Funded Projects: Conflict Resolution and Management: Diplomacy and Negotiations

ALBERT EINSTEIN INSTITUTION, Cambridge, MA (Project Director(s): Yuen Foong Khong): A project to explain the transition of non-communist Southeast Asia from a region marked by internal and external conflicts in the 1950s and 1960s to a region enjoying relative peace and calm since 1970. Particular attention will be given to the role that ASEAN has played in setting norms and establishing decision-making procedures that have facilitated the peaceful settlement of disputes. (USIP-069-93S) $41,000

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DIPLOMACY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): David H. Popper and Lance Antrim): A grant to support symposia and seminars identifying and recommending ways participants in multilateral negotiations can improve their performance. Proceedings from these events will be published in a series of papers and the Project Directors will develop a college-level course based on their findings. (USIP-493) $45,000

AMERICAN ASSEMBLY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Daniel A. Sharp): A grant to support a conference to examine new techniques and technologies that may be used in U.S. intervention in the post-Cold War world. The conference will consider the changing post-Cold War environment; adaptations of conventional military force, such as peacekeeping; new techniques for preventive diplomacy; sanctions and other nonviolent means; and policy guidelines for examining when, where, why, and how the U.S. should intervene and how the U.S. government may need to be reorganized to respond appropriately. (USIP-104-93F) $25,000

AMERICAN ASSEMBLY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Daniel A. Sharp): A grant to support a conference to identify possible elements for a bipartisan policy for the United States toward the United Nations. The conference will bring together specialists, academics, policy makers, and other opinion leaders to discuss U.S. interests at the U.N., management of world security through the U.N. system, the U.S. role in U.N. peacekeeping, major institutional and structural reform, and lessons from recent U.N. peacemaking and peacekeeping experiences. (USIP-189-94F) $30,000

ASIA SOCIETY, THE, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Marshall M. Bouton & Scott A. Snyder): A grant to support a joint research project between Soviet and American scholars to explore ways to reduce tensions in Afghanistan and Kashmir. Research will focus in particular on possible cooperative efforts by the U.S. and USSR to help resolve these conflicts. (USIP-27-91S) $30,000

ASIA SOCIETY, THE, New York, NY (Project Director(s): David Timberman): A joint project with the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University to consider how the international community can help consolidate peace in Cambodia and reinforce Cambodia's struggling democracy. (USIP-685) $40,700

ASIA SOCIETY, THE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): David Timberman): A project to convene a group of experts and policy makers under the joint auspices of the Asia Society and the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies to consider appropriate U.S. responses to the continuing crisis in Cambodia. Participants will consider how the U.S. can engage ASEAN member states and key regional powers such as China and Japan in multilateral efforts to prevent the renewal of full-scale civil war in Cambodia. (USIP-154-97F) $32,770

ASSOCIATION FOR DIPLOMATIC STUDIES AND TRAINING, Arlington, VA (Project Director(s): Charles S. Kennedy and Richard Parker): A grant to establish a diplomatic oral history program at Georgetown University, based on oral interviews with retired senior foreign service officers. (USIP-525) $37,500

ASSOCIATION FOR DIPLOMATIC STUDIES AND TRAINING, Arlington, VA (Project Director(s): Richard Jackson & Stephen Low): A project to enable the Association to organize a series of foreign policy conferences at the Foreign Service Institute for participants from the executive branch, Congress, business, labor, the media, and academia. Among the topics to be examined are Chinese succession, U.S. policy options vis-a-vis Macedonia, U.S.-Cuba relations, and conflict prevention in Europe. (USIP-654) $30,000

ASSOCIATION FOR DIPLOMATIC STUDIES AND TRAINING, Arlington, VA (Project Director(s): James E. Goodby): A project to map out ways of making a step-by-step transition from the first phase of NATO enlargement to a Euroatlantic community in which Russia is fully integrated with the West. (USIP-711) $35,000

ATLANTIC COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Ning Lu): A study of the history, structure, processes, mechanism and dynamics of foreign policy decision-making in China. The focus of the study will be on the changing dynamics of Chinese foreign policy decision-making and their implications for international conflict management. (USIP-013-93F) $33,000

ATLANTIC COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Richard C. Nelson): A project to study U.S. laws that impinge upon relations with Cuba with a view toward preparing for eventual U.S.-Cuban rapprochement. The project will develop a compendium of all laws, regulations, and policies currently governing relations with Cuba, as well as examine other cases of changing relations with former adversaries. The study will result in a set of guidelines for effectively addressing the complex political, economic, and security that currently restrict relations. (USIP-028-94S) $50,000

ATLANTIC COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): W. Richard Smyser): A study of German negotiating behavior and styles, assessing the impact of German culture. (USIP-706) $48,800

ATLANTIC COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): C. Richard Nelson): A project to research and compile U.S. laws, regulations and policies that govern U.S. relations with Iran, with a view toward preparing for eventual U.S.-Iranian rapprochement. The compendium, which will offer a basic reference on the nature and scope of current U.S.-Iranian relations and analyses of the assumptions and context that underlie current laws, regulations and policies, will be published in English and Persian and provide a basis for dialogue and workshops on U.S.-Iran relations. (SG-95-99) $20,000

BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY, Boise, ID (Project Director(s): Gregory A. Raymond): A grant to support a study of regime-type in relation to success or failure of international arbitration and mediation. The project will attempt to identify types of political-governmental systems that tend to increase (or decrease) the likelihood of successful international arbitration and mediation. (USIP-120-3-90) $10,000

BOSTON COLLEGE, Chestnut Hill, MA (Project Director(s): Robert S. Ross): A grant to support a study on the impact of Sino-Soviet detente on efforts to resolve the conflict in Cambodia, with special emphasis on Moscow's recent move away from Hanoi's policy in Cambodia. (USIP-038-1-89) $30,000

BOWDOIN COLLEGE, Brunswick, ME (Project Director(s): Daniel Lieberfeld): A grant to support research on the importance of unofficial contacts between unofficial but influential opinion-makers in South Africa and the Israeli-Palestinian dispute that occurred prior to the convening of official negotiations. The project will analyze the impact of these "pre-negotiation" meetings on the subsequent talks through interviews with participants in the meetings and from other sources. The project aims at a better understanding of how such unofficial contacts help create an environment conducive to direct, official negotiations leading to a settlement. (SG-112-97) $38,000

BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, THE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Susan Woodward): A project to determine what can be learned from post-settlement peacebuilding in the NATO-led Dayton agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the parallel (UN-led and now OSCE-continued) one in eastern Slavonia, Croatia, with comparison to five other interventions in the Balkans since 1991. (USIP-083-98S) $35,000

BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, RI (Project Director(s): Dominque Arel, Stephen Shenfield, P. Terrence Hopmann): A project focusing on the former Soviet Union to explain why some conflicts do not turn violent, and what the conditions are for peaceful resolution and management of serious conflicts. The study considers six paired cases of tensions, in which three cases resulted in violence, in contrast to three others which did not. Cases include Crimea and Transdniestria; Tatarstan and Chechnya; and Ajaria and Abkhazia. (USIP-116-98F) $30,000

CALIFORNIA SEMINAR ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN POLICY, Santa Monica, CA (Project Director(s): Robert Perry and Joseph Nation): A grant to evaluate the potential role of nuclear force standdown and deescalatory measures in ending a U.S.-Soviet nuclear crisis. The study will examine costs and benefits of strategic nuclear force standdown and deescalatory measures, different methodologies for evaluating them, Soviet incentives for surprise attack during a crisis, and the likelihood and potential costs of Soviet noncompliance with agreed-upon standdown and deescalatory measures. (USIP-448) $15,550

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH, Long Beach, CA (Project Director(s): Barry H. Steiner): A project to employ historical analysis to test a concept for an early warning and preventive diplomacy regime in which efforts by more powerful states, or "great powers," to prevent ethnic conflict in lesser powerful multiethnic states could be coordinated. Emphasis is placed on how great powers can pool resources and coordinate their actions more effectively. The project, which will result in a monograph-length study, will assess ways to facilitate and motivate timely intervention to prevent conflicts from escalating and then test the conceptual "regime" against experience for is feasibility. (SG-79-94) $40,000

CARLETON UNIVERSITY, Ontario, Canada (Project Director(s): Brian S. Mandell): A project to examine the potential for third party peace-building initiatives in the Syria-Israel conflict. Particular attention will be given to a potential role for Canada, in collaboration with the U.S., as mediator or peacekeeper to enhance the prospects for peace between Israel and Syria. (SG-9-92) $16,000

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Richard H. Speier): A grant to support research on the multilateral negotiations that led to the Missile Technology Control Regime, an agreement between the U.S. and six other states to limit the proliferation of nuclear-capable missiles. The research will detail the negotiations that led to the agreement and will focus on both the process and substance of the talks and will draw lessons for future negotiations of this type. (SG-31-95) $36,000

