Current Bibliographies in Medicine 98-2

Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

January 1980 through August 1998, plus selected earlier citations

1440 Citations

Prepared by
Martha H. Glock, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Peter S. Jensen, M.D., National Institute of Mental Health
James R. Cooper, M.D., National Institute on Drug Abuse

1998 September

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20894

Series Note
Table of Contents for this bibliography
Introduction to this bibliography
Sample Citations

Series Note

Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTAR^tm, POPLINE^tm, and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered.

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Current Bibliographies in Medicine
Reference Section
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Series Note

Introduction

Sample Citations

Bibliography:

OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION

ADHD AS A DISORDER IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS

Current Diagnostic Schema/Core Dimensions

Etiology/Risk Factors

Genetics and Pathophysiology

Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates

IMPACT

Prevalence Across the Life Span and Across Cultures

Course of the Disorder and Outcome, Including Comorbidity

Systems Impact: School and the Justice System

Impairment: Childhood and Adolescence

Impairment: Adulthood

Safety and Efficacy of Treatments: Short and Long Term

Stimulant Medications

Nonstimulant Medications

Psychosocial Interventions

Other Treatments

Treatment Comparisons

Matching Patients to Treatments

Substance Abuse Risks of Stimulant Treatments

Risk of Treatment vs. Nontreatment

ADHD Subgroups at Risk for Substance Use Disorder

Sensitization and the Risk of Exposure to Stimulant Medications

Stimulant Treatment as a Risk Factor for Nicotine Use and Substance Abuse

Abuse, Diversion and Consequences of Methylphenidate Abuse

Availability of Stimulant Medications: Nature and Extent of Abuse and Associated Harm

Existing Practices and Barriers Regarding Assessment and Treatment

Treatment Services Provided to Children With ADHD: A National Perspective

Current Assessment and Treatment Practices

Educational Policies

Insurance and Managed Care

Individual and Family Barriers

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Introduction

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, estimated to affect 3-5% of school-age children. Its core symptoms include an inability to sustain attention, developmentally inappropriate levels of activity, distractibility, and impulsivity. Although some persons have suggested that ADHD is just normal childhood behavior, children with ADHD usually have pronounced difficulties due to the disorder across multiple settings in home, at school, and with peers--as well as long-term adverse effects on later academic, vocational, social-emotional, and psychiatric outcomes. The ADHD symptoms, degree of impairment, and longitudinal course form a coherent pattern such that well-trained clinicians can reliably diagnose ADHD at a level of accuracy that rivals or exceeds many other medical diagnostic and assessment procedures. Moreover, many clinical treatment studies of the condition have also been conducted, resulting in substantial evidence of efficacy for a variety of treatments.

Despite the substantial progress in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of children and adults with ADHD, the disorder has remained controversial in many sectors. The confusion resulting from the many diverse, frequently expressed opinions (often not based on research evidence) has made many families, health care providers, educators, and policy-makers uncertain about the status of the disorder and its long-term consequences, whether treated or not. For example, one of the major controversies concerning ADHD concerns the use of psychostimulants to treat the condition. These medications are regarded by many in the medical community as constituting the psychopharmacologic treatment of choice for ADHD. The use of methylphenidate and amphetamine nationwide has increased significantly in recent years. This increased availability and use of psychostimulants has intensified the concerns about use, overuse, and abuse.

This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, held in Bethesda, Maryland on November 16-18, 1998. The conference addressed these key questions and areas of controversy, which are reflected in the bibliography: What is the scientific evidence to support ADHD as a disorder?; what is the impact of ADHD on individuals, families, and society?; what are the effective treatments for ADHD?; what are the risks of the use of stimulant medication and other treatments?; what are the existing diagnostic and treatment practices, and what are the barriers to appropriate identification, evaluation, and intervention?; what are the directions for future research?

The bibliography consists primarily of citations to English-language journal articles published between 1980 to 1998; some publications such as conference papers have also been included as well as some material published before 1980 and a few selected foreign language items. Both human and animal studies are included. Items were selected for the bibliography based on the following criteria: (1) they directly relate to the questions being addressed by the conference; and (2) they report the results of original research rather than speculation or commentary on the work of others. In several areas, too few articles met the above criteria. In such instances the selection criteria were relaxed, thereby allowing commentaries and editorials to be included. This was necessary to ensure that a balanced perspective be presented concerning the questions addressed by the conference. The bibliography is organized thematically, such that topic areas follow in the order of the conference themes and presentations. Most items are listed under only one category; each was assigned to the best-fitting topic area according to the overall thrust of its content and where it provided the most seminal information.

Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:
Glock, Martha H.; Jensen, Peter S.; Cooper, James R., compilers. Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [bibliography online]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1998 Sep [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 98-2). 1440 citations from January 1980 through August 1998. Available from: URL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html

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Sample Citations

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus ®. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

Journal Article:

Example:
Tannock R, Purvis KL, Schachar RJ. Narrative abilities in children wiath attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal peers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Feb;21(1):103-17.

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.

For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication:
Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.

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Overview and Introduction

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Children with Disabilities, Committee on Drugs. Medication for children with an attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1987 Nov;80(5):758-60.

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon JS, Warburton R, Reed E, Davis SG. Impact of adversity on functioning and comorbidity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Nov;34(11):1495-503.

Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA 1998 Apr 8;279(14):1100-7.

