National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies

How Effective Are Different Welfare-to-Work Approaches?
Five-Year Adult and Child Impacts for Eleven Programs:

Appendix F:
Supplementary Tables to Chapter 7

[ Main Page of Report | Contents of Report ]

Appendix Table F.1
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Welfare History
Site and Program Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)

On welfare for two years or more

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 2,063 14,067 11,202 39,133

Atlanta Human Capital Development 2,100 14,067 11,202 39,133

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,791 18,507 14,551 42,370

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,775 18,507 14,551 42,370

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 3,510 10,827 21,539 39,971

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,831 7,677 22,800 38,504

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,841 7,677 22,800 38,504

Columbus Integrated 3,392 22,855 10,095 43,925

Columbus Traditional 3,415 22,855 10,095 43,925

Detroit 3,313 19,404 17,040 48,018

Oklahoma City 2,076 11,771 n/a n/a

Portland 2,443 16,885 13,370 40,755

On welfare for less than two years

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 840 25,528 6,969 42,277

Atlanta Human Capital Development 847 25,528 6,969 42,277

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,219 23,985 10,670 41,847

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,215 23,985 10,670 41,847

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 3,101 19,393 14,624 39,513

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,248 15,370 16,303 37,829

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,238 15,370 16,303 37,829

Columbus Integrated 806 33,403 6,508 47,620

Columbus Traditional 793 33,403 6,508 47,620

Detroit 1,015 24,142 13,688 46,658

Oklahoma City 2,683 13,787 n/a n/a

Portland 1,494 26,955 9,104 43,050

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.1
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Welfare History
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)
On welfare for two years or more
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	2,063	14,067	11,202	39,133
Atlanta Human Capital Development	2,100	14,067	11,202	39,133
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,791	18,507	14,551	42,370
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,775	18,507	14,551	42,370
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	3,510	10,827	21,539	39,971
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,831	7,677	22,800	38,504
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,841	7,677	22,800	38,504
Columbus Integrated	3,392	22,855	10,095	43,925
Columbus Traditional	3,415	22,855	10,095	43,925
Detroit	3,313	19,404	17,040	48,018
Oklahoma City	2,076	11,771	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,443	16,885	13,370	40,755
On welfare for less than two years
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	840	25,528	6,969	42,277
Atlanta Human Capital Development	847	25,528	6,969	42,277
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,219	23,985	10,670	41,847
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,215	23,985	10,670	41,847
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	3,101	19,393	14,624	39,513
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,248	15,370	16,303	37,829
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,238	15,370	16,303	37,829
Columbus Integrated	806	33,403	6,508	47,620
Columbus Traditional	793	33,403	6,508	47,620
Detroit	1,015	24,142	13,688	46,658
Oklahoma City	2,683	13,787	n/a	n/a
Portland	1,494	26,955	9,104	43,050
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.2
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Recent Work Experience

Site and Program
Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years1 to 5 ($)