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Stephen R. Weissman): A project to analyze current and potential international policies to reduce and resolve the ongoing ethnic conflict in Burundi. The study will assess the likely consequences of alternative peace enforcement and peacemaking policies. (USIP-680) $41,800

CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES, Baltimore, MD (Project Director(s): Geraldine Sicola): A grant to develop an effective early warning program to enable nongovernmental organizations to respond swiftly and effectively to signs of impending conflict in order to prevent or mitigate ethnic, religious and political violence. The project will yield a conceptual framework, recommended policies and procedures, and an evaluation of ways to implement the program. From a colloquium supported by the grant, an analytical tool for nongovernmental organization officials will be developed. (SG-73-94) $40,000

CDR ASSOCIATES, Boulder, CO (Project Director(s): Christopher W. Moore): A project to provide a practical framework for examining how culture has both subtle and obvious effects on negotiation and conflict resolution. The study will provide a conceptual framework for analyzing and engaging in cross-cultural negotiation, several illustrations, and a practical guide to applying the framework to training and to actual negotiations. (SG-82-96) $35,000

CENTER FOR ANTIWAR ACTION, Belgrade, Yugoslavia (Project Director(s): Vesna Pesic & Julie Mostov): A project to engage American and Serbian scholars and policy-makers in a research, on-line dialogue, and conference initiative exploring the changing nature of contemporary conflicts, state sovereignty, and international intervention, and the related evolution in international law. The resulting publication will also examine issues associated with conflict management, diplomacy, and humanitarian assistance, and the impact of military intervention on political processes and long-term stability, with particular attention to the 1999 NATO intervention in Serbia. (SG-163-00) $37,000

CENTER FOR FOREIGN POLICY OPTIONS, Los Angeles, CA (Project Director(s): Gerald M. Steinberg): A grant for a project on the role of informal negotiations in the Middle East peace process, focusing on the Jordan-Israel case-study. (SG-77-9) $40,250

CENTER FOR NEGOTIATION ANALYSIS, Potomac, MD (Project Director(s): Bertram I. Spector): A project to investigate why some national leaders choose to negotiate with those opponents that they have villainized in the past, while in other instances they do not. Using two sets of cases, negotiations with "rogue regimes" and insurgent groups, the study will analyze the decision calculus, criteria, circumstances, and the catalysts that influence the decision to negotiate with villainous adversaries. The project will result in recommendations for students and practitioners to help understand how to plan and exercise strategies to make conflicts more tractable. (SG-37-95) $35,000

CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): William J. Taylor & Amos A. Jordan): A grant to produce three publications related to CSIS's Crisis Management Project. "View from the Decisionmakers" will report on the Center's 1986-87 crisis simulation series; "Lurching Toward the Brink" and "Leaders in Crisis" will report on CSIS's 1986 and 1987 leaders' and scholars' workshop on crisis management. (USIP-003) $28,000

CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Georges Fauriol): A grant to support research on the implications for U.S. policy of recent events in Panama. The project will assess reasons for the failure of efforts to peacefully resolve the Panama crisis; the impact of American military action during the crisis; the effect of such action on the evolution of democracy in Panama; and, finally, lessons that may be applied to other instances of political transition from authoritarian to democratic regimes. (SG-81-0) $30,000

CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Herman J. Cohen): As U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from 1989 to 1993, the project director managed U.S. government interventions in Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa, Rwanda and Somalia. This project will analyze each intervention in terms of policy objectives, methodology, tactical approach, the nature of each conflict situation, relations to other "intervenors," and mistakes that were made. (SG-25-95) $33,000

CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Douglas Johnston): A project to assess how the international community and particularly the U.S. and Europe can help promote a transition to a stable peace and democracy in Zaire and more generally in the Great Lakes region of Africa. (USIP-697) $20,000

CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): William H. Lewis): A conference and research project to assess emerging North African-European conflict situations and the potential role for preventive diplomacy toward their resolution. The resulting book will examine key North African and European states, their interactions within the framework of such organizations as NATO, the European Union, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and U.S. policy in the region with the goal of enhancing the role of the United States, multilateral institutions, and non-governmental organizations in conflict management. (SG-7-99) $30,000

CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): J. Stephen Morrison): A project to help generate a consensus around feasible and constructive new ideas of how to bring a just peace to Sudan. The purpose will be to develop strategies to influence Khartoum, the SPLA and other major actors in pursuit of an end of terrorism, a just peace settlement, human rights, and humanitarian response. (USIP-183-00S) $35,000

CENTER OF CONCERN, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): John Prendergast): A project to explore conventional and alternative approaches, both domestic and international, which might be employed to build peace in the Horn of Africa, including Sudan, Somalia, and Ethiopia. (USIP-169-94F) $38,000

CENTER OF RESEARCH AND PROMOTION OF DEVELOPMENT-DESCO, Lima, Peru (Project Director(s): Enrique Obando): A project to examine the Ecuadorean-Peruvian border conflict of January-February 1995. The study, which will result in a book on the causes of the conflict, the reasons further escalation was averted and the risks of future violent crises, will draw lessons learned from the conflict and develop tools for future crisis prevention for Ecuador, Peru and other South American countries. (USIP-041-95F) $22,000

CHANDRAHASAN, ANN NIRMALA, Madras, India (Project Director(s): Ann Nirmala Chandrahasan): A grant in support of a study on the Indo-Sri Lankan Peace Accord of July 1987 and the nature of India's intervention under international law. (SG-108-9) $7,500

CHANG, JAW-LING JOANNE, Baltimore, MD (Project Director(s): Jaw-ling Joanne Chang): A grant to complete a study examining the negotiating behavior of the Peoples' Republic of China (PRC), focusing on the peaceful settlement of the Hong Kong and Macao issues. The study will deal with the PRC's "one country, two systems" formula for settlement of such issues and will draw implications for the peaceful settlement of similar territorial disputes. (USIP-309) $10,000

CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, RALPH BUNCHE INSTITUTE, Holliswood, NY (Project Director(s): Juergen Dedring ): A grant to produce a monograph on the field of peace studies and conflict resolution research. Following on the project director's 1976 study Recent Advances in Peace and Conflict Research, the monograph will trace new trends and define the heuristic foundations and methodological advancements that have been made. (USIP-058-93F) $27,500

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Paul R. Bennett): A grant for the completion of a book on Soviet negotiating strategy and tactics in nuclear arms limitation talks. The book will examine Soviet negotiating behavior during the Brezhnev and Gorbachev periods, thus focusing on early SALT II, INF, START, and recent Geneva negotiations as case studies. It will provide an analysis of Soviet national goals and decision-making and Soviet negotiating strategy and tactics. (USIP-088) $24,000

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Stephen P. Marks): A project to provide advanced training in peacemaking and mediation skills to United Nations secretariat personnel, together with advanced graduate students. The project will develop new training materials, in part based on the first-hand peacemaking experiences of previous and current special representatives of the UN secretary general who will actively participate in the training. (SG-36-97) $37,000

CONCILIATION RESOURCES, London, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Thomas De Waal): A project to assess progress in peacemaking between Azerbeijan and Armenia over Nagorny Karabakh five years after the ceasefire signed in 1994, which will result in a book and radio programs. (USIP-024-99S) $37,440

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT GROUP, Cambridge, MA (Project Director(s): Arthur Martirosyan): A project to train new parliamentarians from South Ossetia in negotiation and conflict resolution methodologies to facilitate the ongoing unofficial dialogue between government leaders from Georgia and South Ossetia. This effort is the third phase of a process which is expected to become self-sustaining in the near future. (USIP-069-00S) $40,000

CONFLICT RESOLUTION, RESEARCH & RESOURCES INSTITUTE (CRI), Tacoma, WA (Project Director(s): William F. Lincoln): A training project to provide collaborative training to the official negotiators for the Guatemalan government and the United Revolutionary Guerrilla Movement (URNG). The workshops will train the negotiators on both sides on how to participate in mediated negotiations in preparation for the United Nations sponsored peace talks. Training manuals in English and Spanish will be produced and a blueprint of the workshops will be developed for future use. (USIP-661) $150,000

COUNCIL FOR A LIVABLE WORLD EDUCATION FUND, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Jim Walsh): A research project to document and analyze Iranian nuclear decision making, focusing on the role of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. Based on interviews and other original source material, the resulting monograph will provide a profile of Iranian nuclear decision making and shed light on the broader question of nuclear proliferation. (USIP-177-01S) $34,100

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Michael Barnett): This project assesses evolving U.S. policy toward United Nations peacekeeping operations in the post-Cold War era in terms of three issues: (1) U.S. national interests; (2) command and control mechanisms of deployed forces; and (3) lessons learned from previous operations. (USIP-020-93F) $23,398