Swanson JM, Sergeant JA, Taylor E, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Jensen PS, Cantwell DP. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Lancet 1998 Feb 7;351(9100):429-33. Comment in: Lancet 1998 Feb 7;351(9100):387.

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ADHD as a Disorder in Children, Adolescents and Adults

Current Diagnostic Schema/Core Dimensions

Abikoff H, Courtney M, Pelham WE Jr, Koplewicz HS. Teachers' ratings of disruptive behaviors: the influence of halo effects. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Oct;21(5):519-33.

Adams CD, Kelly ML, McCarthy M. The Adolescent Behavior Checklist: development and initial psychometric properties of a self-report measure for adolescents with ADHD. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Mar;26(1):77-86.

Alessandri SM. Attention, play, and social behavior in ADHD preschoolers. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Jun;20(3):289-302.

Alpert JE, Maddocks A, Nierenberg AA, O'Sullivan R, Pava JA, Worthington JJ 3rd, Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood among adults with major depression. Psychiatry Res 1996 Jun 1;62(3):213-9.

Altepeter TS, Breen MJ. Situational variation in problem behavior at home and school in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a factor analytic study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 May;33(4):741-8.

Anastopoulos AD, Barkley RA, Shelton TL. The history and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therap Care Educ 1994 Summer;3(2):96-110.

Anastopoulos AD, Spisto MA, Maher MC. The WISC-III freedom from distractibility factor: Its utility in identifying children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Assess 1994;6(4):368-71.

Applegate B, Lahey BB, Hart EL, Biederman J, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Ollendick T, Frick PJ, Greenhill L, McBurnett K, Newcorn JH, Kerdyk L, Garfinkel B, Waldman I, Shaffer D. Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: a report from the DSM-IV field trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Sep;36(9):1211-21.

Atkins MS, Pelham WE. School-based assessment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Learn Disabil 1991 Apr;24(4):197-204, 255.

Atkins MS, Pelham WE, Licht MH. A comparison of objective classroom measures and teacher ratings of Attention Deficit Disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Mar;13(1):155-67.

Atkins MS, Stoff DM. Instrumental and hostile aggression in childhood disruptive behavior disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Apr;21(2):165-78.

August GJ, Garfinkel BD. The nosology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Jan;32(1):155-65.

August GJ, Stewart MA. Is there a syndrome of pure hyperactivity? Br J Psychiatry 1982 Mar;140:305-11.

Augustine LE, Damico JS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the scope of the problem. Semin Speech Lang 1995 Nov;16(4):243-57; quiz 257-8.

Barkley RA. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: toward a more comprehensive theory. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997 Aug;18(4):271-9.

Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 1997 Jan;121(1):65-94.

Barkley RA. A critique of current diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical and research implications. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990 Dec;11(6):343-52.

Barkley RA. The ecological validity of laboratory and analogue assessment methods of ADHD symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991 Apr;19(2):149-78.

Barkley RA, Biederman J. Toward a broader definition of the age-of-onset criterion for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Sep;36(9):1204-10. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Apr;37(4):343-5.

Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB. Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990 Dec;58(6):775-89.

Bartell SS, Solanto MV. Usefulness of the Rorschach inkblot test in assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Percept Mot Skills 1995 Apr;80(2):531-41.

Bauermeister JJ, Alegria M, Bird HR, Rubio-Stipec M, Canino G. Are attentional-hyperactivity deficits unidimensional or multidimensional syndromes? Empirical findings from a community survey. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 May;31(3):423-31.

Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, Moore P, Lelon E. Child Behavior Checklist findings further support comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in a referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Jun;35(6):734-42.

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Weber W, Russell RL, Rater M, Park KS. Correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1682-7.

Breen MJ, Altepeter TS. Situational variability in boys and girls identified as ADHD. J Clin Psychol 1990 Jul;46(4):486-90.

Brock SE. Diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood: A review of the literature. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists; 1997 Apr 2-5; Anaheim, CA. 16 p.

Brockel BJ, Cory-Slechta DA. Lead, attention, and impulsive behavior: Changes in a fixed-ratio waiting-for-reward paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998;60(2):545-55.

Buitelaar JK, Swinkels SH, de Vries H, van der Gaag RJ, van Hooff JA. An ethological study on behavioural differences between hyperactive, aggressive, combined hyperactive/aggressive and control children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994 Nov;35(8):1437-46.

Burns GL, Walsh JA, Owen SM, Snell J. Internal validity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and overt conduct disorder symptoms in young children: implications from teacher ratings for a dimensional approach to symptom validity. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Sep;26(3):266-75.

Cammann R, Miehlke A. Differentiation of motor activity of normally active and hyperactive boys in schools: some preliminary results. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989 Nov;30(6):899-906.

Cantwell DP, Baker L. Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and comparison of matched groups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992 May;31(3):432-8.

Carey WB. Temperament issues in the school-aged child. Pediatr Clin North Am 1992 Jun;39(3):569-84.

Carey WB, McDevitt SC. Minimal brain dysfunction and hyperkinesis: a clinical viewpoint. Am J Dis Child 1980 Oct;134(10):926-9.

Chabot RJ, Merkin H, Wood LM, Davenport TL, Serfontein G. Sensitivity and specificity of QEEG in children with attention deficit or specific developmental learning disorders. Clin Electroencephalogr 1996 Jan;27(1):26-34.

Chabot RJ, Serfontein G. Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of children with attention deficit disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1996 Nov 15;40(10):951-63.

