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The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark

April 14, 1806

Columbia River Gorge -
Dog Mountain to Major Creek
 
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April 13
Columbia River Gorge, Cascade Locks to Dog Mountain 		April 14

Columbia River Gorge,
Dog Mountain to Major Creek

Dog Mountain, Mitchell Point, Underwood Mountain, White Salmon River, Hood River, Hood River-Bingen Bridge, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, Bingen Gap, Major Creek 		CONTINUE

April 15-17
Columbia River Gorge, Major Creek to The Dalles
 

On October 7, 1805, Lewis and Clark and the "Corps of Discovery" began their journey down the Clearwater River and into the volcanics of the Pacific Northwest. The Corps travelled from the Clearwater to the Snake and down the "Great Columbia", finally reaching the Pacific Ocean on November 15, 1805. Along the journey they encountered the lava flows of the Columbia Plateau, river channels carved by the great "Missoula Floods", and the awesome beauty of five Cascade Range volcanoes.


Map, Lewis and Clark in the Pacific Northwest
(Click map for brief summary about the area)



The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark
Heading Home - April 1806
Columbia River Gorge
Dog Mountain to Major Creek

Monday, April 14, 1806

Lewis and Clark's camp of April 13 was near Dog Mountain, between Collins Creek and Dog Creek.


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
Map, 1911 USGS topo map of Wind Mountain and Dog Mountain area, click to enlarge Dog Mountain:
  1. 1911 Map (section of original), from Mount Hood and Vicinity 1:125,000 topographic quadrangle. (Click to enlarge). Original map surveyed in 1907 and 1909-1911, contour interval of 100 feet. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002

Dog Mountain Landslide:
Local landslides, some taking place as recently as 200 years ago, have occurred in several areas along the Columbia River. The large Bonneville landslide, between the cities of North Bonneville and Stevenson, exposed the Red Bluffs. Steever soils formed in material from this landslide (stony clay loam, highly productive forest soils). The landslide, which consists chiefly of the Eagle Creek Formation and Yakima Basalt, blocked the Columbia River for a short period. Another landslide between Wind Mountain and Dog Mountain consists chiefly of material from the Ohanapecosh Formation. This landslide is still active. It moves 40 to 50 feet a year at the upper end of the slide and 5 to 10 feet a year at the toe. -- U.S. Forest Service Website, 2002, Gifford Pinchot National Forest


Geology of this area:
Skamania County Area is in the Cascade Range uplift, a region characterized by deeply dissected mountains. Between Cape Horn and Underwood Mountain, the Columbia River has cut through the Cascade Range to form the Columbia River Gorge, a deep canyon lined by precipitous slopes that have outcrops of basalt and andesite. The Cascade Range in Skamania County is of particular interest because it contains the most complete stratigraphic section of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks in the state. In the Wind River area are extensive deposits of Cenozoic lava and volcanic debris. These rocks are divided into four units: Ohanapecosh Formation, Eagle Creek Formation, Yakima Basalt, and Quaternary basalt flows (13). The oldest unit, Eocene to early Oligocene in age, is the Ohanapecosh Formation of the Mount Rainier region. It is nearly 19,000 feet thick. The lower twothirds of this unit is composed mostly of andesitic pyroclastic debris in tuff breccia. The upper 6,000 feet of the formation, which was deposited during the Oligocene Epoch, is composed of about equal amounts of conglomerate and sandstone, tuff, and pyroclastic breccia. Following folding and uplift, the top of the Ohanapecosh Formation was deeply weathered. Andesitic gravel and sand of the Eagle Creek Formation were then deposited over the Ohanapecosh Formation during the early Miocene. The Eagle Creek Formation was then eroded, and the resulting topography was inundated by Yakima Basalt from the east during the late Miocene. Deposits of the Eagle Creek Formation in the survey area were about 1,300 feet thick. Yakima Basalt flows in the area are as much as 2,000 feet thick. Aschoff, Skoly, and Zygore soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from these formations. Gentle folding accompanied by eruptions from several andesitic and basaltic volcanoes took place during the Pliocene. This was followed by erosion that stripped away the lava flows, leaving only scattered plugs of diorite and diabase. Beacon Rock and Wind Mountain are remnants of these plugs. Some granodiorite is exposed in the southwestern part of the survey area. Dougan soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from these intrusive formations. Quaternary volcanism has been limited to the extrusion of basalt flows from at least ten different vents. The lavas can be grouped into olivine, platy olivine, and low-alumina basalt. These include flows from the Red Mountain and Trout Creek Hill volcanoes and flows of the Big Lava Bed north of Willard (7). Some of the accompanying volcanic ash and pumice accumulated on terraces in the upper Wind River area. The Stabler soils formed in this material, whereas the Chemawa soils formed in alluvium derived from volcanic ash and basalt. -- U.S. Forest Service Website, 2002, Gifford Pinchot National Forest