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Barnett R. Rubin): A project jointly of the Center for Preventive Diplomacy of the Council of Foreign Relations, Refugees International, and Search for Common Ground to organize the Burundi Policy Forum to enable organizations working to prevent genocide in Burundi to coordinate strategies and evaluate their work. Regular meetings will be held for NGOs, government officials, and international organizations to share information and plan their activities in Burundi on a cooperative basis. (SG-70-95) $30,000

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Barnett R. Rubin): A grant to continue support for the Great Lakes Policy Forum, which promotes coordination, improves policy analysis, and inter-sectoral interaction among organizations working on conflict prevention and peacebuilding in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa. (SG-49-98) $43,800

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Jerome Cohen): A conference for experts from mainland China and Taiwan, along with Amercian specialists, to examine and debate precedents in international law in order to rethink some basic ideas concerning Taiwan's status over the near and long term. (USIP-715) $43,000

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Barnett R. Rubin and Susan Collin Marks): Continued support for the Great Lakes Policy Forum, which promotes coordination, improved policy analysis, and inter-sectoral interaction among organizations working on conflict prevention and peacebuilding in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa. The Forum will focus attention on promoting implementation of the peace agreement in the Democratic Republic of Congo; the Arusha-based and domestic negotiations in Burundi; justice and reconciliation in Rwanda; and the relationship of these processes to regional economic reconstruction. (SG-166-00) $30,000

CREATIVE LEARNING, INC., Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Leandro Despouy): Using the case of Haiti and drawing on the project director's first-hand experience with the UN in Haiti, the study will examine new strategies of international negotiations employed in the Haitian crisis, the role of the United Nations and Organization of American States in mitigating and preventing internal conflicts and the role of NGOs in support of mediation efforts. (SG-85-95) $39,600

EMORY UNIVERSITY, Atlanta, GA (Project Director(s): Kenneth W. Stein): A grant to support a project on the substance and procedure of various international Middle East peace conferences. The project will examine problems, prospects, and possible pitfalls of previous negotiations to help guide contemporary discussions. (SG-36-9) $40,000

EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR COMMON GROUND, Brussels, Belgium (Project Director(s): John J. Maresca): A project to study the evolution of the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh involving Armenia and Azerbaijan and efforts to resolve it. Special attention will be paid to analyzing the attempts by the international community - especially the UN and CSCE - to achieve a negotiated settlement and plans for international peacekeeping should a settlement be reached. The project, which will result in a book, will distill lessons on conflict prevention and resolution from this conflict for application elsewhere. (USIP-041-94S) $26,400

FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS FUND, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Jean Pascal Zanders & Dorothy Preslar): A project to research whether the lessons learned from nuclear arms control verification protocols are relevant to the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention and to assess how the compliance mechanisms of the Convention can be strengthened. The researchers will survey the views of both policy makers and bio-industry leaders and present the findings of this research to a NATO workshop that will consider efforts to bolster the Convention's verification features. (USIP-027-97F) $16,337

FOUNDATION FOR MIDDLE EAST PEACE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Philip Mattar): A study to analyze how key events in Palestinian history have been portrayed in Arab history books, school textbooks, reference works, and primary documents. The resulting book will also compare and contrast the Palestinian narrative with official versions and with primary source material. (USIP-089-00F) $38,000

FOURTH FREEDOM FORUM, INC., Goshen, IN (Project Director(s): David Cortright): A project to develop specific strategies for designing and implementing economic sanctions that apply coercive pressure against particular decision making groups rather than entire populations. (USIP-063-98F) $30,000

FUND FOR PEACE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah): Based largely on his experience as the former United Nations Special Representative to Burundi, this project will enable Ambassador Ould-Abdallah to draw lessons on preventive diplomacy both for Burundi and other crisis spots in Africa. (USIP-688) $27,300

FUND FOR PEACE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Pauline H. Baker): A grant to support a conference to address the inherent tensions between justice and conflict resolution in contemporary peace processes. The conference will assemble those who emphasize inclusion and conflict resolution together with those who emphasize justice and accountability for human rights abuses of the past. Participants will recommend ways that human rights protection, compliance, and enforcement mechanisms can be better integrated into peace processes in an effort to simultaneously advance the objectives of transitional justice and peacemaking. (USIP-012-96F) $37,000

FUND FOR PEACE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Keith Fitzgerald): A project to provide negotiation skills training to the negotiating teams representing the Philippines government and the Moro Liberation Front as the two sides try to move toward a peace process to end the civil war in Mindanao. Teaching materials based on this case study will also be produced. (USIP-722) $10,000

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, Fairfax, VA (Project Director(s): Bui Diem and Nguyen Manh Hung): A grant in support of a project on the history of diplomatic probes, contacts, and talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam during the period of the Vietnam War. (USIP-490) $40,000

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, Fairfax, VA (Project Director(s): Christopher R. Mitchell): A grant to support a study on the various initiatives taken to resolve conflicts in the Horn of Africa from 1960 through 1989. (SG-56-9) $50,000

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, Fairfax, VA (Project Director(s): Bui Diem and Nguyen Manh Hung): A grant to support the continuation of a study on negotiations between the U.S. and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) during the Vietnam War. (USIP-103-3-90) $15,000

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, Fairfax, VA (Project Director(s): Daniel Druckman): A project to apply research findings about negotiating strategies and processes to training programs that seek to build skills for negotiation and conflict management. The study will assess the state of theoretical developments in the negotiation field, as well as findings of recent studies on negotiation, and make recommendations for how these theoretical and empirical insights can be better integrated in training materials and evaluation methods. In addition to seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice, the project will identify promising areas of new research on negotiation. (SG-45-95) $33,000

GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, McLean, VA (Project Director(s): Robert W. Farrand): A case study of civilian decision making in the implementation of the Dayton Peace Accord in the contested municipality of Brcko focusing particular attention on such themes as establishing authority, imposing the rule of law, democratizing institutions, and coordinating with military and civilian agencies. The resulting book will also draw lessons about the complexities of rebuilding war-torn communities for civil and military peacebuilding and peacekeeping efforts in other settings. (SG-181-01) $40,172

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Constantine Menges): A grant to support a study of the political settlements and negotiations in contemporary regional conflicts in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Angola, Mozambique and Nicaragua. (USIP-055-2-90) $15,000

GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): David D. Newsom & Riaz Khan): A grant to support research on international diplomatic initiatives to resolve the Afghanistan conflict, tracing the evolution of these initiatives from early 1980 to the signing of the Geneva accords in April 1988. The project directors will stress the role and dimensions of the UN-sponsored negotiations in Geneva. (USIP-108-1-89) $26,724

GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Roger Kirk & Mircea Raceanu): A grant to enable the two chief diplomatic representatives on the opposite sides of the U.S.-Romanian dialogue in Bucharest during the last four years of President Ceausescu's dictatorship to analyze attempts by their governments to influence each other during that period. They will explain how each government interpreted specific initiatives by the other and what effect these initiatives had, and in turn they will examine the lessons of this experience for the general problem of communication between hostile governments. (USIP-58-91S) $25,000

GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Gillian Gunn): A project to expand the Cuba Project at Georgetown University through the addition of a research capacity for its Cuba Study Group and establishment of a Cuba Briefing Paper Series. The topics to be addressed in both the research effort and the Briefing Papers are: The Role of the Military in Cuba's Political Evolution; The Sociological Impact of Rising Foreign Investment; Latin American Effort to Mediate the Cuba- U. S. Conflict and Facilitate Cuban Democratization. (USIP-106-92S) $35,000

GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Nancy B. Tucker): A project to examine events between the Korean War and the Cultural Revolution in China (1953-1966) and the challenge this period of turmoil posed to U.S. policymakers to glean insights into present Sino-U.S. relations. Based on examination of the historical record, the project will derive lessons for current policy. (USIP-040-93F) $35,000

GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, Takoma Park, MD (Project Director(s): Marc W. Chernick): A project to examine the escalation of war and the possible paths to peace in Colombia, focusing on the nexus of economic, social, political and environmental conflict. Based on extensive field work and other data collection, the study will assess the impact of the drug trade on political violence, explore environmental issues in the context of negotiations of civil wars and guerrilla insurgencies and develop new approaches to conflict resolution and development within the fragile ecosystems of the Amazon Basin. (USIP-122-99S) $22,000

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Atlanta, GA (Project Director(s): Peter Brecke): A grant to study new approaches to identifying early warning signs that can be used to support preventive diplomacy by organizations such as the United Nations. The project employs "pattern recognition" methods for identifying signs. The project will: (1) determine new indicators that describe pre-conflict situations that do not exist in existing political conflict datasets; (2) assemble a new conflict database that combines existing data with the new indicators; and (3) apply pattern recognition techniques to the database to find configurations of indicators that appear to be harbingers of political conflicts. (SG-11-94) $45,796