Chee P, Logan G, Schachar R, Lindsay P, Wachsmuth R. Effects of event rate and display time on sustained attention in hyperactive, normal, and control children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Aug;17(4):371-91.

Christie D, De Witt RA, Kaltenbach P, Reed D. Hyperactivity in children: evidence for differences between parents' and teachers' perceptions of predominant features. Psychol Rep 1984 Jun;54(3):771-4.

Cohen MJ, Riccio CA, Gonzalez JJ. Methodological differences in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact on prevalence. J Emot Behav Disord 1994 Jan;2(1):31-8.

Cohen ML, Kelly PC, Atkinson AW. Parent, teacher, child. A trilateral approach to attention deficit disorder. Am J Dis Child 1989 Oct;143(10):1229-33.

Cohen NJ, Minde K. The 'hyperactive syndrome' in kindergarten children: comparison of children with pervasive and situational symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1983 Jul;24(3):443-55.

Comings DE, Comings BG. A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. Am J Hum Genet 1987 Nov;41(5):701-41.

Conners CK. Is ADHD a disease? J Atten Disord 1997 Apr;2(1):3-17.

Cook JR, Mausbach T, Burd L, Gascon GG, Slotnick HB, Patterson B, Johnson RD, Hankey B, Reynolds BW. A preliminary study of the relationship between central auditory processing disorder and attention deficit disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1993 May;18(3):130-7.

Copeland AP, Weissbrod CS. Cognitive strategies used by learning disabled children: does hyperactivity always make things worse? J Learn Disabil 1983 Oct;16(8):473-7.

Corkum PV, Siegel LS. Is the Continuous Performance Task a valuable research tool for use with children with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Oct;34(7):1217-39. Comment in: J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1995 Nov;36(8):1477-85; discussion 1487-93.

Cornett-Ruiz S, Hendricks B. Effects of labeling and ADHD behaviors on peer and teacher judgments. J Educ Res 1993 Jul-Aug;86(6):349-55.

Costello EJ, Loeber R, Stouthamer-Loeber M. Pervasive and situational hyperactivity--confounding effect of informant: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Jan;32(2):367-76.

Cotugno AJ. The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in community mental health centers: Where and when. Psychol Sch 1993 Oct;30(4):338-44.

Cuffe SP, McCullough EL, Pumariega AJ. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. J Child Fam Stud 1994 Sep;3(3):327-36.

deHaas PA. Attention styles and peer relationships of hyperactive and normal boys and girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Sep;14(3):457-67.

deHaas PA, Young RD. Attention styles of hyperactive and normal girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Dec;12(4):531-46.

Denckla MB. Biological correlates of learning and attention: what is relevant to learning disability and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996 Apr;17(2):114-9.

Draeger S, Prior M, Sanson A. Visual and auditory attention performance in hyperactive children: competence or compliance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Sep;14(3):411-24.

Dube R. [Hyperactivity in children: a valid diagnosis?]. Union Med Can 1993 Nov-Dec;122(6):428-31. (Fre).

DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, McGoey KE, Power TJ, Reid R, Ikeda MJ. Teacher ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. Psychol Assess 1997;9(4):436-44.

DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Power TJ, Reid R, Ikeda MJ, McGoey KE. Parent ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 1998;20(1):83-102.

DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Shelton TL, Guevremont DC, et al. Multimethod assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: The diagnostic utility of clinic-based tests. J Clin Child Psychol 1992 Dec;21(4):394-402.

DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, McGoey KE, Ikeda MJ, Anastopoulos AD. Reliability and validity of parent and teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. J Psychoeduc Assess 1998 Mar;16(1):55-68.

Edelbrock C, Costello AJ, Kessler MD. Empirical corroboration of attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):285-90.

Edelbrock C, Greenbaum R, Conover NC. Reliability and concurrent relations between the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile and the Conners Revised Teacher Rating Scale. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Jun;13(2):295-303.

Ehrhardt KJ, Bienefeld C, Pothmann R. [Attention and distractibility in hyperkinetic children. Methods and results of research]. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr 1985;13(2):95-109. (Ger).

Eiraldi RB, Power TJ, Nezu CM. Patterns of comorbidity associated with subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among 6- to 12-year-old children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Apr;36(4):503-14.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Milberger S. How reliable are maternal reports of their children's psychopathology? One-year recall of psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Aug;34(8):1001-8.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Weber W, Russell RL. Psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial features of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a clinically referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Feb;37(2):185-93.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Predictive validity of categorically and dimensionally scored measures of disruptive childhood behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Apr;34(4):477-85; discussion 485-7.

Forbes GB. Clinical utility of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychol 1998;54(4):461-76.

Granger DA, Whalen CK, Henker B. Malleability of social impressions of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Dec;21(6):631-47.

Haenlein M, Caul WF. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a specific hypothesis of reward dysfunction. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 May;26(3):356-62.

Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Matier K, Sharma V, McKay KE, Schwartz S. Discriminant validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Sep;32(5):1038-43.

Harper GW, Ottinger DR. The performance of hyperactive and control preschoolers on a new computerized measure of visual vigilance: the Preschool Vigilance Task. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Nov;33(8):1365-72.

Hart EL, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Applegate B, Frick PJ. Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: a four-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Dec;23(6):729-49.