In the morning, they all joined us with four more deer. After breakfast we resumed our journey, and though the wind was high during the day, yet by keeping along the northern shore, we were able to proceed without danger. ......


Other areas along the Columbia River Gorge that Lewis and Clark are passing are Mitchell Point (Oregon) and Underhill Mountain (Washington. Underhill Mountain is a Pleistocene volcano.


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
Map, 1929 USGS topo map of Underwood Mountain area, click to enlarge Image, 1902, Mitchell Point, click to enlarge Mitchell Point:
  1. 1929 Map (section of original), from Hood River 1:125,000 topographic quadrangle. (Click to enlarge). Original map surveyed in 1925-26, contour interval of 100 feet. Little White Salmon River is on the left and White Salmon River is on the right. Mitchell Point is on the Oregon side. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002
  2. ca. 1902, Mitchell Point. (Click to enlarge). "Mitchell Point - Columbia river above Cascades", by Lily E. White, ca. 1902 -- Oregon Historical Society Archives Website, 2002


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
Map, 1929 USGS topo map of Underwood Mountain area, click to enlarge Underwood Mountain:
  1. 1929 Map (section of original), from Hood River 1:125,000 topographic quadrangle. (Click to enlarge). Original map surveyed in 1925-26, contour interval of 100 feet. Little White Salmon River is on the left and White Salmon River is on the right, with Underwood Mountain in the middle. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002

Underwood Mountain:
The right bank of the White Salmon River skirts the base of a Pleistocene volcano Underwood Mountain (2,755 feet). At this location, the Hood River valley extends north a few miles into Washington, and the early Pleistocene volcano, Underwood Mountain, fills much of it there. A lava from Underwood Mountain has a K-Ar (whole rock, Hammond and Korosec, 1983) age of 0.85+/-0.02 million years. -- Scott, et. al., 1997


Geology of the Underwood Mountain Area:
The geology of this area is characterized by basalt flows of Pleistocene and Miocene age, commonly separated by interbeds of other rock types and (or) soil horizons. These basalt flows lie approximately in a horizontal plane, but have been subjected to considerable faulting. Flow centers are generally dense and of low permeability, whereas interflow zones typically are porous, rubbly, and of high permeability. Geologic mapping in the region, compiled by Korosec (1987), identifies three principal geologic units in the area: Grande Ronde Basalt, Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt, and Basalt of Underwood Mountain. The Grande Ronde Basalt is composed of Miocene flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The Grande Ronde Basalt is the thickest formation in the Columbia River Basalt Group, and it commonly exceeds 1,000 feet in thickness. The Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt overlies the Grande Ronde Basalt. In this area, the Frenchman Springs Member crops out in the cliffs above the Spring Creek Fish Hatchery, and the hatchery springs discharge from the member of the Wanapum Basalt. The Frenchman Springs Member is a series of Miocene flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The thickness of these flows in this area is unknown, but in its type locality, the Frenchman Springs Member is 250 feet thick. The basalt of Underwood Mountain overlies the Frenchman Springs Member and is widely exposed on Underwood Mountain and Underwood Heights. Basalt of Underwood Mountain is a Pleistocene unit composed of numerous blocky, jointed flows, each about 10 to 30 feet thick. The total thickness of the Basalt of Underwood Mountain reaches at least 590 feet. The Columbia River Basalt Group consists of Miocene flood basalts. These basalts consist of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and magnetite in a glassy groundmass; olivine occurs as an accessory mineral. Pyroxene minerals present include augite and pigeonite. Important secondary phases present in basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group are smectite, clinoptilolite (a zeolite mineral), amorphous iron oxide, and silica. The Basalt of Underwood Mountain is an olivine basalt and thus is probably similar to the Columbia River Basalt Group in terms of general mineralogy. -- Hinkle, 1996, USGS WRI95-4272