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, MA (Project Director(s): Roger Fisher): A grant to conduct a workshop on negotiation and conflict resolution for NATO and Warsaw Pact diplomats stationed in the United States. A report on the workshop will be sent to participating governments to raise awareness about the possible utility of institutionalized negotiation training exercises for diplomats. (USIP-102-3-90) $20,000

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, MA (Project Director(s): David Bloomfield & Herbert Kelman): A project to analyze the Brooke Initiative, a 1989-1992 mediation effort that led to the beginning of direct negotiations among the contending parties in Northern Ireland. Using primary documentation and interviews with participants in the negotiations, the project director will assess the implications of this experience for developing theories related to negotiation in situations of violent ethnic conflict. The project will result in both an academic case-study of the Brooke Initiative plus subsequent developments and a popular narrative. (USIP-016-94F) $33,000

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, MA (Project Director(s): Jennifer Schirmer & David Maybury-Lewis): A research project to draw lessons from the Guatemalan experience as to how militaries interpret, comply with and implement peace accords. The initiative will provide a systematic account of Guatemalan military officers' perceptions of and intentions for the peace process, with the goal of enhancing peace-building capacities of domestic governments and international agencies. (USIP-129-97S) $35,000

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Bogota, Colombia(Project Director(s): Maria Cristina Caballero): A book project to examine the roots of the political conflict in Colombia, assess it's impact in the region and internationally, and, through interviews with key actors across the political spectrum, posit approaches to advancing the peace process and ending the country's decades-long strife. (USIP-158-98F) $55,000

HEBREW UNIVERSITY, Jerusalem, Israel (Project Director(s): Raymond Cohen): A grant to support a study of national negotiating styles in several countries including Egypt, Iran, Israel and Turkey. Using a lexical approach and based on interviews with past and present negotiators and on information on specific negotiations provided by native language specialists, the study will analyze and compare the negotiating vocabularies of the respective national languages and present negotiation profiles for each of the cases. (SG-21-96) $52,004

HELLENIC FOUNDATION FOR EUROPEAN AND FOREIGN POLICY, Athens, Greece (Project Director(s): Yannis Valinakis): A grant to support a training seminar on conflict prevention and management for policy makers from southeast European states. (USIP-676) $35,000

HOOGLUND, ERIC, Arlington, VA (Project Director(s): Eric Hooglund): A study to examine the major sources of tension and potential conflict among Iran and the six Arab countries that comprise the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Drawing on interviews with Iranian and GCC officials as well as Arabic and Persian scholarly works and documents, the resulting book will focus on territorial disputes, Arab concerns about Iranian support for radical Islamic political movements, the regional arms race, dissension over oil production and pricing policies, differences over relations with Iraq and such extra-regional issues as relations with the United States and the Arab-Israeli peace process. The project will also identify areas of mutual interest that could form the basis for policies to reduce the prospects of conflict. (USIP-133-95S) $38,000

INSTITUTE FOR CONTEMPORARY STUDIES, San Francisco, CA (Project Director(s): Robert B. Hawkins): A grant to conduct a series of public discussions--and national and international conferences--on the conflict in South Africa. The grantee will prepare a multi-authored book on a variety of political arrangements that might be possible after apartheid and how the parties to the conflict can be encouraged to enter into negotiations. (USIP-191) $20,000

INSTITUTE FOR CONTEMPORARY STUDIES, San Francisco, CA (Project Director(s): Michael K. Briand): A grant in support of a project based on proceedings from the 1988 Williamsburg Conference on South Africa. (USIP-520) $15,000

INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL SECURITY STUDIES, Seattle, WA (Project Director(s): Charles A. Meconis): A project to examine how conflicts at sea can be prevented, contained or terminated. A joint Russian and American research team will analyze current naval arms control regimes for their utility in stabilizing crises, and how adequate they are in terms of verification and compliance. The project may also result in curriculum materials for use at the collegiate and post-collegiate levels. (USIP-018-93S) $35,000

INSTITUTE OF TURKISH STUDIES, INC., New York, NY (Project Director(s): George E. Gruen): A study to assess the prospects for increased Turkish influence in the Middle East in light of recent regional and global changes. Of special interest will be Turkey's potential for contributing to a solution of the Arab-Israel conflict, considering both Turkey's assets (particularly water) and liabilities. (SG-16-92) $30,000

INSTITUTE OF WORLD AFFAIRS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Bradford P. Johnson): A six-month grant to support a three-day training seminar in conflict resolution, negotiation and mediation training to 25 diplomats and five NGO representatives. The workshop will provide participants with an opportunity to develop skills through lectures and simulation exercises. A diplomatic training manual will be produced and will be available to the public. (USIP-092-93F) $33,250

INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Luigi R. Einaudi): A project to catalogue and assess the major international disputes in Latin America over territory and territorial waters, as well as making recommendations for the prevention and resolution of specific conflicts. (USIP-078-98F) $40,000

INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Michael Shifter): A project to develop concrete proposals for advancing the peace process in Colombia. A series of background papers positing new approaches to aspects of the Colombian crisis will be prepared, presented and refined at a two-day meeting of scholars, journalists, business and labor leaders, NGO representatives and other key policy specialists drawn primarily from Colombia and the region. The resulting report, in both Spanish and English, will be disseminated among government officials and the broader policymaking communities in the United States, Colombia and elsewhere in Latin America. (USIP-199-01S) $40,000

INTERAFRICA GROUP, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Project Director(s): Jalal Abdel Latif): With the peace initiative of the Intergovernmental Agency for Development (IGAD) being the officially recognized process to bring peace to Sudan, this project will support the activities of the IGAD Resource Persons Group, a seven-member group formed in 1994 to advise the IGAD mediators on how to move the process forward. (USIP-681) $30,000

INTERAFRICA GROUP, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Project Director(s): Jalal Abdel Latif): A workshop to help the IGAD mediators and the negotiators to address the principal issues obstructing successful peace negotiations to end the civil war in Sudan, including the process of self-determination, federalism/confederalism, interim arrangements for governance of the South, and the role of religion in the state. (USIP-710) $35,000

INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Frank Tatu): A grant to support a study on the role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in promoting regional peace and cooperation with special emphasis on the resolution of intra-regional conflicts, particularly the Cambodian conflict. (USIP-564) $30,000

INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Ning Lu): A grant to support research on the potential for conflict, and the ways of managing and resolving inter-state rivalry, in the South China Sea. Project goals include the development of a paradigm for Third World conflict prevention and resolution in the post-Cold War strategic environment. (USIP-47-90F) $30,000

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria (Project Director(s): Bertram I. Spector): A study of the post-agreement negotiation process, which includes negotiation concerning ratification, implementation, and regime development and operation. The objectives of the project are to understand and explain the factors that determine success or failure of post-agreement negotiations, and identify ways of facilitating negotiation and compliance based upon these findings. Lessons learned from the analysis will be drawn that can enhance the negotiation process, avert conflicts in post-agreement negotiation, and improve the likelihood of compliance. (USIP-124-92S) $35,000

INTERNATIONAL PEACE ACADEMY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Olara A. Otunnu): A project to enable the International Peace Academy to continue its work to enhance the institutional capability of the Organization of African Unity to promote conflict resolution and to manage both internal and international conflicts in Africa. (USIP-063-93S) $35,000

INTERNATIONAL PEACE ACADEMY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Arun P. Elhance): A project to explore the process of negotiation and mediation that led to the conclusion of the Indo-Bangladesh Ganges water agreement of 1996. The research will analyze the structural factors and circumstances that led to the agreement in order to draw lessons from the negotiations leading to the water-sharing pact for other efforts to enhance regional cooperation in South Asia. (USIP-072-97S) $15,000

INTERNATIONAL PEACE ACADEMY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Chetan Kumar): A series of five meetings for Haitian political leaders to encourage an intra-Haitian dialogue that seeks to advance national reconciliation. The project will result in a set of recommendations to promote peacebuilding that will be disseminated to all political parties in Haiti and to the international community. (USIP-116-97F) $40,000

INTERNATIONAL PEACE ACADEMY (IPA), New York, NY (Project Director(s): Andrew Mack): A project to evaluate the UN's global security role in the 1990s. The project aims to examine the constraints-including lack of resources, bureaucratic politics and deep disagreements among member states-that have prevented UN peace operations, sanctions regimes and preventive diplomacy missions from achieving their objectives. (USIP-162-00F) $35,000

