The Volcanoes of Lewis and ClarkOctober 29, 1805
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October 25-28 The Dalles, "Long Narrows" |
October 29
Entering the Columbia River Gorge, The Dalles to the Little White Salmon Crates Point, Basalts of Rowena Gap, Doug's Beach State Park, Mayer State Park, Klickitat River, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, Memaloose Island, Hood River, Mount Hood, White Salmon River, Mount Adams, Underwood Mountain, Mitchell Point, Little White Salmon River |
CONTINUE
October 30 "Lower Falls of the Columbia", Dog Mountain to Cascade Locks |
| On October 7, 1805, Lewis and Clark and the "Corps of Discovery" began their journey down the Clearwater River and into the volcanics of the Pacific Northwest. The Corps travelled from the Clearwater to the Snake and down the "Great Columbia", finally reaching the Pacific Ocean on November 15, 1805. Along the journey they encountered the lava flows of the Columbia Plateau, river channels carved by the great "Missoula Floods", and the awesome beauty of five Cascade Range volcanoes. |
| The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark |
| To the Pacific - October 1805 |
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Entering the Columbia River Gorge
The Dalles to the Little White Salmon |
| Lewis and Clark's camp of October 28, 1805, was on the Oregon side of the Columbia River, near Crate's Point and Rocky Island. |
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Crates Point:
Crates Point: Crate's Point is a conspicuous promontory west of The Dalles, where the Columbia River changes course from north to west. Crate's Point is part of the east portal of the Columbia River Gorge. Crate's Point and Crates (a nearby railway station) were named for Edward Crate, a French-Canadian who came to Oregon as an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1838. In 1851, Edward Crate filed a claim on a settlement near the river under the slope of the bluff, which he selected because it was adapted to landing boats. -- McArthur, 1982, Oregon Geographic Names |
| The morning was still cloudy, and the wind from the west, but as it had abated its violence, we set out at daylight. At the distance of four miles we passed a creek on the right [??? --- Note: this Biddle/Allen publication has the creek on the right. Thwaites and Moulton versions have the creek on the left.], one mile below which is a village of seven houses on the same side. This is the residence of the principal chief of the Chilluckittequaw nation, whom we now found to be the same between whom and our two chiefs we had made a peace at the Echeloot village. ...... |
| "... A cloudy morning wind from the West but not hard, we Set out at day light, and proceeded on about 'five' miles Came too on the Stard. Side at a village of 7 houses ... we call this the friendly village. ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
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Columbia River looking upstream:
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| The hills as we passed are high with steep and rocky sides, [basalts of Rowena Gap area] and some pine and white oak, and an undergrowth of shrubs scattered over them. |
| "... We embarked early in a cloudy morning; passed high hills on both sides of the river, on which there was pine timber; and some birch on the banks of the river. At breakfast time we stopt at a small village of the natives and purchased some more dogs: then proceeded on; passed a number more Indian camps, and a high mountainous country on both sides. ..." [Gass, October 29, 1805] |
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Rowena Gap and Vicinity:
Doug's Beach State Park is situated underneath basalt cliffs carved by the flood waters of the last ice age. The basalt emerged as immense lava flows from massive cracks in the earth's crust. These flows covered all of eastern Washington and Oregon long before the floods. An observer can identify the various flows by the distinct stratigraphy along the cliff walls. Some flows appear to have been hundreds of feet thick in some areas. In Captain Clark's mileage notes compiled at Fort Clatsop, he used the name "Pilgrim rocks" for this area. Today's maps show "Rowena Gap". The river bluffs, with six separate basalt lava flows, stand bare of soil to about the 1,000-foot level. The spectacular bluffs on the northern shore of the Columbia are situated in Klickitat County, Washington, east of Lyle. -- Washington State Parks Website, 2002, and Washington State Historical Society Website, 2002 Doug's Beach State Park, Washington: Doug's Beach State Park is a 400-acre, undeveloped day-use park on the Columbia River. This is one of the premier windsurfing sites in the Columbia Gorge and is rated for advanced sailors. Parking is along the south side of SR 14. There is a pedestrian walkway behind the vehicle-parking area, fenced from passing trains. Visitors access the beach down a paved path with railroad-crossing arms and signals. In 1805, Lewis and Clark stopped for supplies at an Indian village in the vicinity of today's park. The park acquired its name from a windsurfer who used to frequent the beach when the sport was in its infancy. -- Washington State Parks Website, 2002 Mayer State Park, Oregon If you need an open invitation to go explore a peaceful tree-lined lake in the summertime, consider yourself invited. Go see lower Mayer State Park from the top of Rowena Crest and soak in a view of the most beautiful lake around. Both are actually within Mayer State Park, but few people know that. From the top of Rowena, Mayer can be full appreciated for its many amenities, including swimming, boating, fishing and picnicking. |
