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Fact 9: Europe’s More Liberal Drug
Policies Are Not the Right Model for America.
Over the past decade,
European drug policy has gone through some dramatic changes toward greater
liberalization. The Netherlands, considered to have led the way in the
liberalization of drug policy, is only one of a number of West European
countries to relax penalties for marijuana possession. Now several European
nations are looking to relax penalties on all drugs—including cocaine
and heroin—as Portugal did in July 2001, when minor possession of
all drugs was decriminalized.
There is no uniform
drug policy in Europe. Some countries have liberalized their laws, while
others have instituted strict drug control policies. Which means that
the so-called “European Model” is a misnomer. Like America,
the various countries of Europe are looking for new ways to combat the
worldwide problem of drug abuse.
The Netherlands
has led Europe in the liberalization of drug policy. “Coffee shops”
began to emerge throughout the Netherlands in 1976, offering marijuana
products for sale. Possession and sale of marijuana are not legal, but
coffee shops are permitted to operate and sell marijuana under certain
restrictions, including a limit of no more than 5 grams sold to a person
at any one time, no alcohol or hard drugs, no minors, and no advertising.
In the Netherlands, it is illegal to sell or possess marijuana products.
So coffee shop operators must purchase their marijuana products from illegal
drug trafficking organizations.
Apparently, there
has been some public dissatisfaction with the government’s policy.
Recently the Dutch government began considering scaling back the quantity
of marijuana available in coffee shops from 5 to 3 grams.
Furthermore, drug
abuse has increased in the Netherlands. From 1984 to 1996, marijuana use
among 18-25 year olds in Holland increased two-fold. Since legalization
of marijuana, heroin addiction levels in Holland have tripled and perhaps
even quadrupled by some estimates.
The increasing
use of marijuana is responsible for more than increased crime. It has
widespread social implications as well. The head of Holland’s best-known
drug abuse rehabilitation center has described what the new drug culture
has created: The strong form of marijuana that most of the young people
smoke, he says, produces “a chronically passive individual—someone
who is lazy, who doesn’t want to take initiatives, doesn’t want
to be active—the kid who’d prefer to lie in bed with a joint
in the morning rather than getting up and doing something.”
Marijuana is not
the only illegal drug to find a home in the Netherlands. The club drug
commonly referred to as Ecstasy (3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine or
MDMA) also has strong roots in the Netherlands. The majority of the world’s
Ecstasy is produced in clandestine laboratories in the Netherlands and,
to a lesser extent, Belgium.
The growing Ecstasy
problem in Europe, and the Netherlands’ pivotal role in Ecstasy production,
has led the Dutch government to look once again to law enforcement. In
May 2001, the government announced a “Five Year Offensive against
the Production, Trade, and Consumption of Synthetic Drugs.” The offensive
focuses on more cooperation among the enforcement agencies with the Unit
Synthetic Drugs playing a pivotal role.
Recognizing that
the government needs to take firm action to deal with the increasing levels
of addiction, in April 2001, the Dutch government established the Penal
Care Facility for Addicts. Like American Drug Treatment Courts, this facility
is designed to detain and treat addicts (of any drug) who repeatedly commit
crimes and have failed voluntary treatment facilities. Offenders may be
held in this facility for up to two years, during which time they will
go through a three-phase program. The first phase focuses on detoxification,
while the second and third phases focus on training for social reintegration.
The United Kingdom
has also experimented with the relaxation of drug laws. Until the mid-1960s,
British physicians were allowed to prescribe heroin to certain classes
of addicts. According to political scientist James Q. Wilson, “a
youthful drug culture emerged with a demand for drugs far different from
that of the older addicts.” Many addicts chose to boycott the program
and continued to get their heroin from illicit drug distributors. The
British Government’s experiment with controlled heroin distribution,
says Wilson, resulted in, at a minimum, a 30-fold increase in the number
of addicts in ten years.
Switzerland has
some of the most liberal drug policies in Europe. In late 1980s, Zurich
experimented with what became known as Needle Park, where addicts could
openly purchase drugs and inject heroin without police intervention. Zurich
became the hub for drug addicts across Europe, until the experiment was
ended, and “Needle Park” was shut down.
Many proponents
of drug legalization or decriminalization claim that drug use will be
reduced if drugs were legalized. However, history has not shown this assertion
to be true. According to an October 2000 CNN report, marijuana, the illegal
drug most often decriminalized, is “continuing to spread in the European
Union, with one in five people across the 15-state bloc having tried it
at least once.”
It’s not just
marijuana use that is increasing in Europe. According to the 2001 Annual
Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in the European Union, there
is a Europe-wide increase in cocaine use. The report also cites a new
trend of mixing “base/crack” cocaine with tobacco in a joint
at nightspots. With the increase in use, Europe is also seeing an increase
in the number of drug users seeking treatment for cocaine use.
Drug policy also
has an impact on general crime. In a 2001 study, the British Home Office
found violent crime and property crime increased in the late 1990s in
every wealthy country except the United States.
Not all of Europe
has been swept up in the trend to liberalize drug laws. Sweden, Finland,
and Greece have the strictest policies against drugs in Europe. Sweden’s
zero-tolerance policy is widely supported within the country and among
the various political parties. Drug use is relatively low in the Scandinavian
countries.
In April 1994,
a number of European cities signed a resolution titled “European
Cities Against Drugs,” commonly known as the Stockholm resolution.
It states: “The demands to legalize illicit drugs should be seen
against the background of current problems, which have led to a feeling
of helplessness. For many, the only way to cope is to try to administer
the current situation. But the answer does not lie in making harmful
drugs more accessible, cheaper, and socially acceptable. Attempts
to do this have not proved successful. By making them legal, society
will signal that it has resigned to the acceptance of drug abuse.
The signatories to this resolution therefore want to make their position
clear by rejecting the proposals to legalize illicit drugs.”
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