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, SAIS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): I. William Zartman): A grant to permit a team of researchers to produce 1) a study on the basic theoretical mechanisms of negotiation; 2) a study on the operative effects and timing of leverage in negotiations; 3) a series of articles on the special problem of multilateral negotiations; and 4) a computerized guide to assist in the conduct and study of negotiations. (USIP-293) $50,000

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, SAIS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): I. William Zartman): A project to investigate traditional conflict management practices in different parts of Africa, in order to conceptualize traditional practice, to discover new methods of conflict management, and to assess whether traditional concepts can be translated into modern practice. (USIP-116-95F) $23,000

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, SAIS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): I. William Zartman): A project to study the conditions for successful mediation by international organizations in Africa, focusing on the phase of dispute resolution in which such mediators enter a conflict to help bring it to a negotiated settlement. Through case studies, the research will seek to derive lessons learned from prior mediation efforts by international organizations, particularly the Organization of African Unity and African sub-regional organizations. (SG-63-98) $33,000

JUSTICE AFRICA, London, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Yoanes Ajawin): A project to provide monthly policy briefs on Sudan with a focus on various peace processes and other developments that might influence them. Circulated by e-mail to a selected audience of influential policymakers and specialists on Sudan, the briefs are based on access to a wide range of sources in Sudan and suggest strategies for promoting peace. (USIP-179-00F) $30,360

KENT STATE UNIVERSITY, Kent, OH (Project Director(s): Gilbert M. Khadiagala): A project to study African conflict mediation, with particular attention to Kenya's effort to mediate an end to Uganda's civil war (1985-86), Tanzania's mediation in Rwanda, and the IGAD mediation for Sudan. The research will focus on how mediators use power and cultural norms to affect mediation outcomes, as well as considering implications for intra-African institution-building for collective security. (SG-57-95) $35,000

KING'S COLLEGE, Ontario, Canada (Project Director(s): Tozun Bahcheli): A study of ethnic conflict in Cyprus which will probe domestic factors that inhibit and those that might facilitate a durable settlement of the conflict; assess the role that external forces have played in prolonging the conflict; explore how third parties (primarily the United States, the European Union and NATO) could facilitate a settlement; and outline compromise arrangements which both sides might be prepared to accept. (USIP-133-97S) $28,300

KINGS COLLEGE LONDON, Strand, London, UK (Project Director(s): Abiodun Alao & Funmi Olonisakin): A project to assess multilateral diplomacy in the management of regional crises through a comparative study of the Economic Community of West African States' (ECOWAS) and the Southern African Development Community's (SADC) efforts to manage crises in their respective regions. (SG-52-99) $38,000

KINGS COLLEGE LONDON, London, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Jane M. O. Sharp): A research project to examine Russian interaction with NATO and European Union in the context of the collapse of Yugoslavia. The resulting study will identify opportunities missed by western policy makers to work cooperatively with Russia to stabilize the Balkans and posit ways in which Russia and the West might work cooperatively to stabilize Southeastern Europe over the coming decade. (USIP-091-00S) $35,000

KORN, DAVID A., Washington, DC (Project Director(s): David A. Korn): A grant in support of a project on "The Forgotten War: Israel, Egypt, and the Powers, 1967-1979." The project will examine how the US and Soviet Union sought solution through the UN to the crisis spawned by the 1967 war in the Middle East and how the failure of their efforts may have contributed to the outbreak of the 1973 war. (USIP-601) $10,000

LAVAL UNIVERSITY, Quebec, Canada (Project Director(s): Reneo Lukic): A project to assess the impact of the war in the former Yugoslavia on the international organizations, such as the UN, OSCE, NATO, and the European Union, that intervened to quell the fighting and provide safety for humanitarian relief operations. The research will consider the implications of the effects on these organizations' ability to act to prevent and resolve ethnic conflicts in the southern European region in the future. (USIP-008-96S) $7,750

LORAND EOTVOS UNIVERSITY, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary (Project Director(s): Zoltan Laszlo Kiss and Gheorghe Anghel): A project to assess the prospects for Hungarian-Romanian reconciliation with recommendations to promote this process. Special attention will be given both to Transylvania and to the special contribution that the military establishments in the two countries might make to reconciliation. (USIP-055-00S) $30,000

MANHATTANVILLE COLLEGE, Purchase, NY (Project Director(s): Kwan Ha Yim): A grant to support a project on the North-South dialogue in Korea, assessing the current phase of the intermittent negotiations between the two Korean regimes and its significance for U.S. foreign policy. (SG-02-9) $30,000

MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY, Milwaukee, WI (Project Director(s): Rajesh S. Kadian): A project to analyze India's policy toward China with regard to Chinese sovereignty over the disputed territory of Tibet. The project will attempt to define and suggest means whereby the interests of the various parties can be better reconciled and tensions between the world's two most populous countries eased. (USIP-081-94F) $11,000

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Cambridge, MA (Project Director(s): Richard A. Joseph): The project director, who served as an aide to Jimmy Carter in both first and second track negotiations aimed at resolving the civil war in Liberia, will describe and assess peace efforts in Liberia. In addition to analyzing the mediation conducted by Jimmy Carter, this project will also analyze the prolonged involvement of various West African states as both peacekeepers and peacemakers in Liberia. (USIP-135-95S) $30,000

MENGES, CONSTANTINE & SINGER, MAX , Chevy Chase, MD (Project Director(s): Max Singer & Constantine Menges): A one-year grant to produce a monograph analyzing basic intellectual approaches to working for peace in foreign policy. (USIP-065) $33,000

MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Helena Cobban): A project to assess the Syrian-Israeli bilateral peace negotiations. Based on archival research and interviews with policymakers and non-governmental analysts, the resulting article will focus particular attention on lessons drawn from the stalled negotiations and prospects for the future. (USIP-098-97S) $15,000

MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Richard B. Parker): A conference for key former officials and academics from Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, the former USSR and the U.S. to explore the origins and causes of the October 1973 war between Israel, Egypt and Syria. The presentations and discussions will be published as a book which will examine the motivations and intentions of the various parties to the crises and address such issues as the effectiveness of deterrence and the mutuality of misperception. (USIP-013-97F) $28,000

MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, Middlebury, VT (Project Director(s): Russell J. Leng): A project to assess lessons learned from the management of crises between three sets of states with enduring rivalries: the U.S. and the Soviet Union, Egypt and Israel, and India and Pakistan. The research will yield a monograph accessible to policy makers on ways to more effectively manage international crises. (USIP-001-96F) $20,000

MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP, New York, NY (Project Director(s): John Thomson): A project to develop recommendations on preventive diplomacy relating to Zaire for the UN and interested governments. The object is to provide information and analysis which could enable key actors to decide whether to intervene in Zaire and if so how, in order to prevent collapse, chaos and greater bloodshed. In consultation with the UN Secretariat the project will commission research and organize policy planning workshops on Zaire. (USIP-065-95S) $35,000

MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Monterey, CA (Project Director(s): Edward J. Laurance): A grant to study the role of conventional arms buildups as a prelude to war. The project will analyze the potential for the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms to develop into a consultative mechanism which can provide early warning of excessive and destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms. The project will assess whether the Registry can potentially serve as a tool of preventive diplomacy. (SG-113-94) $40,000

MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, Monterey, CA (Project Director(s): Anna Scherbakova & Nikolai Sokov): A project to assess the influence of Russian culture on Russian/Soviet national negotiating style in relation to international security issues. Using case studies from the Czarist, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods, the project will test the propositions that there has been little change over time in Moscow's negotiating style and that Russian cultural traits account for much of the continuity in Russian/Soviet negotiating behavior. (SG-82-97) $47,500

MOUNT VERNON COLLEGE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Paul R. Bennett): A grant to support investigation of new Soviet research on international negotiation. The project will compare current Soviet thinking about negotiations with Moscow's views in the past, with the traditional American understanding of the Soviet view, and with actual Soviet negotiating behavior. The project will attempt to delineate trends in Soviet negotiation and diplomacy, and assess their implications for U.S. negotiators. (USIP-078-3-90) $10,000

NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, Newport, RI (Project Director(s): Marshall Brement): A grant to support research on prospects for fundamentally changing the U.S.-Soviet relationship from one of hostility to one of cooperation, especially over disputes in the Third World. (USIP-27-90F) $34,320

NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, Newport, RI (Project Director(s): D. C. F. Daniel): A grant to identify factors which determine response time of the United Nations to organize and deploy peacekeeping operations and to recommend ways in which response time can be reduced. The project will explore five elements of peacekeeping operations: (1) categorizing the different types of crises in which UN peacekeepers have or could have played a role; (2) categorizing the postures peacekeepers have taken once deployed; (3) evaluating which types and postures of peacekeeping are most effective in which types of crises; (4) identifying factors which impinge on response time; and (5) recommending changes for the UN and member states to reduce response time and improve deployment flexibility. (SG-119-94) $50,000

NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH, New York, NY (Project Director(s): William D. Hartung): A project to asses of the role of systems for monitoring the international arms trade in strategies for early warning and conflict prevention. The project will probe the following questions: (1) Can data on arms imports serve as a reliable early warning signal of potential conflict? (2) Can expanded transparency measures such as the United Nations arms registry serve as a catalyst for early intervention and preventive diplomacy? and (3) How might systems for monitoring and control of the arms trade be integrated with other forms of international intervention and preventive diplomacy? The project will yield a report with recommendations for more effective monitoring systems and for further avenues of research. (SG-65-94) $10,000

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Vera Jelinek): A grant to support the development of a pilot training project in conflict resolution skills and peacekeeping at New York University for newly arrived junior and mid-level diplomats posted to the United Nations. The training seeks to enhance the skills of participants in conducting multilateral diplomacy, and is to serve as a model for an extended program of training of diplomats assigned to the UN. (USIP-055-95F) $30,000

NIXON CENTER, THE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Peter W. Rodman): A strategic assessment of the US-China-Russia triangle 25 years after Nixon's visit to China, including policy advice on how the U.S. can manage this critical component of the international equilibrium to help keep the peace in the 21st century. (USIP-061-96F) $20,000

NIXON CENTER, THE, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Geoffrey Kemp): A research and workshop program to examine Iran's putative nuclear weapons program and to examine approaches to encouraging Iran's adherence to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. (SG-97-99) $40,000

OLSON, ROBERT K., Hayward, WI (Project Director(s): Robert K. Olson): A grant to complete a study of European role in the Arab-Israeli peace process since 1956. The project will consider whether the process could be enhanced by bringing the European powers more effectively into the process and developing a more coordinated Western policy. The focus of the study will be on the dynamics of U. S.-European relations, which have shaped the evolution of European policy toward the peace process. (SG-08-9) $9,967

OLSON, ROBERT K., Hayward, WI (Project Director(s): Robert K. Olson): A grant to support research on the role of the European community in resolving the Arab Israeli dispute. (USIP-035-92S) $2,360

PACIFIC FORUM CSIS, Honolulu, HI (Project Director(s): Ralph A. Cossa): This project will examine achievements and future challenges for implementing the Agreed Framework, signed by the U.S. and North Korea in October 1994. Project entails a series of interviews with government experts and policy analysts in Seoul, Pyongyang, Washington D.C. and New York to produce an evaluation which will include suggestions for policy adjustments as necessary for consideration by the official community. (USIP-714) $22,000

PARLIAMENTARIANS FOR GLOBAL ACTION, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Jean Krasno): A project to train members of parliament from six South Asian countries on conflict resolution principles and techniques. Participants in the training will develop skills in negotiating the peaceful settlement of disputes among neighboring states, mediation in ethnic and religious conflict, and skills that will prepare them for involvement both in South Asia and outside the South Asian region. (USIP-057-94F) $30,000

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, State College, PA (Project Director(s): Victor Israelyan): A comprehensive study of the October War in the Middle East in 1973. Particular attention will be given to newly available documents from the Soviet and Russian archives, including reports of the Politburo in the fall of 1973. The research will also explore such generic problems as escalation and de-escalation of international conflicts, negotiating styles, and partisan perceptions in conflict management. (USIP-033-92S) $45,000

PRINCEN, THOMAS E., Ann Arbor, MI (Project Director(s): Thomas E. Princen): A grant to complete a book on international negotiations and mediation focusing on the Beagle Channel dispute between Chile and Argentina. The study will examine the direct negotiations involved, as well as mediation by the Vatican, and will develop and apply a comprehensive, multidisciplinary framework for analyzing international negotiations (USIP-351) $6,000

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY GROUP, THE, Arlington, VA (Project Director(s): Michael P. Scharf): A project to assess the functionality of the justice peace paradigm in the crisis in Bosnia-Herzegovina, along with other paradigms, to determine whether the policy instruments selected by the international community were employed in the manner necessary to attain its policy objectives. Recommendations will be developed for the most appropriate paradigms for addressing future conflicts. (SG-20-98) $38,000

PUSCHEL, KAREN L., Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Karen L. Puschel): A grant to support a study of changes underway in Soviet-Israeli relations and the implications for peace in the Middle East. The project will define the parameters of change and identify new opportunities and challenges for U.S.-Soviet cooperation that may emerge in such areas as the regional peace process, arms proliferation in the Middle East, and emigration of Soviet Jews to the region. (USIP-058-2-90) $35,000

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Ontario, Canada (Project Director(s): Stephen Page): A grant to support research on the role of the United States and the Soviet Union in conflict management in the Red Sea region (the Yemens and the Horn of Africa). (SG-104-9) $40,000

RAMBERG, BENNETT, Los Angeles, CA (Project Director(s): Bennett Ramberg): A project to develop a "computer brainstorming program to assist negotiators" which would provide negotiators in and out of the government with a user-friendly interactive computer tool to help them bargain. The program will diagnose challenges and present tactical options. The program will produce probabilities by aggregating combinations of answers. It will take into account the dynamic situation of the negotiation based on the user's input and the changing state of bargaining. (USIP-129-92S) $20,000

RAND, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Richard E. Darilek): A project to summarize and synthesize various approaches to crisis prevention adopted historically in different parts of the world, and to assess the relevance of experience with these various approaches to the conflicts between Arab states and Israel. (USIP-657) $14,150

REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS PROJECT, INC., Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Timothy Dickinson): A grant to support research on the subject of crises that may have precipitated war but were avoided due to actions of parties or other historical circumstances. Drawing on archival research of a wide range of historical instances, the project director will analyze the gravity of various crises, the escalatory dynamics of them, and the actions taken - such as diplomatic compromise, relaxation of tensions, localization of conflict, or third party intervention - that led to the avoidance of war. (USIP-117-94F) $27,500

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, New Brunswick, NJ (Project Director(s): John Vasquez): A grant to support a preliminary study on the feasibility of a comprehensive, comparative examination of the connection between domestic dispute resolution and international conflict resolution. (USIP-102-1-89) $15,000

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, New Brunswick, NJ (Project Director(s): Roy Licklider): A project to study settlements of civil wars. Focusing on ten instances of military victory and ten instances of negotiated settlement, this project will try to determine why settlements held or broke down, focusing on internal disarmament, political integration of elites, changes in public finance, government repression, and the impact of outside parties. (USIP-077-94F) $35,000

SALVE REGINA UNIVERSITY, PELL CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY, New Port, RI (Project Director(s): Alberto R. Coll): A conference and book project to explore ways in which the United States and the international community can promote national reconciliation in Cuba and its reintegration into the international community. Drawing on the expertise of top Cuba specialists from the academic and policymaking communities, the initiative will elucidate strategies to encourage a peaceful transition in Cuba, the obstacles that such strategies may encounter, and how those obstacles might be overcome. (USIP-180-99S) $40,000

SANDERS, SOL W., New York, NY (Project Director(s): Sol W. Sanders): A grant in support of a book on how the Communist system has grown dependent upon the West, and how this dependency provides unique opportunities for the West in its negotiations strategy with the Soviets. (USIP-625) $20,000

SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Seoul, Korea (Project Director(s): Yong-Ho Kim): A grant to study North Korean negotiating behavior. Focusing on instances of U.S. and South Korean negotiations with North Korea, the project will seek to determine North Korean negotiating styles and compare those with the patterns of negotiating behavior of other communist states. (SG-27-95) $35,000

SINAI, JOSHUA, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Joshua Sinai): A grant to complete a study on the capacity of moderate regimes in El Salvador, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Israel, and Northern Ireland to respond peacefully to challenges posed by violent opposition movements. (USIP-456) $25,000

SMYSER, WILLIAM RICHARD, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): W. Richard Smyser): A grant for a study on how negotiations involving Germany and Berlin have successively served three different purposes: (1) crisis management, 1946-64, mainly over Berlin; (2) partial settlement, 1966-75; and (3) conciliation, 1976-89. The study will illustrate how negotiations can and should be used flexibly to achieve diverse ends. (USIP-530) $30,000

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL, New York, NY (Project Director(s): Steven Heydemann): A study to assess the effects of the movement towards more pluralistic political systems in Egypt and Jordan on prospects for reaching and sustaining a settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It will critically assess whether democratization diminishes the capacity of the Egyptian and Jordanian leadership to negotiate, implement and sustain peace treaties with Israel: (1) by promoting the mobilization and articulation of interests opposed to negotiation, notably Islamic political groups; (2) by making more complex the process of foreign policy decision-making; and (3) by eroding the capacity of Jordanian and Egyptian leaders to engage in a process of negotiation with Israel. It will also explore the question of how the Egyptian and Jordanian governments can reconcile the requirements of democratization and the demands of a negotiated settlement with Israel. (SG-138-92) $16,400