At one o'clock we halted for dinner at a large village situated in a narrow bottom, just above the entrance of Canoe creek [White Salmon River]. ......


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
Map, 1887, White Salmon vicinity, click to enlarge Map, 1929 USGS topo map of Underwood Mountain area, click to enlarge Image, 1936, White Salmon River, click to enlarge White Salmon River:
  1. 1887 Map (section of original), Columbia River and the White Salmon River and vicinity. (Click to enlarge). Original Map: The Columbia River from Celilo to the mouth showing locations of the salmon fisheries, 1887. Scale ca. 1:375,000, Relief shown by hachures. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Office, G.P.O. 1888. University of Washington Archives #UW128. -- University of Washington Library Archives Website, 2002
  2. 1929 Map (section of original), from Hood River 1:125,000 topographic quadrangle. (Click to enlarge). Original map surveyed in 1925-26, contour interval of 100 feet. Little White Salmon River is on the left and White Salmon River is on the right. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002
  3. 1936, Logs on the White Salmon River with the Columbia River in the background. (Click to enlarge). Photograph by Arthur Rothstein, July 1936. U.S. Library of Congress Archives, Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Photograph Collection. -- U.S. Library of Congress Archives, American Memories Website 2002.

White Salmon River:
The White Salmon River originates in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in south central Washington along the south slope of Mount Adams in Skamania and Yakima counties. It flows south for 45 miles before entering the Bonneville Reservoir in Underwood, Washington at River Mile (RM) 167. The White Salmon River drains approximately 386 square miles (250,459 acres) of Skamania, Yakima, and Klickitat counties over a distance of 45 miles. Principal tributaries include Trout Lake, Buck, Mill, Dry, Gilmer, and Rattlesnake Creeks. Churning rapids and unique beauty draw visitors to the clear, blue White Salmon River. Glacial waters combine with cold, clear springs, supporting a lush, green ribbon of plant life through the dry, pine-oak woodlands. Continuous rapids, waterfalls, and abrupt drops challenge boaters of advanced skills. The best fishing is below BZ Corners, however difficult access because the river is in a steep canyon. Most of the river corridor is private land. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002, U.S. National Park Service, Wild and Scenic Rivers Website, 2002, and U.S. Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot National Forest Website, 2002


Geology of the White Salmon Drainage:
The White Salmon basin is oriented north to south with elevations ranging from 80 feet to 7,500 feet. Topography varies within the watershed from rugged mountains to rolling hills to river valleys. Consolidated sediments are overlain with basaltic lava flows; subsequent erosion, mud flows, and glaciation have resulted in precipitous cliffs, deeply incised canyons, and relatively flat valley floors. The mainstem of the White Salmon River drops 7,420 feet in 45 miles for an average gradient of 3.2 percent. The geology of the White Salmon Watershed is dominated by past volcanic activity. Subbasin soils are the result of volcanism and glaciation. Soils in the valley are deep and coarse with moderate fertility. In the hilly areas the deep and well drained soils are derived from weathered volcanic ash and lava underlain with olivine basalt. In the lower portion of the basin, the soils are generally shallow and less porous. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002


Map, 1999, Mount Adams and Vicinity, click to enlarge River Drainages of Mount Adams:
  1. 1999 Map, Mount Adams and Vicinity, showing drainages into the Columbia River. (Click to enlarge). Includes the Wind River, Little White Salmon River, White Salmon River, and Klickitat River in Washington State, and the Hood River in Oregon. Map modified from Vallance, 1999, USGS Bulletin 2161.


