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A Country Study: Syria
Syria
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Preface
Country Profile
Country
Geography
Society
Economy
Transportation and Communications
Government and Politics
National Security
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
Ancient Syria
Muslim Empires
Umayyad Caliphate
Succeeding Caliphates and Kingdoms
Ottoman Empire
World War I and Arab Nationalism
The French Mandate
World War II and Independence
After Independence
Shishakli Dictatorship
Radical Political Influence
United Arab Republic
Coups and Countercoups, 1961-70
Neo-Baath Dominance, 1963-66
The Baath Redirections of 1966 and 1970
The Assad Era
Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
Geography and Population
Land, Water, and Climate
Population
Density, Distribution, and Settlement
Vital Statistics
The People
Arabs
Kurds
Armenians
Others
Structure of Society
Towns
Villages
Tribes
The Individual, the Family, and the Sexes
Religious Life
Islam
Sunnis
Shia
Ismailis
Alawis
Druzes
Christianity
Other Minorities
Jews
Yazidis
Education
Health
Chapter 3 - The Economy
Growth and Structure of the Economy
Labor force
Role of Government
Budget
Revenues
Expenditures
Development Planning
Agriculture
Water Resources
Land Use
Land Reform
Role of Government in Agriculture
Cropping and Production
Animal Products
Agricultural Potential
Industry
Energy and Natural Resources
Electric Power
Industrial Development Policy
Foreign Trade
Imports
Exports
Balance of Payments
Banking and Monetary Policy
Transportation, Telecommunications, and Construction
Period of Economic Retrenchment, 1986-90
Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
Constitutional Framework
Government
The President and the Cabinet
The People's Council
The Judiciary
Local Administration
Political Dynamics
Background
The Baath Party Apparatus
The Syrian Communist Party
The Power Elite
Post-1982 Political Developments
Political Orientations
Attitudes Toward Politics, Political Parties, and Government
Concepts of Nationalism, Unity, and the Arab Nation
Attitudes Toward Foreign Ideologies and Systems
Foreign Policy
Regional Foreign Relations
Israel
Lebanon
Jordan
The Palestinians
Iran and Iraq
Syrian-United States Relations
Syrian-Soviet Relations
Chapter 5 - National Security
National Security Doctrine and Concerns
Syria and the Middle East Conflict
Historical Background
Development of the Syrian Military
Syrian-Israeli Hostility
Syria and the Lebanese Crisis, 1975-87
Syrian-Iraqi Hostility
Syrian-Palestinian Tensions
Syrian-Jordanian Tensions
Syrian-Turkish Tensions
Anti-Regime Opposition Movements
Ideologically Based Opposition Movements
Ethnic and Religious Opposition Movements
The Regular Armed Forces
Size, Equipment, Command Structure and Organization
Army
Navy
Air Force
Manpower, Recruitment, and Conscription
Military Training
Conditions of Service, Morale, and Military Justice
Uniforms and Rank Insignia
Foreign Influences in the Development of the Armed Forces
Special and Irregular Armed Forces
Defense Companies (Saraya ad Difa)
Republican Guard
As Saiqa
Sponsorship of Terrorism
The Armed Forces and Society
Civil Police and Internal Security Apparatus
Crime and Punishment
Appendix. Tables
Bibliography
Glossary
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