The Farewell Dossier
The following CSI publications and videos are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) of the Department of Commerce:
CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
Selected Estimates on the Soviet Union, 1950-1959
NTIS Order Number: PB 93 928 112
Price: $28.50
The CIA Under Harry S. Truman
NTIS Order Number: PB 94 928 005
Price: $31.50
The Origin and Development of the CIA in
the Administration of Harry S. Truman: A Conference Report
NTIS Order Number: PB 95 928 006
Price: $21.50
Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 36, No. 5
NTIS Order Number: PB 93 928 013
Price: $28.00
Studies in Intelligence Index, 1955-1992
NTIS Order Number: PB 93 928 014
Price: $21.50
Cleveland Cram, Molehunters: A Review of
Counterintelligence Literature, 1977-1992
NTIS Order Number: PB 93 928 019
Price: $22.50
Symposium on the Cuban Missile Crisis (video)
NTIS Order Number: PB 94 780 186
Price: $ 22.50
Symposium on Teaching Intelligence, October 1-2, 1993: A Report
NTIS Order Number: PB 94 928 008
Price: $17.00
Sherman Kent and the Board of National
Estimates: Collected Essays
NTIS Order Number: PB 95 928 001
Price: $41.00
CORONA: America's First Satellite Program
NTIS Order Number: PB 95 928 007
Price: $49.00
Getting To Know the President: CIA Briefings of
Presidential Candidates 1952-1992
NTIS Order Number: PB 96 928 003
Price: $24.95
"Our First Line of Defense": Presidential Reflections on US Intelligence
NTIS Order Number: PB 96 928 005
Price: $21.50
Intentions and Capabilities: Estimates on Soviet Strategic Forces, 1950-1983
NTIS Order Number: PB 928 101
Price: $67.00
VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response,
1931-1957 (forthcoming)
Footnotes
(1) For more information on RG 226, see Larry McDonald, "The OSS and Its Records," in George C. Chalou, ed., The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II (Washington, DC: NARA, 1992).