Across from the White Salmon River, on the Oregon side, is Hood River. Hood River is one of the main tributaries of Mount Hood.


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
Map, 1887, White Salmon vicinity, click to enlarge Map, 1929 USGS topo map of Hood River area, click to enlarge Image, 1920, Hood River Bridge over Hood River, click to enlarge Hood River:
  1. 1887 Map (section of original), Columbia River including the Hood River. (Click to enlarge). The Hood River is not named, entering the Columbia from the south, almost directly across from the White Salmon River. Original Map: The Columbia River from Celilo to the mouth showing locations of the salmon fisheries, 1887. Scale ca. 1:375,000, Relief shown by hachures. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Office, G.P.O. 1888. University of Washington Archives #UW128. -- University of Washington Library Archives Website, 2002
  2. 1929 Map (section of original), from Hood River 1:125,000 topographic quadrangle. (Click to enlarge). Original map surveyed in 1925-26, contour interval of 100 feet. Hood River is the drainiage lower right which enters the Columbia River at the city of Hood River, Oregon. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002
  3. 1920, Hood River Bridge, Columbia River Highway, Hood River, Oregon. (Click to enlarge). -- Oregon Department of Transportation Website, 2002

Hood River:
The Hood River watershed is in north central Oregon in Hood River County and covers 339 square miles. The Hood River flows north from Mount Hood into the Columbia River 22 miles upstream of the Bonneville Dam. The Hood River has three major forks - the West Fork Hood River enters the mainstem 12 miles from the Columbia, while the Middle and East Fork Hood River converge near River Mile 15. The watershed has an estimated 695 stream miles with 108 miles accessible to anadromous fish. About 100,000 years ago, a large portion of Mount Hood's north flank and summit collapsed. The resulting debris avalanche transformed into a lahar (mudflow) that swept down the Hood River valley. At the river's mouth (where the city of Hood River now stands) the lahar was 400 feet deep. The lahar crossed the Columbia River and surged up the White Salmon River valley on the Washington side. Since that time lava has filled in the scar left by the debris avalanche. Hood River was known in pioneer days as Dog River, a name said to have resulted from the adventure of an exploring party in early days who were compelled to eat dog meat to avert starvation. Lewis and Clark named the stream Labiche River for one of their followers. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002, Gardner, et.al., 2000, and Oregon State Archives Website, 2002


Geology of Hood River Valley:
The Hood River Valley is an incompletely understood structural depression extending north into Washington and southward toward Mount Hood. The valley's east margin is a series of anastomosing normal-slip faults that displace the Columbia River Basalt Group by about 1,800 feet in the area of Panorama Point, Oregon. Panorama Point itself is a promontory of the Wanapum Basalt Formation, but the hills to the east in the Hood River escarpment are underlain by the Grande Ronde Basalt, a stratigraphically lower formation (also in the Columbia River Basalt Group) displaced upward by the faults. The Hood River valley extends north a few miles into Washington, although an early Pleistocene volcano, Underwood Mountain, fills much of it there. A lava from Underwood Mountain has a K-Ar (whole rock, Hammond and Korosec, 1983) age of 0.85+/-0.02 million years. -- Scott, et. al., 1997


Map, 1993, Mount Hood and Vicinity, click to enlarge River Drainages of Mount Hood:
  1. 1993 Map, Mount Hood and Vicinity, showing river drainages which flow into the Columbia river. (Click to enlarge). Includes Hood River and the Sandy River. Map modified from: Brantley and Scott, 1993.