Hinshaw SP, March JS, Abikoff H, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Halperin J, Greenhill LL, Hechtman LT, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Newcorn JH, McBurnett K, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Severe JB, Schiller E, Swanson J, Vereen D, Wells K, Wigal T. Comprehensive assessment of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the context of a multisite, multimodal clinical trial. J Atten Disord 1997 Jan;1(4):217-34.

Ho TP, Leung PW, Luk ES, Taylor E, Bacon-Shone J, Mak FL. Establishing the constructs of childhood behavioral disturbances in a Chinese population: a questionnaire study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Aug;24(4):417-31.

Ho TP, Luk ES, Leung PW, Taylor E, Lieh-Mak F, Bacon-Shone J. Situational versus pervasive hyperactivity in a community sample. Psychol Med 1996 Mar;26(2):309-21.

Hynd GW, Nieves N, Connor RT, Stone P, Town P, Becker MG, Lahey BB, Lorys AR. Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: reaction time and speed of cognitive processing. J Learn Disabil 1989 Nov;22(9):573-80.

Inoue K, Nadaoka T, Oiji A, Morioka Y, Totsuka S, Kanbayashi Y, Hukui T. Clinical evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder by objective quantitative measures. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1998 Spring;28(3):179-88.

Javorsky J. An examination of youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and language learning disabilities: a clinical study. J Learn Disabil 1996 May;29(3):247-58.

Jensen PS, Mrazek D, Knapp PK, Steinberg L, Pfeffer C, Schowalter J, Shapiro T. Evolution and revolution in child psychiatry: ADHD as a disorder of adaptation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1672-9; discussion 1679-81.

Jureidini J. Some reasons for concern about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Paediatr Child Health 1996 Jun;32(3):201-3. Comment in: J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Feb;33(1):81.

Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J, et al. DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1994 Nov;151(11):1673-85.

Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Schaughency EA, Atkins MS, Murphy HA, Hynd G, Russo M, Hartdagen S, Lorys-Vernon A. Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988 May;27(3):330-5.

Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Stein MA, Loney J, Trapani C, Nugent K, Kipp H, Schmidt E, Lee S, Cale M, Gold E, Hartung CM, Willcut E, Baumann B. Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Jul;37(7):695-702.

Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Frame CL, Strauss CC. Teacher ratings of attention problems in children experimentally classified as exhibiting attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985 Sep;24(5):613-6.

Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Hynd GW, Carlson CL, Nieves N. Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: comparison of behavioral characteristics of clinic-referred children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987 Sep;26(5):718-23.

Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Strauss CC, Frame CL. Are attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity similar or dissimilar disorders? J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984 May;23(3):302-9.

Lambert NM. Temperature profiles of hyperactive children. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1982 Jul;52(3):458-67.

Levy F, Hobbes G. Discrimination of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by the continuous performance test. J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Oct;33(5):384-7.

Levy F, Horn K, Dalglish R. Relation of attention deficit and conduct disorder to vigilance and reading lag. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1987 Jun;21(2):242-5.

Lilienfeld SO, Waldman ID. The relation between childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and adult antisocial behavior reexamined: The problem of heterogeneity. Clin Psychol Rev 1990;10:699-725.

Marshall RM, Hynd GW, Handwerk MJ, Hall J. Academic underachievement in ADHD subtypes. J Learn Disabil 1997 Nov-Dec;30(6):635-42.

Martin CS, Earleywine M, Blackson TC, Vanyukov MM, Moss HB, Tarter RE. Aggressivity, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in boys at high and low risk for substance abuse. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994 Apr;22(2):177-203.

Matier-Sharma K, Perachio N, Newcorn JH, Sharma V, Halperin JM. Differential diagnosis of ADHD: Are objective measures of attention, impulsivity, and activity level helpful? Child Neuropsychol 1995 Oct;1:118-27.

McBurnett K, Swanson JM, Pfiffner LJ, Tamm L. A measure of ADHD-related classroom impairment based on targets for behavioral intervention. J Atten Disord 1997 Jul;2(2):69-76.

McClure FD, Gordon M. Performance of disturbed hyperactive and nonhyperactive children on an objective measure of hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1984 Dec;12(4):561-71.

Miehlke A, Cammann R, Hoch S. [Manifestations and expression of motor activity in normally intelligent, concentration disordered, restless students in teaching]. Arztl Jugendkd 1985 Jun;76(3):162-8. (Ger).

Milich R, Loney J, Landau S. Independent dimensions of hyperactivity and aggression: a validation with playroom observation data. J Abnorm Psychol 1982 Jun;91(3):183-98.

Milich R, Loney J, Roberts MA. Playroom observations of activity level and sustained attention: two-year stability. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986 Apr;54(2):272-4.

Millstein RB, Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ. Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 1997 Oct;2(3):159-66.

Newcorn JH, Halperin JM, Healey JM, O'Brien JD, Pascualvaca DM, Wolf LE, Morganstein A, Sharma V, Young JG. Are ADDH and ADHD the same or different? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989 Sep;28(5):734-8.

Palmeri S. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: sometimes a disorder, often a clinical tautology. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996 Aug;17(4):253-4. Comment in: J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996 Oct;17(5):371.

Paternite CE, Loney J, Roberts MA. External validation of oppositional disorder and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Aug;23(4):453-71.

Paternite CE, Loney J, Roberts MA. A preliminary validation of subtypes of DSM-IV attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996 Aug;1(2):70-86.

Pinto LP, Tryon WW. Activity measurements support dimensional assessment. Behav Modif 1996 Jul;20(3):243-58.