Did not work in year prior to random assignment

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 1,869 11,756 11,024 36,191

Atlanta Human Capital Development 1,937 11,756 11,024 36,191

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,527 15,109 14,680 38,649

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,489 15,109 14,680 38,649

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 4,010 9,143 20,198 36,357

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 2,074 6,649 21,772 35,917

Riverside Human Capital Development 2,065 6,649 21,772 35,917

Columbus Integrated 2,143 15,916 9,984 36,132

Columbus Traditional 2,160 15,916 9,984 36,132

Detroit 2,978 16,065 17,395 44,839

Oklahoma City 3,910 8,128 n/a n/a

Portland 2,317 15,927 13,662 39,323

Worked in year prior to random assignment

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 1,069 27,313 8,038 46,689

Atlanta Human Capital Development 1,055 27,313 8,038 46,689

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,485 26,380 11,266 45,667

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,508 26,380 11,266 45,667

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 2,716 23,764 15,333 45,088

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,051 19,101 16,888 42,797

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,070 19,101 16,888 42,797

Columbus Integrated 2,529 33,597 8,176 51,434

Columbus Traditional 2,569 33,597 8,176 51,434

Detroit 1,481 29,425 13,953 53,424

Oklahoma City 4,767 16,544 n/a n/a

Portland 1,711 27,710 9,056 45,381

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.2
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Recent Work Experience
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years1 to 5 ($)
Did not work in year prior to random assignment
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	1,869	11,756	11,024	36,191
Atlanta Human Capital Development	1,937	11,756	11,024	36,191
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,527	15,109	14,680	38,649
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,489	15,109	14,680	38,649
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	4,010	9,143	20,198	36,357
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	2,074	6,649	21,772	35,917
Riverside Human Capital Development	2,065	6,649	21,772	35,917
Columbus Integrated	2,143	15,916	9,984	36,132
Columbus Traditional	2,160	15,916	9,984	36,132
Detroit	2,978	16,065	17,395	44,839
Oklahoma City	3,910	8,128	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,317	15,927	13,662	39,323
Worked in year prior to random assignment
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	1,069	27,313	8,038	46,689
Atlanta Human Capital Development	1,055	27,313	8,038	46,689
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,485	26,380	11,266	45,667
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,508	26,380	11,266	45,667
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	2,716	23,764	15,333	45,088
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,051	19,101	16,888	42,797
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,070	19,101	16,888	42,797
Columbus Integrated	2,529	33,597	8,176	51,434
Columbus Traditional	2,569	33,597	8,176	51,434
Detroit	1,481	29,425	13,953	53,424
Oklahoma City	4,767	16,544	n/a	n/a
Portland	1,711	27,710	9,056	45,381
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.3
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Level of Disadvantage

Site and Program
Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)