ST. ANTONY'S COLLEGE, London, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Patrick Seale): A project to examine the evolution of Syrian thinking over the past decade regarding a peaceful settlement with Israel. Based on field research, including interviews with Syrian President Asad and other senior officials, the resulting article will focus particular attention on the prospects for peace between Israel and Syria from the Syrian perspective. (USIP-029-97S) $15,000

ST. ANTONY'S COLLEGE, London WC2R 3DX, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Nomi Bar-Yaacov): A study to explore ways to ensure the protection of human rights in the disputed areas in the Israel-Palestinian conflict. The initiative will assess the differing views of the applicability of international law to the occupied territories, draw lessons from the international community's efforts to incorporate and implement human rights protections in the Dayton accord and other agreements, and develop new strategies and mechanisms for the protection of human rights during outbreaks of violence during the period of transition to peace and following a final agreement. (USIP-105-01S) $22,000

ST. ANTONY'S COLLEGE, Oxford, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Avi Shlaim): A book project probing the role of King Hussein of Jordan in the efforts to find a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict from the aftermath of the June 1967 war to his death in 1999. (USIP-231-01S) $43,093

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Stanford, CA (Project Director(s): David Holloway & Stephen Stedman): A project to evaluate the dilemmas for American foreign policy of conflict resolution in situations of internal conflict. Considering such cases as Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, and Cambodia, this project will assess conflict resolution strategies and techniques available to US policy makers. The project will focus on how policy makers might order priorities, define rules that contain conflict, and establish international precedents for action. (USIP-166-95S) $35,000

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, Syracuse, NY (Project Director(s): Louis Kriesberg): A grant to support the research and writing of a collaborative book on de-escalating international conflicts between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. (USIP-105) $30,000

TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY, Tel Aviv, Israel (Project Director(s): Haggai Erlich): A study combining diplomatic history and analysis to identify and examine mutual concepts and historical legacies in the Egyptian-Ethiopian relationship in the context of the dispute over the Nile River. In an attempt to promote "conceptual reconciliation," the project seeks to clarify and demystify negative mutual images and highlight and elucidate more positive images of the other. (USIP-012-98S) $25,000

TUFTS UNIVERSITY, Medford, MA (Project Director(s): Robert L. West--DECEASED): A grant to support a project on factors contributing to the attainment of cease-fires or disengagements in selected conflicts in the Third World. (SG-32-8) $35,000

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES , Los Angeles, CA (Project Director(s): Andrzej Korbonski): A project to examine the reasons behind the dramatic improvement in Polish-German relations since 1970, and especially after German unification in 1990, with lessons to be drawn about how reconciliation can be promoted elsewhere. (USIP-009-96F) $35,000

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, La Jolla, CA (Project Director(s): Susan L. Shirk & Steven Spiegel): A grant to support the preparation of papers by experts on topics under consideration in the multilateral negotiations for peace in the Middle East. The papers will address such issues as arms control, refugees, and water utilization, and will be made available to representatives and advisors to the multilateral talks to help inform those discussions and negotiations. (USIP-653) $20,000

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, La Jolla, CA (Project Director(s): Ji Guoxing): A grant to support the research and writing of a monograph on China's maritime jurisdictional disputes with its Asian neighbors, particularly with regard to the Senkaku and the Spratly Islands Disputes. The project will examine confidence building measures that can be taken by China to peacefully resolve the disputes (SG-9-94) $40,000

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, Santa Barbara, CA (Project Director(s): Tsuyoshi Hasegawa): A project to examine the history of Soviet/Russo-Japanese relations since 1985 in an effort to support how Japan and Russia can move beyond the current stalemate in their relations. The resulting book will focus on official bilateral relations, economic and security relations and territorial issues in an international context, as well as the linkages between foreign and domestic policy in both countries. (USIP-076-95S) $35,000

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Cecilia Albin): A project to assess the impact of concepts of justice and fairness in negotiations to resolve international conflicts. The project director will draw lessons from case studies on how conflicting notions of justice can be managed constructively so as to increase the quality and durability of negotiated agreements. (USIP-109-96F) $38,005

UNIVERSITY OF GHANA (LECIA), Legon, Accra Ghana(Project Director(s): Baffour Agyeman-Duah): A project to support peacemaking in West Africa through the development of an on-line database of conflicts in West Africa and the further development of the Centre's library holdings relating to peacemaking. (USIP-028-95F) $30,000

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Urbana, IL (Project Director(s): Paul F. Diehl & Gary Goertz): To complete a book on the conditions for violence, and means for peaceful transition, in exchanges of territorial sovereignty. (USIP-609) $10,398

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, College Park, MD (Project Director(s): Ted Robert Gurr): This project develops early warning tools to discern how communal or other conflicts escalate into humanitarian crises. Three tasks will be undertaken: (1) updating an existing database developed by the Project Director on minority groups at risk for significant human rights violations; (2) testing a theory of conditions that cause humanitarian crises, using case study analysis of six to eight protracted communal conflicts; and (3) preparing a report derived from this research - a "Minorities Watch List" - which assesses the risks that each of more than 200 current communal conflicts will escalate into crises in the late 1990s. (USIP-044-93F) $50,000

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, College Park, MD (Project Director(s): Jonathan Wilkenfeld): A grant to support the production and dissemination of a generalized Negotiation Training Model, a computer-based product to help negotiators prepare for complex crisis situations. The project will complete design and implementation of the Model, making it available for use in diplomatic training and for testing research questions about the effectiveness of third party mediation, the role of information in negotiation, establishing credibility and commitment, and the impact of time pressures on negotiators. (SG-35-95) $25,000

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, College Park, MD (Project Director(s): Senai Alemu): A project to formulate strategies to resolve water allocation conflicts among the countries of the Nile, including Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda. The project will examine the technical, environmental and economic foundations on which long-term regional cooperation relating to the Nile could develop. Particular attention will be given to conflict management and preventive diplomacy to avert regional wars and destabilization precipitated by disputes over water allocation and utilization. (USIP-058-95S) $42,185

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, College Park, MD (Project Director(s): Ted R. Gurr): As part of the Center for International Development and Conflict Mangament (CIDEM)'s Minorities at Risk project, this effort will monitor and analyze approximately 60 serious ethnopolitical conflicts around the world, focusing on political developments following negotiated settlements. Special attention will be given to implementation, violation of agreements, and role of outside parties. Products to include an enhanced website on conflict trends; input for periodic risk assessments; and a monograph on the success and implementation of negotiated settlements. (USIP-105-98S) $30,000

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, BOSTON, Boston, MA (Project Director(s): Nadim Rouhana): A project to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the Oslo agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Based on interviews with negotiators and mediators, published and unpublished accounts and records, the study will probe the dynamics of the Oslo negotiations and assess the features of the agreements that have facilitated and impeded progress toward a settlement of the conflict. (USIP-116-97S) $15,000

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, St. Louis, MO (Project Director(s): Frederic S. Pearson and Michael Brzoska): A grant to complete a study on the effects of weapons transfers and their denial before and after the outbreak of violence. The project will focus on the effects of such transfers on escalation or deescalation of violence, third-party intervention in warfare, and the progress of negotiation and conflict settlement. (USIP-482) $35,000

UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, Missoula, MT (Project Director(s): Otto Koester, Dennis O'Donnell, Xiong Zhiyong): A project to be undertaken jointly by the University of Montana and the College of Foreign Affairs in Beijing to develop a curriculum and instructor's manual that will provide a common framework for training Chinese and American early career diplomats and young professions preparing for work in international affairs. (USIP-165-97S) $42,000

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Notre Dame, IN (Project Director(s): Janie Leatherman): A study of the conflict resolution strategies developed by the CSCE. The project attempts to ascertain the effectiveness of these mechanisms in resolving ethnic conflict and the extent to which they can facilitate the political management of crisis. A set of case studies involving instances of ethnic conflict in the post Cold War period provides the context for this analysis. (USIP-128-93S) $20,000

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Notre Dame, IN (Project Director(s): Luis Pásara): A research project on the Guatemalan peace process focusing in particular on the process of negotiation, the contents of the Accord, and its implementation. The analysis will consider the broader implications and lessons that may be gleaned from the Guatemalan case. (USIP-181-01S) $30,000

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON, Southampton, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): John Simpson): A project to convene a seminar for officials from approximately 45 countries who are likely to participate in the Preparatory Committee for the review conference of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty in 2000, in order to discuss the major issues and options confronting them. (USIP-043-98F) $20,000