Pisecco S, Baker DB, Silva PA, Brooke M. Behavioral distinctions in children with reading disabilities and/or ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Nov;35(11):1477-84.

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Etiology/Risk Factors

Adams W. Lack of behavioral effects from Feingold diet violations. Percept Mot Skills 1981 Feb;52(1):307-13.

Adesman AR, Altshuler LA, Lipkin PH, Walco GA. Otitis media in children with learning disabilities and in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Pediatrics 1990 Mar;85(3 Pt 2):442-6.

Arcia E, Roberts JE. Otitis media in early childhood and its association with sustained attention in structured situations. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1993 Jun;14(3):181-3.

Arnold LE, Kleykamp D, Votolato N, Gibson RA, et al. Potential link between dietary intake of fatty acids and behavior: Pilot exploration of serum lipids in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1994 Fall;4(3):171-82.

Arnold LE, Votolato NA, Kleykamp D, Baker GB, Bornstein RA. Does hair zinc predict amphetamine improvement of ADD/hyperactivity? Int J Neurosci 1990 Jan;50(1-2):103-7. Comment in: Int J Neurosci 1990 Jun;52(3-4):239-41.

Arnsten AF, Steere JC, Hunt RD. The contribution of alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanisms of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Potential significance for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996 May;53(5):448-55.

Aronson M, Hagberg B, Gillberg C. Attention deficits and autistic spectrum problems in children exposed to alcohol during gestation: a follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997 Sep;39(9):583-7.

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Aylward EH, Reiss AL, Reader MJ, Singer HS, Brown JE, Denckla MB. Basal ganglia volumes in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1996 Mar;11(2):112-5.

Barkley RA, Grodzinsky G, DuPaul GJ. Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and research report. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Apr;20(2):163-88.

Barkley RA, Guevremont DC, Anastopoulos AD, DuPaul GJ, Shelton TL. Driving-related risks and outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a 3- to 5-year follow-up survey. Pediatrics 1993 Aug;92(2):212-8.

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Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Kiely K, Guite J, Mick E, Ablon S, Warburton R, Reed E. Family-environment risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A test of Rutter's indicators of adversity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995 Jun;52(6):464-70.

Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Lapey KA, Reed ED, Seidman LJ. No confirmation of Geschwind's hypothesis of associations between reading disability, immune disorders, and motor preference in ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Oct;23(5):545-52.

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Botting N, Powls A, Cooke RW, Marlow N. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997 Nov;38(8):931-41.

Breakey J. The role of diet and behaviour in childhood. J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Jun;33(3):190-4.

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Gaub M, Carlson CL. Gender differences in ADHD: a meta-analysis and critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Aug;36(8):1036-45. Published erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1783.

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Genetics and Pathophysiology

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Cognitive and Behavioral Correlates

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Impact

Prevalence Across the Life Span and Across Cultures

Abdur-Rahim FE-A, Al-Hamad A-R, Chaleby K, Al-Subaie A. A survey of a child psychiatry clinic in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia: Clinical profile and cross-cultural comparison. Saudi Med J 1996;17(1):36-41.

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Course of the Disorder and Outcome, Including Comorbidity

Achenbach TM, Howell CT, McConaughy SH, Stanger C. Six-year predictors of problems in a national sample: III. Transitions to young adult syndromes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 May;34(5):658-69.

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MacDonald VM, Achenbach TM. Attention problems versus conduct problems as six-year predictors of problem scores in a national sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Sep;35(9):1237-46.

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Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Addalli KA. Young adult mental status of hyperactive boys and their brothers: a prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991 Sep;30(5):743-51.

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Moffitt TE. Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: boys' developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Dev 1990 Jun;61(3):893-910.

O'Donnell J, Hawkins JD, Abbott RD. Predicting serious delinquency and substance use among aggressive boys. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995 Aug;63(4):529-37.

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Slomkowski C, Klein RG, Mannuzza S. Is self-esteem an important outcome in hyperactive children? J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995 Jun;23(3):303-15.

Soussignan R, Tremblay RE, Schaal B, Laurent D, Larivee S, Gagnon C, Leblanc M, Charlebois P. Behavioural and cognitive characteristics of conduct disordered-hyperactive boys from age 6 to 11: a multiple informant perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Nov;33(8):1333-46. Published erratum appears in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Feb;34(2):275.

Taylor E, Chadwick O, Heptinstall E, Danckaerts M. Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Sep;35(9):1213-26.

Wolraich ML, Lindgren SD, Stumbo PJ, Stegink LD, Appelbaum MI, Kiritsy MC. Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children. N Engl J Med 1994 Feb 3;330(5):301-7. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1994 Feb 3;330(5):355-6; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1901; discussion 1903; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1901-2; discussion 1903; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1902; discussion 1903; N Engl J Med 1994 Jun 3.

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Systems Impact: School and the Justice System

Bussing R, Zima BT, Belin TR, Forness SR. Children who qualify for LD and SED programs: Do they differ in level of ADHD symptoms and comorbid psychiatric conditions? J Emot Behav Disord 1998 Feb;22:88-97.

Chaikind S, Danielson LC, Brauen ML. What do we know about the costs of special education? A selected review. J Spec Educ 1993 Winter;26(4):344-70.

Davis DL, Bean GJ, Schumacher JE, Stronger TL. Prevalence of emotional disorders in a juvenile justice institutional population. Am J Forensic Psychol 1991;9(1):5-17.