Most disadvantaged

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 698 8,486 12,244 35,381

Atlanta Human Capital Development 734 8,486 12,244 35,381

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 458 8,622 17,943 36,697

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 453 8,622 17,943 36,697

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,362 5,044 23,895 37,108

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,362 5,044 23,895 37,108

Columbus Integrated 911 11,383 11,557 34,421

Columbus Traditional 901 11,383 11,557 34,421

Detroit 1,119 11,532 20,072 44,519

Oklahoma City 429 3,888 n/a n/a

Portland 617 10,715 16,575 38,513

Moderately disadvantaged

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 1,887 17,542 9,829 40,004

Atlanta Human Capital Development 1,911 17,542 9,829 40,004

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 2,123 20,668 12,850 42,108

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 2,078 20,668 12,850 42,108

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 4,298 15,916 17,185 39,417

Riverside Human Capital Development 3,049 15,916 17,185 39,417

Columbus Integrated 3,155 26,251 8,916 45,276

Columbus Traditional 3,236 26,251 8,916 45,276

Detroit 3,018 21,404 15,413 47,440

Oklahoma City 6,170 10,914 n/a n/a

Portland 2,803 20,143 11,896 41,358

Least disadvantaged

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 353 35,469 5,762 49,746

Atlanta Human Capital Development 347 35,469 5,762 49,746

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 431 33,891 8,139 48,040

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 466 33,891 8,139 48,040

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,066 29,903 12,281 46,887

Columbus Integrated 606 44,779 5,585 56,893

Columbus Traditional 592 44,779 5,585 56,893

Detroit 322 41,675 10,898 59,547

Oklahoma City 2,078 20,057 n/a n/a

Portland 608 35,591 5,875 48,183

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.3
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Level of Disadvantage
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)
Most disadvantaged
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	698	8,486	12,244	35,381
Atlanta Human Capital Development	734	8,486	12,244	35,381
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	458	8,622	17,943	36,697
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	453	8,622	17,943	36,697
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,362	5,044	23,895	37,108
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,362	5,044	23,895	37,108
Columbus Integrated	911	11,383	11,557	34,421
Columbus Traditional	901	11,383	11,557	34,421
Detroit	1,119	11,532	20,072	44,519
Oklahoma City	429	3,888	n/a	n/a
Portland	617	10,715	16,575	38,513
Moderately disadvantaged
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	1,887	17,542	9,829	40,004
Atlanta Human Capital Development	1,911	17,542	9,829	40,004
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	2,123	20,668	12,850	42,108
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	2,078	20,668	12,850	42,108
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	4,298	15,916	17,185	39,417
Riverside Human Capital Development	3,049	15,916	17,185	39,417
Columbus Integrated	3,155	26,251	8,916	45,276
Columbus Traditional	3,236	26,251	8,916	45,276
Detroit	3,018	21,404	15,413	47,440
Oklahoma City	6,170	10,914	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,803	20,143	11,896	41,358
Least disadvantaged
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	353	35,469	5,762	49,746
Atlanta Human Capital Development	347	35,469	5,762	49,746
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	431	33,891	8,139	48,040
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	466	33,891	8,139	48,040
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,066	29,903	12,281	46,887
Columbus Integrated	606	44,779	5,585	56,893
Columbus Traditional	592	44,779	5,585	56,893
Detroit	322	41,675	10,898	59,547
Oklahoma City	2,078	20,057	n/a	n/a
Portland	608	35,591	5,875	48,183
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.4
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Ethnicity

Site and Program
Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)

White, non-Hispanic

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment n/a n/a n/a n/a

Atlanta Human Capital Development n/a n/a n/a n/a

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,470 24,279 11,278 43,288

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,515 24,279 11,278 43,288

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 3,464 15,056 16,394 37,123

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,245 10,232 18,157 34,423

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,208 10,232 18,157 34,423

Columbus Integrated 2,161 24,551 7,981 41,388

Columbus Traditional 2,204 24,551 7,981 41,388

Detroit 481 18,179 14,535 42,377

Oklahoma City 5,109 11,997 n/a n/a

Portland 2,754 19,783 11,176 39,941

Black, non-Hispanic

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 2,791 17,584 9,992 40,319

Atlanta Human Capital Development 2,838 17,584 9,992 40,319

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,214 17,841 14,938 42,055

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,158 17,841 14,938 42,055

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,121 14,411 19,593 41,157

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 501 10,551 21,281 39,362

Riverside Human Capital Development 510 10,551 21,281 39,362

Columbus Integrated 2,414 26,572 9,868 47,350

Columbus Traditional 2,431 26,572 9,868 47,350

Detroit 3,836 20,842 16,482 48,429

Oklahoma City 2,484 14,484 n/a n/a

Portland 798 24,242 13,200 47,414

Hispanic

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment n/a n/a n/a n/a

Atlanta Human Capital Development n/a n/a n/a n/a

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 244 15,515 14,019 38,617

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 249 15,515 14,019 38,617

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,858 14,847 20,855 43,658

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,210 11,590 21,919 41,991

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,240 11,590 21,919 41,991

Columbus Integrated n/a n/a n/a n/a

Columbus Traditional n/a n/a n/a n/a

Detroit n/a n/a n/a n/a

Oklahoma City 392 11,549 n/a n/a

Portland n/a n/a n/a n/a

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.4
Control Group Outcomes for Selected Measures, by Ethnicity
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)
White, non-Hispanic
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Atlanta Human Capital Development	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,470	24,279	11,278	43,288
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,515	24,279	11,278	43,288
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	3,464	15,056	16,394	37,123
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,245	10,232	18,157	34,423
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,208	10,232	18,157	34,423
Columbus Integrated	2,161	24,551	7,981	41,388
Columbus Traditional	2,204	24,551	7,981	41,388
Detroit	481	18,179	14,535	42,377
Oklahoma City	5,109	11,997	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,754	19,783	11,176	39,941
Black, non-Hispanic
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	2,791	17,584	9,992	40,319
Atlanta Human Capital Development	2,838	17,584	9,992	40,319
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,214	17,841	14,938	42,055
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,158	17,841	14,938	42,055
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,121	14,411	19,593	41,157
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	501	10,551	21,281	39,362
Riverside Human Capital Development	510	10,551	21,281	39,362
Columbus Integrated	2,414	26,572	9,868	47,350
Columbus Traditional	2,431	26,572	9,868	47,350
Detroit	3,836	20,842	16,482	48,429
Oklahoma City	2,484	14,484	n/a	n/a
Portland	798	24,242	13,200	47,414
Hispanic
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Atlanta Human Capital Development	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	244	15,515	14,019	38,617
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	249	15,515	14,019	38,617
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,858	14,847	20,855	43,658
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,210	11,590	21,919	41,991
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,240	11,590	21,919	41,991
Columbus Integrated	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Columbus Traditional	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Detroit	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Oklahoma City	392	11,549	n/a	n/a
Portland	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.5
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Welfare History