Hood River/Bingen Bridge across the Columbia River:
The Hood River Bridge connects the cities of Bingen and White Salmon in Washington to Hood River in Oregon and is one of only three river crossings in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. The bridge was recently designated by the Washington State Legislature as State Route 35. It was built in 1924 and is the second oldest Columbia River crossing. -- Washington State Department of Transportation Website, 2003


"... Sergt. Pryor & men returned with Drewyer & the two Fields they had killed 4 deer. we then departed and proceed on verry well passed Labuche River on N. Side about noon the wind rose so high form the N. W. that we came too at a village on the N. Side ... Mount Hood appears near the River on the South Side which is covd. thick with Snow & very white the wind high we delayed about 2 hours and proceed. on ..." [Ordway, April 14, 1806]


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
Map, 1855, Columbia River, Vancouver to the Pacific, click to enlarge Map, 1911 USGS topo map of Mount Hood, click to enlarge NASA Image, 1994, Columbia River Gorge, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, and Mount St. Helens, click to enlarge NASA Image, 1997, Columbia River, Mount Hood, and Mount Adams, click to enlarge Engraving, 1848, Mount Hood and Oregon City, Oregon, click to enlarge Engraving, 1853, The Dalles, Oregon, with Mount Hood, click to enlarge Engraving detail, 1884, The Dalles and Mount Hood, with Mill Creek, click to enlarge Engraving detail, 1879, Portland Oregon and Mount Hood, click to enlarge Engraving detail, 1890, Portland Oregon and Mount Hood, click to enlarge Penny Postcard, ca.1915, Mount Hood from The Dalles, click to enlarge Penny Postcard, ca1930, Mount Hood as seen from White Salmon, Washington, click to enlarge Penny Postcard, ca.1930, Portland, Oregon and Mount Hood, click to enlarge Image, Mount Hood from Timberline, click to enlarge Mount Hood:
  1. 1855 Map, Columbia River from Vancouver to the Pacific, including Mount Hood (although not named) (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Original Map: "Map of Oregon and Washington Territories: showing the proposed Northern Railroad route to the Pacific Ocean, by John Disturnell, 1855. University of Washington Archives #UW155. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002
  2. 1911 Map of Mount Hood (section of original), from Mount Hood and Vicinity 1:125,000 topographic quadrangle. (Click to enlarge). Original map surveyed in 1907 and 1909-1911, contour interval of 100 feet. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002
  3. 1994, NASA Image, Columbia River Gorge (section of original). (Click to enlarge). View from space - Columbia River and the Columbia River Gorge, west-northwest-looking, low-oblique photograph, September 1994. The Columbia River is running from the bottom (east) to the top (west). The Cascade Range is the dark color through the middle of the image, with Mount Hood on the Oregon side of the Columbia and Mount Adams and Mount St. Helens on the Washington side of the Columbia. NASA Earth from Space #STS064-112-092. -- NASA Earth from Space Website, 2002
  4. 1997, NASA Image, Columbia River looking northeast, with Mount Adams and Mount Hood (Click to enlarge). View from space - Columbia River, Willamette Valley, Columbia Plateau, Mount Adams, and Mount Hood. In this northeast-looking photograph the Columbia River flows right (east) to left (west). NASA Earth from Space #STS085-734-085. -- NASA Earth from Space Website, 2002
  5. 1848, Etching of Mount Hood and American Village (Oregon City). (Click to enlarge). Etching by Henry James Warre, 1848. Oregon City was first settled in 1829. Dr. John McLoughlin is generally credited as the town's founding father, having contructed an early lumber mill there. Oregon City was an early capitol of the territory, until the territorial capitol was finally moved to Salem in 1851. In his book, the artist (Henry Warre) notes that a rival city had sprung up further down the Willamette during the summer of 1845 - this would become Portland, Oregon. Washington State University Archives Collection #WSU554. -- Washington State University Libray Archives Website, 2002