Duncan B, Forness SR, Hartsough C. Students identified as seriously emotionally disturbed in day treatment classrooms: cognitive, psychiatric, and special education characteristics. Behav Disord 1995 Aug;20(4):238-52.

DuPaul GJ, Eckert TL. The effects of school-based interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analysis. School Psychol Rev 1997;26:5-27.

Eyestone LL, Howell RJ. An epidemiological study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depression in a male prison population. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1994;22(2):181-93.

Fehlings DL, Roberts W, Humphries T, Dawe G. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: does cognitive behavioral therapy improve home behavior? J Dev Behav Pediatr 1991 Aug;12(4):223-8.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. The structure, stability and correlations of the trait components of conduct disorder, attention deficit and anxiety/withdrawal reports. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Jul;34(5):749-66.

Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. The effects of conduct disorder and attention deficit in middle childhood on offending and scholastic ability at age 13. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993 Sep;34(6):899-916.

Foley HA, Carlton CO, Howell RJ. The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder to juvenile delinquency: legal implications. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1996;24(3):333-45.

Forehand R, Wierson M, Frame C, Kempton T, Armistead L. Juvenile delinquency entry and persistence: do attention problems contribute to conduct problems? J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1991 Dec;22(4):261-4.

Lynam DR. Early identification of chronic offenders: who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychol Bull 1996 Sep;120(2):209-34.

Mattison RE, Felix BC. The course of elementary and secondary school students with SED through their special education experience. J Emot Behav Disord 1997 Summer;5(2):107-17.

McConaughy SH, Mattison RE, Peterson R. Behavioral/emotional problems of children with serious emotional disturbance and learning disabilities. Sch Psychol Rev 1994;23(1):81-98.

Reid R, Maag JW, Vasa SF, Wright G. Who are the children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder? A school-based survey. J Spec Educ 1994 Summer;28(2):117-37.

Satterfield J, Swanson J, Schell A, Lee F. Prediction of antisocial behavior in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder boys from aggression/defiance scores. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Feb;33(2):185-90. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Apr;34(4):397; discussion 398-400; J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 Apr;34(4):397-8; discussion 398-400.

Satterfield JH, Schell A. A prospective study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems and normal boys: adolescent and adult criminality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Dec;36(12):1726-35.

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Impairment: Childhood and Adolescence

Aman MG, Mitchell EA, Turbott SH. The effects of essential fatty acid supplementation by Efamol in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Mar;15(1):75-90.

Anderson CA, Hinshaw SP, Simmel C. Mother-child interactions in ADHD and comparison boys: relationships with overt and covert externalizing behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994 Apr;22(2):247-65.

August GJ. Production deficiencies in free recall: a comparison of hyperactive, learning-disabled, and normal children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Sep;15(3):429-40.

August GJ, Ostrander R, Bloomquist MJ. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an epidemiological screening method. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1992 Jul;62(3):387-96.

Aylward GP, Verhulst SJ, Bell S. Individual and combined effects of attention deficits and learning disabilities on computerized ADHD assessment. J Psychoeduc Assess 1990 Dec;8(4):497-508.

Brock SE, Knapp PK. Reading comprehension abilities of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996 Oct;1(3):173-85.

Carlson CL, Lahey BB, Frame CL, Walker J, Hynd GW. Sociometric status of clinic-referred children with attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987 Dec;15(4):537-47. Published erratum appears in J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Jun;17(3):371.

Diener MB, Milich R. Effects of positive feedback on the social interactions of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a test of the self-protective hypothesis. J Clin Child Psychol 1997 Sep;26(3):256-65.

Donenberg G, Baker BL. The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Apr;21(2):179-98.

Farmer JE, Peterson L. Injury risk factors in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Health Psychol 1995 Jul;14(4):325-32.

Fischer M, Barkley RA, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: II. Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990 Oct;58(5):580-8.

Fischer M, Barkley RA, Fletcher KE, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children: predictors of psychiatric, academic, social, and emotional adjustment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):324-32. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jan;33(1):144-5.

Fischer M, Barkley RA, Fletcher KE, Smallish L. The stability of dimensions of behavior in ADHD and normal children over an 8-year followup. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Jun;21(3):315-37.

Fletcher KE, Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L. A sequential analysis of the mother-adolescent interactions of ADHD, ADHD/ODD, and normal teenagers during neutral and conflict discussions. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996 Jun;24(3):271-97.

Flicek M. Social status of boys with both academic problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Aug;20(4):353-66.

Frederick BP, Olmi DJ. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of the literature on social skills deficits. Psychology Sch 1994 Oct;31(4):288-96.

Gaub M, Carlson CL. Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1997 Apr;25(2):103-11.

Greene RW, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Ouellette CA, Penn C, Griffin SM. Toward a new psychometric definition of social disability in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 May;35(5):571-8. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Dec;35(12):1570-1.

Greene RW, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Sienna M, Garcia-Jetton J. Adolescent outcome of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social disability: results from a 4-year longitudinal follow-up study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Oct;65(5):758-67.

Halperin JM, Gittelman R. Do hyperactive children and their siblings differ in IQ and academic achievement? Psychiatry Res 1982 Apr;6(2):253-8.

Handen BL, Janosky J, McAuliffe S. Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1997 Aug;25(4):287-95.