Site and Program
Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)

On welfare for two years or more

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 2,063 832 223 746

Atlanta Human Capital Development 2,100 824 221 739

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,791 1,012 360 948

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,775 1,017 361 953

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 3,510 714 443 804

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,831 789 610 1,010

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,841 788 610 1,009

Columbus Integrated 3,392 848 211 800

Columbus Traditional 3,415 847 211 799

Detroit 3,313 891 293 791

Oklahoma City 2,076 634 n/a n/a

Portland 2,443 1,566 535 1,541

On welfare for less than two years

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 840 1,911 344 1,713

Atlanta Human Capital Development 847 1,903 342 1,707

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,219 1,416 400 1,303

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,215 1,423 402 1,310

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 3,101 996 436 998

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,248 1,271 692 1,388

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,238 1,274 694 1,391

Columbus Integrated 806 2,214 362 2,070

Columbus Traditional 793 2,236 365 2,091

Detroit 1,015 1,828 511 1,608

Oklahoma City 2,683 645 n/a n/a

Portland 1,494 2,493 516 2,315

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.5
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Welfare History
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)
On welfare for two years or more
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	2,063	832	223	746
Atlanta Human Capital Development	2,100	824	221	739
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,791	1,012	360	948
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,775	1,017	361	953
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	3,510	714	443	804
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,831	789	610	1,010
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,841	788	610	1,009
Columbus Integrated	3,392	848	211	800
Columbus Traditional	3,415	847	211	799
Detroit	3,313	891	293	791
Oklahoma City	2,076	634	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,443	1,566	535	1,541
On welfare for less than two years
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	840	1,911	344	1,713
Atlanta Human Capital Development	847	1,903	342	1,707
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,219	1,416	400	1,303
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,215	1,423	402	1,310
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	3,101	996	436	998
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,248	1,271	692	1,388
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,238	1,274	694	1,391
Columbus Integrated	806	2,214	362	2,070
Columbus Traditional	793	2,236	365	2,091
Detroit	1,015	1,828	511	1,608
Oklahoma City	2,683	645	n/a	n/a
Portland	1,494	2,493	516	2,315
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.6
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Recent Work Experience
Site and Program Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)