  6. 1853 Engraving, Columbia River area indian camp at The Dalles, Oregon, with Mount Hood in the background. (Click to enlarge). Engraving by John M. Stanley, 1853. From the U.S. War Department's Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and econmical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, 1860, v.12, pt.1, pl.43. University of Washington Libraries Collection, #NA4170. -- University of Washington Libraries Website, 2002
  7. 1884, Closer-in detail from engraving of The Dalles, Oregon, and Mount Hood. (Click to enlarge). Created by H. Wellge. Published 1884, J.J. Stoner, Madison, Wisconsin. Panoramic view of the city of The Dalles, Oregon, county seat of Wasco County, 1884. Original lithograph shows The Dalles, Mount Hood, the Columbia River, and the mouth of Mill Creek. Reference #LC Panoramic Maps #727. -- Library of Congress American Memories Website, 2002
  8. 1879, Detail of engraving of Portland, Oregon and Mount Hood. (Click to enlarge). Created by E.S. Glover. Published 1879, San Francisco. "Bird's-eye-veiw, looking east to the Cascade Mountains. Original lithograph shows Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, and Mount Hood, and also the Columbia River and the Willamette River. Reference #LC Panoramic Maps #722. -- Library of Congress American Memories Website, 2002
  9. 1890, Detail from engraving of Portland, Oregon with Mount Hood. (Click to enlarge). Created by Clohessy & Strengele. Published 1890, San Francisco. "Bird's-eye-view", Portland, Oregon, 1890. Original lithograph shows Mount Rainier (???), Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, and Mount Hood, and also the Columbia River and the Willamette River. Reference #75694939. -- Library of Congress American Memories Website, 2002
  10. ca.1915, Penny Postcard, Mount Hood from near The Dalles. (Click to enlarge). "Mount Hood as seend from bank of the Columbia River near The Dalles, Ore.", A.M. Prentiss Photo. #447, Lipschuetz of Katz, Portland, Oregon. -- L.Topinka private collection, 2003, used with permission.
  11. ca.1930, Penny Postcard, Mount Hood as seen from White Salmon, Washington. (Click to enlarge). "Mount Hood and Interstate Bridge to Columbia River Highway from Evergreen Highway, White Salmon, Wash. to Hood River, Oregon." #826. -- L.Topinka private collection, 2003, used with permission
  12. ca.1930, Penny Postcard. Portland, Oregon and Mount Hood. (Click to enlarge). Angelus Commercial studio, Portland, Oregon. -- L.Topinka private collection, 2003, used with permission.
  13. Mount Hood, as seen from Timberline. (Click to enlarge). USGS photo by Lyn Topinka. -- USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory Photo Archives, 2002
Snow-clad Mount Hood dominates the Cascade skyline from the Portland metropolitan area to the wheat fields of Wasco and Sherman Counties. The mountain contributes valuable water, scenic, and recreational resources that help sustain the agricultural and tourist segments of the economies of surrounding cities and counties. Mount Hood is also one of the major volcanoes of the Cascade Range, having erupted repeatedly for hundreds of thousands of years, most recently during two episodes in the past 1,500 years. The last episode ended shortly before the arrival of Lewis and Clark in 1805, and consisted of growth and collapse of a lava dome that sent numerous pyroclastic flows down the south and west flanks. Crater Rock is the remnant of that dome. Mount Hood is 11,245 feet high, is the fourth highest peak in the Cascades, and the highest in Oregon. It was named after a British admiral and first described in 1792 by William Broughton, a member of an expedition under command of Captain George Vancouver. -- Scott, et.al., 1997, Gardner, et.al., 2000, and Swanson, et.al., 1989