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Impairment: Adulthood

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Safety and Efficacy of Treatments: Short and Long Term

Stimulant Medications

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Nonstimulant Medications

Adler LA, Resnick S, Kunz M, Devinsky O. Open-label trial of venlafaxine in adults with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31(4):785-8.

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Barrickman LL, Perry PJ, Allen AJ, Kuperman S, Arndt SV, Herrmann KJ, Schumacher E. Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995 May;34(5):649-57.

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Spencer T, Biederman J, Kerman K, Steingard R, Wilens T. Desipramine treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):354-60.

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Steingard R, Biederman J, Spencer T, Wilens T, Gonzalez A. Comparison of clonidine response in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):350-3.

Steingard RJ, Goldberg M, Lee D, DeMaso DR. Adjunctive clonazepam treatment of tic symptoms in children with comorbid tic disorders and ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Mar-Apr;33(3):394-9.

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Wender PH, Reimherr FW. Bupropion treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1990 Aug;147(8):1018-20.

Wender PH, Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Ward M. An open trial of pargyline in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Psychiatry Res 1983 Aug;9(4):329-36.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Abrantes AM, Spencer TJ. A naturalistic assessment of protriptyline for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Nov;35(11):1485-90.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Geist DE, Steingard R, Spencer T. Nortriptyline in the treatment of ADHD: a chart review of 58 cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 Mar;32(2):343-9. Comment in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jan;33(1):142-3.

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Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ. Venlafaxine for adult ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 1995 Jul;152(7):1099-100.

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Prince J. Pharmacotherapy of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15(4):270-9.

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Psychosocial Interventions

Abikoff H. Cognitive training in ADHD children: less to it than meets the eye. J Learn Disabil 1991 Apr;24(4):205-9.

Abikoff H, Ganeles D, Reiter G, Blum C, Foley C, Klein RG. Cognitive training in academically deficient ADDH boys receiving stimulant medication. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988 Aug;16(4):411-32.

Abikoff H, Gittelman R. Does behavior therapy normalize the classroom behavior of hyperactive children? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984 May;41(5):449-54.

Abikoff H, Gittelman R. Hyperactive children treated with stimulants. Is cognitive training a useful adjunct? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985 Oct;42(10):953-61.

Abikoff H, Gittelman R. The normalizing effects of methylphenidate on the classroom behavior of ADDH children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1985 Mar;13(1):33-44.

Anastopoulos AD, Shelton TL, DuPaul GJ, Guevremont DC. Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: its impact on parent functioning. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1993 Oct;21(5):581-96.

Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, Kraemer HC, March JS, Newcorn JH, Pelham WE, Richters JE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Swanson JM, Vereen D, Wells KC. National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (the MTA). Design challenges and choices. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 Sep;54(9):865-70.

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Barkley RA, Guevremont DC, Anastopoulos AD, Fletcher KE. A comparison of three family therapy programs for treating family conflicts in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992 Jun;60(3):450-62.

Barkley RA, Shelton TL, Crosswait C, Moorehouse M, Fletcher K, Barrett S, Jenkins L, Metevia L. Preliminary findings of an early intervention program with aggressive hyperactive children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996 Sep 20;794:277-89.

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Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Milich R, Dixon J. Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Apr;20(2):213-32.

Cunningham CE, Bremner R, Secord-Gilbert M. Increasing the availability, accessibility, and cost efficacy of services for families of ADHD children: A school-based systems-oriented parenting course. Can J School Psychol 1993 Spring;9(1 Spec Issue):1-15.

DuPaul GJ, Eckert TL. Academic interventions for students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of the literature. Read Writ Q 1998 Jan-Mar;14(1):59-82.

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Lalli JS, Browder DM, Mace FC, Brown DK. Teacher use of descriptive analysis data to implement interventions to decrease students' problem behaviors. J Appl Behav Anal 1993 Summer;26(2):227-38.

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Pfiffner LJ, McBurnett K. Social skills training with parent generalization: treatment effects for children with attention deficit disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997 Oct;65(5):749-57.

Pisterman S, Firestone P, McGrath P, Goodman JT, Webster I, Mallory R, Goffin B. The role of parent training in treatment of preschoolers with ADDH. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1992 Jul;62(3):397-408.

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Other Treatments

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Alhambra MA, Fowler TP, Alhambra AA. EEG biofeedback: A new treatment option for ADD/ADHD. J Neurother 1995 Fall;1(2):39-43.

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Arnold LE, Clark DL, Sachs LA, Jakim S, Smithies C. Vestibular and visual rotational stimulation as treatment for attention deficit and hyperactivity. Am J Occup Ther 1985 Feb;39(2):84-91.

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Benton D, Cook R. Vitamin and mineral supplements improve the intelligence scores and concentration of six-year-old children. Pers Indiv Diff 1991;12(11):1151-8.

Bhatara V, Clark DL, Arnold LE, Gunsett R, Smeltzer DJ. Hyperkinesis treated by vestibular stimulation: an exploratory study. Biol Psychiatry 1981 Mar;16(3):269-79.

Brenner A. The effects of megadoses of selected B complex vitamins on children with hyperkinesis: controlled studies with long-term follow-up. J Learn Disabil 1982 May;15(5):258-64.

Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella F, Brandt J. Randomized study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anemic iron-deficient girls. Lancet 1996 Oct 12;348(9033):992-6.

Burte JM, Burte CL. Ericksonian hypnosis, pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of ADHD. Aust J Clin Hypnother Hypn 1994;15(1):1-13.