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON, Southampton, United Kingdom, (Project Director(s): John Simpson): A seminar project to brief officials engaged in the 2000 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference on practical ways to implement a strengthened review process. (USIP-040-99F) $20,000

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Los Angeles, CA (Project Director(s): Michael K. Blaker): A project to assess whether there is a distinctive style to the way Japanese negotiate. The project will address such variables as social/cultural, political/institutional, communication/process, issues/context, and perceptions/attitudes that significantly condition Japanese behavior in negotiating situations. The purpose is to improve the effectiveness of international negotiations. (USIP-672) $81,400

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Indian Wells, CA (Project Director(s): Michael K. Blaker): A grant to enable Michael Blaker to complete a book on contemporary Japanese international negotiating behavior. The emphasis is on diplomatic negotiations at both bilateral and multilateral levels, with particular attention to Japanese-American bargaining interactions. This project will contribute to the Institute's cross-cultural negotiation project. (USIP-692) $33,550

UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom (Project Director(s): Raymond Hinnebusch and Anders Strindberg ): A research project to identify and examine foreign policy change and foreign policy making in post-Hafiz al-Asad Syria. Based largely on primary resources and interviews, the study will address globalization, generational change and policy change in authoritarian regimes, the emerging new political elite and alterations in the power structure in Syria, and civil society, political liberalization and economic policy in the context of foreign policy formation. (USIP-074-01S) $38,000

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS, Richardson, TX (Project Director(s): Marie Isabelle Chevrier): A grant to support research on how developing countries negotiate in the post-Cold War era, with emphasis on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty negotiations, the Biological Weapons Convention, and the Chemical Weapons Convention. The project will test theories of asymmetrical power relationships in multilateral negotiation processes and assess ways in which threats, deadlocks, and other non-productive negotiation outcomes can be avoided. (USIP-018-94F) $35,000

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN, Austin, TX (Project Director(s): George Pope Atkins): A comparative study of the foreign policies of ten South American countries from the early 1950s to the present with particular attention to international conflict, cooperation, and peace. Broad theoretical conclusions will be drawn on a variety of issues such as the different foreign policy orientations of democratic and military governments, the nature of South American nationalism and ideologies under different regime types, and the permanence of re-democratization in South America. (USIP-039-93S) $26,400

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Canada (Project Director(s): Mikhail A. Molchanov): A project to examine the cultural foundations of contemporary Ukrainian-Russian relations as they bear on prospects for democratization in both countries and on regional and global security. The resulting book will assess the role political culture and national identity play in the Russian-Ukrainian dialogue and address such issues as the Crimea, Sevastopol, and the Black Sea fleet, NATO expansion and the Russian-Ukrainian strategic relationship. (SG-21-97) $38,500

UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER, (Project Director(s): David Bloomfield): A grant to support research on the mediatory roles of Patrick Mayhew, Ninian Stephen, and George Mitchell in the Northern Ireland dispute. Building on a previous study of earlier mediation initiatives by the project director, the research will delve into key questions of mediation and third-party intervention in ethnic conflicts to draw lessons for improving mediation and intervention strategies. (SG-71-97) $46,200

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, Madison, WI (Project Director(s): Allen Buchanan): A project to investigate the moral dimensions of U.S. foreign policy and the policies of international organization with respect to self-determination movements. The research will develop a set of general principles for responding to aggrieved groups' secessionist claims for national self-determination derived from moral theory, existing policies, and international law. (USIP-048-96S) $35,000

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MILWAUKEE, Milwaukee, WI (Project Director(s): George L. Rueckert): A project to provide a comprehensive overview of on-site inspection as an instrument of arms control. The study will trace the evolution of on-site inspection regimes as established by the INF treaty and subsequent arms control agreements, examine the various on-site inspection and monitoring provisions and the procedures and organizations established to implement them, and compile and assess experience gained in the actual implementation of both cooperative and noncooperative on-site inspection efforts. (USIP-044-95S) $38,500

VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY, Philadelphia, PA (Project Director(s): Ann Lesch): A project to analyze the negotiations to end the civil war in the Sudan hosted by the government of Nigeria in 1992 and 1993. The analysis of the positions, minutes, and changes in position will result in a monograph that will provide scholars and policymakers with an objective assessment of the parties' stances and strategies and a guide to the outstanding issues that need to be addressed in future neogitations. (USIP-693) $20,000

WASHINGTON OFFICE ON LATIN AMERICA, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Cynthia McClintock & Coletta Youngers): Support for a series of conferences on conflict resolution in the Andes, focusing particular attention on ongoing political violence and peace initiatives in Colombia and efforts to promote democracy in Peru and peace with its neighbors. Engaging leading scholars and policymakers, the initiative will produce and disseminate a series of conference reports to a wide range of international policymakers, journalists, academics and representative of the NGO community in the United States and the Andean region. (USIP-146-99S) $36,000

WASHINGTON OFFICE ON LATIN AMERICA, Bogota, Colombia South America (Project Director(s): Daniel Garcia-Peña): An examination of the Colombian peace process during the presidency of Ernesto Samper, drawing lessons for understanding and addressing the current crisis in Colombia. The resulting book will address such topics as civil-military relations, the paramilitary groups, narcotrafficking and the illicit arms trade, the emergence of civil society, the development of a new concept of sustainable peace, international humanitarian law, and the role of the United States and the international community in the Colombian conflict. (USIP-157-00S) $38,000

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, Middletown, CT (Project Director(s): Martha Crenshaw): A project to investigate the experience of India's attempt at mediation and regional peacekeeping in Sri Lanka during 1987-1990. The study will assess how India intervened, how, and to what end. The principal research question is whether regional powers with a strong interest in the affairs of a neighbor can effectively intervene to promote the resolution of conflict in countries beset by ethnic strife. The project will result in a teaching case study that will analyze lessons learned from the Indian experience at regional peacemaking. (SG-59-95) $25,000

WITS UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION, Johannesburg, South Africa (Project Director(s): J. Christopher Alden): A study to investigate the process of conflict resolution in Mozambique, from the advent of a negotiated settlement to the unfinished task of rebuilding civil society. The aim of the project is to examine the linkage between the pre-conditions for reaching and implementing a negotiated settlement and the conditions for establishing an enduring resolution of the conflict. Particular attention will be given to the role of the UN. (USIP-130-93S) $16,402

WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Mitchell B. Reiss): A study to assess four sets of recent negotiations aimed at eliminating, reducing or modifying the claim to the nuclear status by Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, North Korea, South Africa, India, and Pakistan. The project will investigate the full range of bilateral and multilateral negotiations with respect to each case; evaluate the degree to which various diplomatic means have or have not been successful; and, drawing upon the lessons derived from this study, recommend new approaches to prevent other countries from becoming nuclear states. (USIP-102-92S) $44,000

WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Cynthia J. Arnson & Carlos Basombrio): A grant to support a comparative study of peace processes in Latin America, drawing on the cases of Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. The project will probe the various processes undertaken to resolve internal armed conflict. The overarching purpose is to promote understanding of and confidence in peace processes in each country by engaging a cross-section of political actors and policy analysts in a series of local conferences. Publications resulting from the initiative will be widely disseminated in Latin America and the United States. (USIP-153-95S) $32,000

WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS, Washington, DC (Project Director(s): Fedor Burlatsky): A book project to assess the impact of U.S. policy on the implementation of human rights in the USSR and Russia over the past three decades. (USIP-041-97F) $27,500

WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS, McLean, VA (Project Director(s): William H. Hill): A project to assess NATO's and OSCE's conflict prevention, resolution, and peacekeeping capabilities and develop recommendations to improve their future ability to prevent conflict and preserve stability. (SG-109-99) $33,000

WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS, Washington DC (Project Director(s): Howard E. Wolpe): A case study of the Burundi peace process focusing particular attention on the regional context of the conflict and the complex diplomatic environment of international efforts to assist in its resolution. The resulting book, which will examine the dynamics, regional context and implications of the conflict as well as international perspectives and efforts to coordinate diplomatic and donor support for a resolution, will draw lessons for policymakers on ways to strengthen African conflict resolution capacities and enhance the effectiveness of interventions by the international community. (USIP-725) $44,000

WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, San Francisco, CA (Project Director(s): Kimberly V. Weichel and Casimir Yost): A grant in support of a study group to explore key problems and issues in conflict resolution, and a publication comprised of speeches from various public programs. (USIP-631) $20,000

YORK UNIVERSITY, North York, Ontario, Canada (Project Director(s): Howard Adelman): A project to assess what opportunities were missed that might have prevented the 1994 massacres in Rwanda. A full assessment will be undertaken of the events which occurred in Rwanda and the role played by the international community, and recommendations will be formulated as to how future disasters of a similar kind might be avoided or reduced in scale. (USIP-048-95S) $20,000

Last updated 6/10/02