Did not work in year prior to random assignment

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 1,869 950 236 857

Atlanta Human Capital Development 1,937 931 231 840

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,527 1,019 399 992

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,489 1,033 404 1,005

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 4,010 645 411 750

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 2,074 711 574 953

Riverside Human Capital Development 2,065 713 576 956

Columbus Integrated 2,143 1,003 268 1,002

Columbus Traditional 2,160 1,001 267 1,000

Detroit 2,978 898 318 822

Oklahoma City 3,910 471 n/a n/a

Portland 2,317 1,703 528 1,664

Worked in year prior to random assignment

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 1,069 1,477 308 1,309

Atlanta Human Capital Development 1,055 1,491 311 1,321

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,485 1,322 360 1,193

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,508 1,316 358 1,187

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 2,716 1,142 465 1,099

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,051 1,523 738 1,547

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,070 1,507 730 1,530

Columbus Integrated 2,529 1,184 222 1,079

Columbus Traditional 2,569 1,177 221 1,072

Detroit 1,481 1,566 420 1,335

Oklahoma City 4,767 517 n/a n/a

Portland 1,711 2,159 529 2,014

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.6
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Recent Work Experience
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)
Did not work in year prior to random assignment
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	1,869	950	236	857
Atlanta Human Capital Development	1,937	931	231	840
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,527	1,019	399	992
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,489	1,033	404	1,005
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	4,010	645	411	750
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	2,074	711	574	953
Riverside Human Capital Development	2,065	713	576	956
Columbus Integrated	2,143	1,003	268	1,002
Columbus Traditional	2,160	1,001	267	1,000
Detroit	2,978	898	318	822
Oklahoma City	3,910	471	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,317	1,703	528	1,664
Worked in year prior to random assignment
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	1,069	1,477	308	1,309
Atlanta Human Capital Development	1,055	1,491	311	1,321
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,485	1,322	360	1,193
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,508	1,316	358	1,187
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	2,716	1,142	465	1,099
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,051	1,523	738	1,547
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,070	1,507	730	1,530
Columbus Integrated	2,529	1,184	222	1,079
Columbus Traditional	2,569	1,177	221	1,072
Detroit	1,481	1,566	420	1,335
Oklahoma City	4,767	517	n/a	n/a
Portland	1,711	2,159	529	2,014
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.7
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Level of Disadvantage

Site and Program
Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)

Most disadvantaged

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 698 1,095 377 1,056

Atlanta Human Capital Development 734 1,063 366 1,025

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 458 1,402 728 1,542

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 453 1,416 735 1,558

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,362 800 715 1,140

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,362 802 717 1,143

Columbus Integrated 911 1,143 429 1,267

Columbus Traditional 901 1,150 432 1,274

Detroit 1,119 1,186 522 1,148

Oklahoma City 429 924 n/a n/a

Portland 617 2,352 1,232 2,730

Moderately disadvantaged

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 1,887 1,099 239 977

Atlanta Human Capital Development 1,911 1,092 238 970

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 2,123 1,069 324 984

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 2,078 1,082 328 997

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 4,298 799 376 810

Riverside Human Capital Development 3,049 1,052 495 1,067

Columbus Integrated 3,155 1,044 212 967

Columbus Traditional 3,236 1,034 210 958

Detroit 3,018 1,021 312 891

Oklahoma City 6,170 395 n/a n/a

Portland 2,803 1,653 446 1,564

Least disadvantaged

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 353 3,121 495 2,755

Atlanta Human Capital Development 347 3,143 498 2,774

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 431 2,947 624 2,616

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 466 2,846 603 2,526

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,066 288 688 1,928

Columbus Integrated 606 2,958 365 2,687

Columbus Traditional 592 2,990 369 2,715

Detroit 322 4,344 833 3,661

Oklahoma City 2,078 936 n/a n/a

Portland 608 4,204 724 3,845

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.7
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Level of Disadvantage
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)
Most disadvantaged
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	698	1,095	377	1,056
Atlanta Human Capital Development	734	1,063	366	1,025
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	458	1,402	728	1,542
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	453	1,416	735	1,558
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,362	800	715	1,140
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,362	802	717	1,143
Columbus Integrated	911	1,143	429	1,267
Columbus Traditional	901	1,150	432	1,274
Detroit	1,119	1,186	522	1,148
Oklahoma City	429	924	n/a	n/a
Portland	617	2,352	1,232	2,730
Moderately disadvantaged
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	1,887	1,099	239	977
Atlanta Human Capital Development	1,911	1,092	238	970
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	2,123	1,069	324	984
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	2,078	1,082	328	997
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	4,298	799	376	810
Riverside Human Capital Development	3,049	1,052	495	1,067
Columbus Integrated	3,155	1,044	212	967
Columbus Traditional	3,236	1,034	210	958
Detroit	3,018	1,021	312	891
Oklahoma City	6,170	395	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,803	1,653	446	1,564
Least disadvantaged
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	353	3,121	495	2,755
Atlanta Human Capital Development	347	3,143	498	2,774
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	431	2,947	624	2,616
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	466	2,846	603	2,526
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,066	288	688	1,928
Columbus Integrated	606	2,958	365	2,687
Columbus Traditional	592	2,990	369	2,715
Detroit	322	4,344	833	3,661
Oklahoma City	2,078	936	n/a	n/a
Portland	608	4,204	724	3,845
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.8
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Ethnicity

Site and Program
Sample Size Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($) Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($) Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)