Calhoun G Jr, Bolton JA. Hypnotherapy: a possible alternative for treating pupils affected with attention deficit disorder. Percept Mot Skills 1986 Dec;63(3):1191-5.

Carter CM, Urbanowicz M, Hemsley R, Mantilla L, Strobel S, Graham PJ, Taylor E. Effects of a few food diet in attention deficit disorder. Arch Dis Child 1993 Nov;69(5):564-8.

Christie DJ, Dewitt RA, Kaltenbach P, Reed D. Using EMg biofeedback to signal hyperactive children when to relax. Except Child 1984 Apr;50(6):547-8.

Cobb DE, Evans JR. The use of biofeedback techniques with school-aged children exhibiting behavioral and/or learning problems. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1981 Jun;9(2):251-81.

Cohn LM, Caliendo GC. Guanfacine use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother 1997 Jul-Aug;31(7-8):918-9.

Coleman M, Steinberg G, Tippett J, Bhagavan HN, Coursin DB, Gross M, Lewis C, DeVeau L. A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: a double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate. Biol Psychiatry 1979 Oct;14(5):741-51.

Conners CK, Levin ED, Sparrow E, Hinton SC, Erhardt D, Meck WH, Rose JE, March J. Nicotine and attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull 1996;32(1):67-73.

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Dalby JT, Kinsbourne M, Swanson JM. Self-paced learning in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1989 Jun;17(3):269-75.

David OJ, Hoffman SP, Clark J, Grad G, Sverd J. The relationship of hyperactivity to moderately elevated lead levels. Arch Environ Health 1983 Nov-Dec;38(6):341-6.

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Denkowski KM, Denkowski GC, Omizo MM. The effects of EMG-assisted relaxation training on the academic performance, locus of control, and self-esteem of hyperactive boys. Biofeedback Self Regul 1983 Sep;8(3):363-75.

Denkowski KM, Denkowski GC, Omizo MM. Predictors of success in the EMG biofeedback training of hyperactive male children. Biofeedback Self Regul 1984 Jun;9(2):253-64.

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Haslam RH, Dalby JT, Rademaker AW. Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders. Pediatrics 1984 Jul;74(1):103-11.

Hunt RD, Minderaa RB, Cohen DJ. The therapeutic effect of clonidine in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a comparison with placebo and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 1986;22(1):229-36.

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Lubar JF. Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Biofeedback Self Regul 1991 Sep;16(3):201-25.

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Treatment Comparisons

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Matching Patients to Treatments

Cohen NJ, Sullivan J, Minde K, Novak C, Keens S. Mother-child interaction in hyperactive and normal kindergarten-aged children and the effect of treatment. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1983 Summer;13(4):213-24.

DuPaul GJ, Barkley RA, McMurray MB. Response of children with ADHD to methylphenidate: interaction with internalizing symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994 Jul-Aug;33(6):894-903.

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Hinshaw SP. Stimulant medication and the treatment of aggression in children with attentional deficits. J Clin Child Psychol 1991 Sep;20(3):301-12.

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Substance Abuse Risks of Stimulant Treatments

Risk of Treatment vs. Nontreatment

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ADHD Subgroups at Risk for Substance Use Disorder

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Sensitization and the Risk of Exposure to Stimulant Medications

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Availability of Stimulant Medications: Nature and Extent of Abuse and Associated Harm

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Existing Practices and Barriers Regarding Assessment and Treatment

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Current Assessment and Treatment Practices

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Educational Policies

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Reid R, Maag JW, Vasa SF. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a disability category: A critique. Except Child 1994 Dec-Jan;60(3):198-204.

Reid R, Maag JW, Vasa SF, Wright G. Who are the children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder? A school-based survey. J Spec Educ 1994 Summer;28(2):117-37.

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Williams RA, Horn S, Daley SP, Nader PR. Evaluation of access to care and medical and behavioral outcomes in a school-based intervention program for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Sch Health 1993 Sep;63(7):294-7.

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Insurance and Managed Care

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Offord DR, Boyle MH, Fleming JE, Blum HM, Grant NI. Ontario Child Health Study. Summary of selected results. Can J Psychiatry 1989 Aug;34(6):483-91.

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Individual and Family Barriers

Cohen NJ, Thompson L. Perceptions and attitudes of hyperactive children and their mothers regarding treatment with methylphenidate. Can J Psychiatry 1982 Feb;27(1):40-2.

Firestone P, Witt JE. Characteristics of families completing and prematurely discontinuing a behavioral parent-training program. J Pediatr Psychol 1982 Jun;7(2):209-22.

Pena M. Organizing an ADHD organization and developing programs for teachers and parents in a small country: Costa Rica as a model. Paper presented at: 8th Annual Conference of Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorders; 1996 Nov 14-16; Chicago, IL. 8 p.

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Reid R, Hertzog M, Snyder M. Educating every teacher, every year: the public schools and parents of children with ADHD. Semin Speech Lang 1996 Feb;17(1):73-90.

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Summers JA, Caplan PJ. Laypeople's attitudes toward drug treatment for behavioral control depend on which disorder and which drug. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1987 May;26(5):258-63.

Wilson LJ, Jennings JN. Parents' acceptability of alternative treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996 Aug;1(2):114-21.

Woodward L, Dowdney L, Taylor E. Child and family factors influencing the clinical referral of children with hyperactivity: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997 May;38(4):479-85.

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Last updated: 13 November 1998
First published: 13 November 1998
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