| Four miles below this village is a small river on the right side [Klickitat River]; immediately below is a village of Chilluckittequaws, consisting of eleven houses. [location of today's Lyle, Washingon] |
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Lyle, Washington:
Lyle, Washington: Lyle has a rich heritage that extends from the Indians who chose the location for their villages to the pioneers who arrived by ox-drawn carts from states far to the east. The first known white men to visit the site were members of the Lewis and Clark expedition who recorded their visit to the Indian village on the knoll west of the Klickitat on October 29, 1805. In 1876, the first Post Office east of the Cascades and north of the Columbia River was established at Klickitat Landing to service most of Eastern Washington. The mail arrived by steamship and was distributed by horseback. In 1876, James O. Lyle became the Postmaster and changed the name to Lyle. Early settlers recognized the strategic importance of Lyle and platted a town site. A ferry boat run was developed to accommodated trade between Oregon and Washington. In 1909, the present town of Lyle was platted. Two sheep sheds with a capacity of 30,000 sheet were constructed on the Point. With those in place, Lyle became an important sheep and wool shipping center. -- Lyle, Washington, Community Website, 2003 |
| Here we landed and smoked a pipe with the inhabitants, who were very cheerful and friendly. They as well as the people of the last village inform us, that this river [Klickitat River] comes a considerable distance from the N.N.E. that it has a great number of falls, which prevent the salmon from passing up, and that there are ten nations residing on it who subsist on berries, or such game as they can procure with their bows and arrows. At its mouth the river is sixty yards wide, and has a deep and very rapid channel. From the number of falls of which the Indians spoke, we gave it the name of Cataract river [Klickitat River]. We purchased four dogs, and then proceeded. |
| "... after brackfast we proceeded on, the mountains are high on each Side, containing Scattering pine white oake & under groth, hill Sides Steep and rockey; at 4 miles lower we observed a Small river falling in with great rapidity on the Stard. Side below which is a village of 11 houses, here we landed to Smoke a pipe with the nativs and examine the mouth of the river, which I found to be 60 yards wide rapid and deep, The inhabitants of the village are friendly and Chearfull; those people inform us also those at last village that this little river is long and full of falls, no Salmon pass up it, it runs from N. N. E. that 'ten' nations live on this river and its waters ... we purchased 4 dogs and Set out -- ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
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Klickitat River:
Klickitat River: The Klickitat River is located on the east slope of the Cascade Range in south-central Washington and drains 1,350 square miles in Klickitat and Yakima counties. The Klickitat River is one of the longest undammed rivers in the northwest, flowing about 95 miles south from its source in the Cascades to the Columbia River at river mile (RM) 180.4, 34 miles upstream of Bonneville Dam. The crest of the Cascade Mountains, dominated by 12,000-foot Mount Adams (Pahto) forms the western boundary of the basin. Basalt ridges and plateaus separate the Klickitat from other river basins on the north and east. About 75 percent of the subbasin is forested. The Klickitat River is located within the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area. The spectacular geological formation of the "Narrows" supports one of the only two active Native American dip-net fisheries in the Columbia River Basin. Upstream, anglers drift the river in pursuit of elusive salmon and steelhead trout while marveling at the views of the wide rolling hills and basalt gorge landscape. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002, and U.S. National Park Service, Wild and Scenic Rivers Website, 2002 Geology of the Klickitat River Basin: The geology of the Klickitat watershed is dominated by extensive basalt strata having a total thickness of several thousand feet. Volcanic rocks of four distinct age groups underlie the basin. The Cascade crest is dominated by Mount Adams, a 12,000-foot dormant volcano with an extensive glacier system that drains into the Klickitat River. At the northwest corner of the basin lie the Goat Rocks, the deeply eroded remnants of an extinct volcano, that reach to about 8,000 feet. The northern boundary is the Klickton Divide, a 7,000-foot ridge of Columbia River Basalt that separates the Klickitat from the watershed of the Tieton River, a tributary to the Yakima. The Lost Horse and Lincoln plateaus, 5,000 - 6,000-foot plateaus underlain by Columbia River basalts, separate the Klickitat from the Ahtanum and Toppenish basins, which drain east to the Yakima River. In the southeast part of the basin, younger volcanic rocks, including many cinder cones, cover the older basalts on the divide separating the Klickitat from the Satus Basin. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002 
River Drainages of Mount Adams:
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| The country as we advance is more rocky and broken, and the pine and low whiteoak on the hills increase in great quantity. |
| "... The Countrey on each side begin to be thicker timbered with Pine and low white Oake; verry rockey and broken ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
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Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area:
Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area: Lewis and Clark have once again entered what is today the "Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area". The Columbia River Gorge is a spectacular river canyon cutting the only sea-level route through the Cascade Mountain Range. The Gorge is 80 miles long and up to 4,000 feet deep, with the north canyon walls in Washington State and the south canyon walls in Oregon State. The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area is located east of Portland along both sides of the Columbia River (Approximately 95 miles in length from Troutdale, Oregon, east to Biggs Junction, Oregon) Visitor Centers located at Skamania Lodge, Multnomah Falls, Gorge Discovery Center (the Dalles); and Bonneville Dam. -- U.S. Forest Service Website, 2002, and Lewis and Clark Bicentennial "lewisandclar200.gov" Website, 2002 |
| Three miles below Cataract river [Klickitat River] we passed three large rocks in the river; that in the middle is large and longer than the rest, and from the circumstance of its having several square vaults on it, obtained the name of Sepulchre island [Memaloose Island]. |
| "... passed three large rocks in The river the middle rock is large long and has Several Squar vaults on it. we call this rockey Island the Sepulchar -- The last river we passed we Shall Call the 'Cataract' River from the number of falls which the Indians say is on it ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
| "... a cloudy morning. we Set out eairly, and proceeded on about 6 miles and halted at Some Indian lodges where we bought a number more dogs and proceeded on the current gentle passed a great number of Indian villages on the Stard Side, passed a creek on the Stard. Side [Klickitat River] and one on the Lard. Side. [Hood River] ..." [Ordway, October 29, 1805] |
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Memaloose Island:
Memaloose Island: The Chinook Indian tribes of the Columbia Gorge used to lay the bones of their dead on open pyres on Memaloose Island in the middle of the Columbia River near The Dalles. A granite monument visible from Memaloose State Park campground marks the resting place where a local pioneer named Victor Trevitt wished to chart his eternal course buried among honorable men. Memaloose State Park, Oregon, was named for that island. Lewis & Clark called it "the Sepulchar Island". Interpretive wayside on I-84, Oregon. -- Oregon State Parks and Recreation Website, 2002, and Lewis & Clark Bicentennial of Oregon Website, 2002 |
| A short distance below are two huts of Indians on the right: the river now widens, and in three miles we came to two more houses on the right; one mile beyond which is a rocky island [possibly Eighteenmile Island] in a bend of the river towards the left. Within the next six miles we passed fourteen huts of Indians, scattered on the right bank, [passing thru the basalts of the Bingen Gap] |
| Since 1924, the Hood River-Bingen toll bridge spans the Columbia River, connecting Bingen and White Salmon, Washington, with Hood River, Oregon. The bridge is located just upstream of Hood River, at the western end of the Bingen Gap. |
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Hood River/Bingen Bridge across the Columbia River:
Hood River/Bingen Bridge across the Columbia River: The Hood River Bridge connects the cities of Bingen and White Salmon in Washington to Hood River in Oregon and is one of only three river crossings in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. The bridge was recently designated by the Washington State Legislature as State Route 35. It was built in 1924 and is the second oldest Columbia River crossing. -- Washington State Department of Transportation Website, 2003 |