While Lewis and Clark did not mention spotting Mount Adams, it is visible from this section of the Columbia River.


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
Map, 1855, Columbia River, Vancouver to the Pacific, click to enlarge Map, 1904 USGS topo map of Mount Adams, click to enlarge NASA Image, 1994, Aerial view, Columbia River Gorge, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, and Mount St. Helens, click to enlarge NASA Image, 1997, Columbia River, Mount Hood, and Mount Adams, click to enlarge Image, 1987, Mount Adams, click to enlarge Engraving detail, 1879, Portland Oregon and Mount Adams, click to enlarge Engraving detail, 1890, Portland Oregon and Mount Adams, click to enlarge Image, ca.1913, Mount Adams, click to enlarge Mount Adams:
  1. 1855 Map, Columbia River from Vancouver to the Pacific, including Mount Hood (although not named) (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Original Map: "Map of Oregon and Washington Territories: showing the proposed Northern Railroad route to the Pacific Ocean, by John Disturnell, 1855. University of Washington Archives #UW155. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002
  2. 1904, Map of Mount Adams (section of original), from Mount Adams 1:125,000 topographic quadrangle. (Click to enlarge). Original map surveyed in 1903-1904, contour interval of 100 feet. Map published in 1964. -- University of Washington Library Collections Website, 2002
  3. 1994, NASA Image, Columbia River Gorge (section of original). (Click to enlarge). View from space - Columbia River and the Columbia River Gorge, west-northwest-looking, low-oblique photograph, September 1994. The Columbia River is running from the bottom (east) to the top (west). The Cascade Range is the dark color through the middle of the image, with Mount Hood on the Oregon side of the Columbia and Mount Adams and Mount St. Helens on the Washington side of the Columbia. NASA Earth from Space #STS064-112-092. -- NASA Earth from Space Website, 2002
  4. 1997, NASA Image, Columbia River looking northeast, with Mount Adams and Mount Hood (Click to enlarge). View from space - Columbia River, Willamette Valley, Columbia Plateau, Mount Adams, and Mount Hood. In this northeast-looking photograph the Columbia River flows right (east) to left (west). NASA Earth from Space #STS085-734-085. -- NASA Earth from Space Website, 2002
  5. 1987, USGS Photo shows Mount Adams as seen from Trout Lake, Washington. (Click to enlarge). USGS Photo by Lyn Topinka. -- USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory Photo Archives, 2002
  6. 1879, Detail from engraving of Portland, Oregon with Mount Adams. (Click to enlarge). Created by E.S. Glover. Published 1879, San Francisco. "Bird's-eye-veiw, looking east to the Cascade Mountains. Original lithograph shows Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, and Mount Hood, and also the Columbia River and the Willamette River. Reference #LC Panoramic Maps #722. -- Library of Congress American Memories Website, 2002
  7. 1890, Detail from engraving of Portland, Oregon with Mount Adams. (Click to enlarge). Created by Clohessy & Strengele. Published 1890, San Francisco. "Bird's-eye-view", Portland, Oregon, 1890. Original lithograph shows Mount Rainier (???), Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, and Mount Hood, and also the Columbia River and the Willamette River. Reference #75694939. -- Library of Congress American Memories Website, 2002
  8. ca.1913, Mount Adams. (Click to enlarge). Photograph Date: approximately 1913. -- University of Washington Libraries Website, 2002
Mount Adams stands astride the Cascade Crest some 30 miles due east of Mount St. Helens. The towering stratovolcano is marked by a dozen glaciers, most of which are fed radially from its summit icecap. Mount Adams (12,276 feet), is one of the largest volcanoes in the Cascade Range, and dominates the Mount Adams volcanic field in Skamania, Yakima, Klickitat, and Lewis counties and the Yakima Indian Reservation of south-central Washington. The nearby Indian Heaven and Simcoe Mountains volcanic fields lie west and southeast, respectively, of the 500-square-miles Adams field. Even though Mount Adams has been less active during the past few thousand years than neighboring Mounts St. Helens, Rainier, and Hood, it assuredly will erupt again. Future eruptions will probably occur more frequently from vents on the summit and upper flanks of Mount Adams than from vents scattered in the volcanic fields beyond. Large landslides and lahars that need not be related to eruptions probably pose the most destructive, far-reaching hazard of Mount Adams. -- Hildreth, 1990, IN: Wood and Kienle, and Scott, et.al., 1995


After dinner we proceeded, and passing at the distance of six miles, the high cliffs on the left [Bingen Gap], encamped at the mouth of a small run on the same side [Major Creek]. ......
"... after dinner we pursued our voyage to the entrance of a small run on N. side a little below a large village on the same side opposite the sepulchre rock [Memaloose Island, see April 15, 1806 entry] ..." [Lewis, April 14, 1806]
"... passed several Indian camps, and halted at a small creek on the north side, where there are a number of Indian lodges. ..." [Gass, April 14, 1806]
"... passed Several Small villages on the N. Side Scatered along the narrow bottoms near the River. Saw a numbr of horses at each village the wind continued aft and high So we run fast. Camped at dark at a village on the N.S. ..." [Ordway, April 14, 1806]


Along the Journey - April 14, 1806
The Camp - April 14, 1806:
Washington side, east of Major Creek, across from Memaloose Island.



 

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