White, non-Hispanic

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment n/a n/a n/a n/a

Atlanta Human Capital Development n/a n/a n/a n/a

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,470 1,276 373 1,177

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,515 1,263 370 1,165

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 3,464 847 406 888

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,245 1,139 675 1,303

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,208 1,157 686 1,323

Columbus Integrated 2,161 1,154 243 1,099

Columbus Traditional 2,204 1,142 240 1,088

Detroit 481 2,328 768 2,181

Oklahoma City 5,109 459 n/a n/a

Portland 2,754 1,627 434 1,552

Black, non-Hispanic

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment 2,791 826 193 738

Atlanta Human Capital Development 2,838 819 191 732

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 1,214 1,196 430 1,114

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 1,158 1,224 440 1,140

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,121 1,475 778 1,572

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 501 1,682 1,163 2,122

Riverside Human Capital Development 510 1,671 1,155 2,108

Columbus Integrated 2,414 1,102 246 1,024

Columbus Traditional 2,431 1,099 245 1,022

Detroit 3,836 858 273 755

Oklahoma City 2,484 682 n/a n/a

Portland 798 2,783 975 2,729

Hispanic

Atlanta Labor Force Attachment n/a n/a n/a n/a

Atlanta Human Capital Development n/a n/a n/a n/a

Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment 244 2,771 1,027 2,636

Grand Rapids Human Capital Development 249 2,787 1,033 2,651

Riverside Labor Force Attachment 1,858 1,098 624 1,143

Lacked high school diploma or basic skills 1,210 1,099 761 1,287

Riverside Human Capital Development 1,240 1,085 751 1,271

Columbus Integrated n/a n/a n/a n/a

Columbus Traditional n/a n/a n/a n/a

Detroit n/a n/a n/a n/a

Oklahoma City 392 1,607 n/a n/a

Portland n/a n/a n/a n/a

SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records.
NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

Appendix Table F.8
Standard Errors for Impacts on Selected Measures, by Ethnicity
Site and Program	Sample Size	Average Total Earnings in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Average Welfare Payments in Years 1 to 5 ($)	Combined Income in Years 1 to 5 ($)
White, non-Hispanic
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Atlanta Human Capital Development	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,470	1,276	373	1,177
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,515	1,263	370	1,165
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	3,464	847	406	888
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,245	1,139	675	1,303
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,208	1,157	686	1,323
Columbus Integrated	2,161	1,154	243	1,099
Columbus Traditional	2,204	1,142	240	1,088
Detroit	481	2,328	768	2,181
Oklahoma City	5,109	459	n/a	n/a
Portland	2,754	1,627	434	1,552
Black, non-Hispanic
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	2,791	826	193	738
Atlanta Human Capital Development	2,838	819	191	732
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	1,214	1,196	430	1,114
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	1,158	1,224	440	1,140
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,121	1,475	778	1,572
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	501	1,682	1,163	2,122
Riverside Human Capital Development	510	1,671	1,155	2,108
Columbus Integrated	2,414	1,102	246	1,024
Columbus Traditional	2,431	1,099	245	1,022
Detroit	3,836	858	273	755
Oklahoma City	2,484	682	n/a	n/a
Portland	798	2,783	975	2,729
Hispanic
Atlanta Labor Force Attachment	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Atlanta Human Capital Development	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Grand Rapids Labor Force Attachment	244	2,771	1,027	2,636
Grand Rapids Human Capital Development	249	2,787	1,033	2,651
Riverside Labor Force Attachment	1,858	1,098	624	1,143
Lacked high school diploma or basic skills	1,210	1,099	761	1,287
Riverside Human Capital Development	1,240	1,085	751	1,271
Columbus Integrated	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Columbus Traditional	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Detroit	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Oklahoma City	392	1,607	n/a	n/a
Portland	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
SOURCES: MDRC calculations from unemployment insurance (UI) earnings records and AFDC records. NOTE: N/a = not applicable.

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National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies

How Effective Are Different Welfare-to-Work Approaches? Five-Year Adult and Child Impacts for Eleven Programs:

Appendix F: Supplementary Tables to Chapter 7

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How Effective Are Different Welfare-to-Work Approaches?
Five-Year Adult and Child Impacts for Eleven Programs:

Appendix F:
Supplementary Tables to Chapter 7