| and then reached the entrance of a river on the left, which we called Labieshe's river [Hood River], after Labieshe one of our party. Just above this river is a low ground more thickly timbered than usual, and in front are four huts of Indians on the bank, which are the first we have seen on that side of the Columbia. The exception may be occasioned by this spot's being more than usually protected from the approach of their enemies, by the creek, and the thick wood behind. |
| "... 4 Houses in a point of a timbered bottom on the Lard. Side at a large creek or River 40 yr. [Hood River] passed a bottom on the Stard Side the distance in which there is 14 Indian houses -- The falls mountain covered with Snow is South. S.70o W. 6 miles to a high Clift of rocks Std bend passed a large creek at 1 mile on the Stard. Side in which the Indians catch fish, [White Salmon River] a large Sand bar from the Lard. Side for 4 miles, at which place a small stream of water falls over a rock of 100 feet on the Lard Side passed 4 Indian Houses at 5 miles in a bottom on the Lard Side ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805, first draft] |
| "... passed 2 Lodges of Indians a Short distance below the Sepulchar Island on the Stard. Side river wide, at 4 mile passed 2 houses on the Stard. Side, Six miles lower passed 4 houses above the mouth of a Small river 40 yards wide on the Lard. Side a thick timbered bottom above & back of those houses; those are the first houses which we have Seen on the South Side of the Columbia River, ... from the mouth of this little river which we shall Call Labeasche River [Hood River] , the 'falls mountain' is South [Mount Hood] and the top is covered with Snow , one mile below pass the mouth of a large rapid Stream on the Stard. Side, opposit ot a large Sand bar, in this creek the Indians above take their fish, here we Saw Several canoes, which induced us to call this Canoe Creek [White Salmon River] it is 28 yards wide, about 4 miles lower and below the Sand bar is a butifull cascade falling over a rock of about 100 feet ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
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Hood River:
Hood River: The Hood River watershed is in north central Oregon in Hood River County and covers 339 square miles. The Hood River flows north from Mount Hood into the Columbia River 22 miles upstream of the Bonneville Dam. The Hood River has three major forks - the West Fork Hood River enters the mainstem 12 miles from the Columbia, while the Middle and East Fork Hood River converge near River Mile 15. The watershed has an estimated 695 stream miles with 108 miles accessible to anadromous fish. About 100,000 years ago, a large portion of Mount Hood's north flank and summit collapsed. The resulting debris avalanche transformed into a lahar (mudflow) that swept down the Hood River valley. At the river's mouth (where the city of Hood River now stands) the lahar was 400 feet deep. The lahar crossed the Columbia River and surged up the White Salmon River valley on the Washington side. Since that time lava has filled in the scar left by the debris avalanche. Hood River was known in pioneer days as Dog River, a name said to have resulted from the adventure of an exploring party in early days who were compelled to eat dog meat to avert starvation. Lewis and Clark named the stream Labiche River for one of their followers. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002, Gardner, et.al., 2000, and Oregon State Archives Website, 2002 Geology of Hood River Valley: The Hood River Valley is an incompletely understood structural depression extending north into Washington and southward toward Mount Hood. The valley's east margin is a series of anastomosing normal-slip faults that displace the Columbia River Basalt Group by about 1,800 feet in the area of Panorama Point, Oregon. Panorama Point itself is a promontory of the Wanapum Basalt Formation, but the hills to the east in the Hood River escarpment are underlain by the Grande Ronde Basalt, a stratigraphically lower formation (also in the Columbia River Basalt Group) displaced upward by the faults. The Hood River valley extends north a few miles into Washington, although an early Pleistocene volcano, Underwood Mountain, fills much of it there. A lava from Underwood Mountain has a K-Ar (whole rock, Hammond and Korosec, 1983) age of 0.85+/-0.02 million years. -- Scott, et. al., 1997 
River Drainages of Mount Hood:
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| "... In the evening we discovered a hight mountain to the south, not more than five miles off, covered with snow. We have here still water; and the breadth of the river is from three quarters to a mile. ..." [Gass, October 29, 1805] |
| "... Saw Snow on a mountain on the Lard Side. ..." [Ordway, October 29, 1805] |
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Mount Hood:
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| We again embarked, and at the distance of a mile passed the mouth of a rapid creek on the right [White Salmon River] eighteen yards wide: in this creek the Indians whom we left take their fish, and from the number of canoes which were in it, we called it Canoe creek [White Salmon River]. |
| "... one mile below pass the mouth of a large rapid Stream on the Stard. Side, opposit to a large Sand bar, in this creek the Indians above take their fish, here we Saw Several canoes, which induced us to call this Canoe Creek it is 28 yards wide ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
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White Salmon River:
White Salmon River: The White Salmon River originates in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in south central Washington along the south slope of Mount Adams in Skamania and Yakima counties. It flows south for 45 miles before entering the Bonneville Reservoir in Underwood, Washington at River Mile (RM) 167. The White Salmon River drains approximately 386 square miles (250,459 acres) of Skamania, Yakima, and Klickitat counties over a distance of 45 miles. Principal tributaries include Trout Lake, Buck, Mill, Dry, Gilmer, and Rattlesnake Creeks. Churning rapids and unique beauty draw visitors to the clear, blue White Salmon River. Glacial waters combine with cold, clear springs, supporting a lush, green ribbon of plant life through the dry, pine-oak woodlands. Continuous rapids, waterfalls, and abrupt drops challenge boaters of advanced skills. The best fishing is below BZ Corners, however difficult access because the river is in a steep canyon. Most of the river corridor is private land. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002, U.S. National Park Service, Wild and Scenic Rivers Website, 2002, and U.S. Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot National Forest Website, 2002 Geology of the White Salmon Drainage: The White Salmon basin is oriented north to south with elevations ranging from 80 feet to 7,500 feet. Topography varies within the watershed from rugged mountains to rolling hills to river valleys. Consolidated sediments are overlain with basaltic lava flows; subsequent erosion, mud flows, and glaciation have resulted in precipitous cliffs, deeply incised canyons, and relatively flat valley floors. The mainstem of the White Salmon River drops 7,420 feet in 45 miles for an average gradient of 3.2 percent. The geology of the White Salmon Watershed is dominated by past volcanic activity. Subbasin soils are the result of volcanism and glaciation. Soils in the valley are deep and coarse with moderate fertility. In the hilly areas the deep and well drained soils are derived from weathered volcanic ash and lava underlain with olivine basalt. In the lower portion of the basin, the soils are generally shallow and less porous. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002
River Drainages of Mount Adams:
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| While Lewis and Clark did not make mentioned of it, Mount Adams is visible along this section of the Columbia River. |
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Mount Adams:
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| Just downstream of the White Salmon River is the Pleistocene volcano, Underwood Mountain. |
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Underwood Mountain:
Underwood Mountain: The right bank of the White Salmon River skirts the base of a Pleistocene volcano Underwood Mountain (2,755 feet). At this location, the Hood River valley extends north a few miles into Washington, and the early Pleistocene volcano, Underwood Mountain, fills much of it there. A lava from Underwood Mountain has a K-Ar (whole rock, Hammond and Korosec, 1983) age of 0.85+/-0.02 million years. -- Scott, et. al., 1997 Geology of the Underwood Mountain Area: The geology of this area is characterized by basalt flows of Pleistocene and Miocene age, commonly separated by interbeds of other rock types and (or) soil horizons. These basalt flows lie approximately in a horizontal plane, but have been subjected to considerable faulting. Flow centers are generally dense and of low permeability, whereas interflow zones typically are porous, rubbly, and of high permeability. Geologic mapping in the region, compiled by Korosec (1987), identifies three principal geologic units in the area: Grande Ronde Basalt, Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt, and Basalt of Underwood Mountain. The Grande Ronde Basalt is composed of Miocene flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The Grande Ronde Basalt is the thickest formation in the Columbia River Basalt Group, and it commonly exceeds 1,000 feet in thickness. The Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt overlies the Grande Ronde Basalt. In this area, the Frenchman Springs Member crops out in the cliffs above the Spring Creek Fish Hatchery, and the hatchery springs discharge from the member of the Wanapum Basalt. The Frenchman Springs Member is a series of Miocene flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The thickness of these flows in this area is unknown, but in its type locality, the Frenchman Springs Member is 250 feet thick. The basalt of Underwood Mountain overlies the Frenchman Springs Member and is widely exposed on Underwood Mountain and Underwood Heights. Basalt of Underwood Mountain is a Pleistocene unit composed of numerous blocky, jointed flows, each about 10 to 30 feet thick. The total thickness of the Basalt of Underwood Mountain reaches at least 590 feet. The Columbia River Basalt Group consists of Miocene flood basalts. These basalts consist of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and magnetite in a glassy groundmass; olivine occurs as an accessory mineral. Pyroxene minerals present include augite and pigeonite. Important secondary phases present in basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group are smectite, clinoptilolite (a zeolite mineral), amorphous iron oxide, and silica. The Basalt of Underwood Mountain is an olivine basalt and thus is probably similar to the Columbia River Basalt Group in terms of general mineralogy. -- Hinkle, 1996, USGS WRI95-4272 |
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Columbia River west from Hood River/White Salmon:
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| Opposite to this creek [White Salmon River] is a large sandbar, which continues for four miles along the left side of the river. Just below this a beautiful cascade falls in on the left over a precipice of rock one hundred feet in height [???, upstream of Mitchell Point]. |
| "... about 4 miles lower and below the Sand bar is a butifull cascade falling over a rock of about 100 feet ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
| "... Saw a beautiful Spring on the Lard. Side, which run off a high clift of rocks, and fell of the clift upwards of a hundred feet perpinticular. the country Mountaineous, high clifts on the River, mostly covred with pine timber. Some cotten wood on the narrow bottoms. Some willow also we bought several more dogs at one of the villages. ..." [Ordway, October 29, 1805] |
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Mitchell Point:
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| One mile further are four Indian huts in the low ground on the left: and two miles beyond this a point of land on the right, where the mountains become high on both sides, and possess more timber and greater varieties of it than hitherto, and those on the left are covered with snow. One mile from this point we halted for the night at three Indian huts on the right [near the mouth of the Little White Salmon River] having made thirty-two miles. ...... |
| "... Short distance lower passed 4 Indian houses on the Lard. Side in a timbered bottom, a fiew miles further we came too at 3 houses on Stard. Side, back of which is a pond in which I Saw Great numbers of Small Swan ... Here the mountains are high on each Side, those to the Lard. Side has Some Snow on them at this time, more timber than above and of greater variety. ..." [Clark, October 29, 1805] |
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Little White Salmon River:
Little White Salmon River: The Little White Salmon River originates in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest west of Monte Cristo Peak in south-central Washington and enters Drano Lake near Cook, Washington. Drano Lake, a backwater created by impoundment of the Columbia River, enters Bonneville Reservoir at River Mile 162. Lewis and Clark did not observe this drainage but marked its course on the route map, based on information obtained from the local inhabitants. "Little Lake Creek" was a description and not intended as a place name for the unseen drainage. The corps camped the evening of October 29, 1805, near a "Pond" close to the northern shore and marked the little lake on their route map. The present place name derived from its association to the larger upstream drainage in the same region. This body of water is now known as Drano Lake, but the physiography has been changed by backwaters from Bonneville Dam and highway construction. -- Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Website, 2002, and Washington State Historical Society Website, 2002
River Drainages of Mount Adams:
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| "... We went 23 miles and encamped at a small village on the north side. ..." [Gass, October 29, 1805] |
| "... we Came 26 miles this day and Camped at a village on the Stard. Side Saw Snow on a mountain on the Lard Side. [Mount Hood, see information above] ..." [Ordway, October 29, 1805] |
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The Camp - October 29, 1805:
Lewis and Clark camped on the Washington side of the Columbia, upstream of the Little White Salmon River, at a village near a "Pond". Today the Washington town of Cook is located at the mouth of the Little White Salmon River, and the "Pond" is today's Drano Lake. |
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