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Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 |
Index
A
Arrest record data, 1
Academic programs, 113-114
Active involvement, defined, 46
Adequate measurement, 115
Adult court, waivers to, 117-118
Adulthood, transition to, 51-52
Advisory labels on music and video games, 93
African American youths, 18, 20-21, 28-31, 33, 34, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51
disproportionate number of youth homicide victims, 21
arrest ratios, 29-30
peak age of onset of violence and, 43
cumulative prevalence of violence and, 46
age-specific prevalence of violence and, 44
victimization and, 51
adult violent behavior and, 46, 51
Age of child and effect of media violence, 92
Age-specific prevalence, 42, 43-44
defined, 43
maturation effect and, 43
sex and, 41, 43, 44
race/ethnicity, 43, 44
Hispanic youths and, 44
African American youths and, 44
Aggravated assault, 17, 19, 21, 24, 42
defined, 17
arrest rates, 19, 21
Aggression as a result of media violence, 87-94
Aggression, 63, 66, 68
Aggression, reduction in, 134-136
Alcohol, 49, 51, 64, 66, 69, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 135-136, 137, 146, 147, 148, 156
involvement at time of violence, 156
consumption by children, 135, 137
use of by serious violent youths, 49, 69
as part of a delinquent lifestyle, 51
adolescents and experimentation with, 64
prenatal exposure interfering with normal development, 66
reduction in use accompanying intervention programs, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 135-136, 137, 146, 147, 148
Life Skills Training (LST), 106, 137
Preparing for the Drug-Free Years, 108, 148
Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT), 108, 147
Seattle Social Development Project, 109, 135-136
Montreal Longitudinal Study, 111
Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses, 112, 135
Functional Family Therapy (FFT), 116
Midwestern Prevention Project, the, 137
Iowa Strengthening Families Program, 146
Antisocial behavior, 63-64, 64, 66, 68
Antisocial parents, 66
Arrest and incarceration rates, 133-135
Arrest rates of young people, 18-22, 24-27, 29-30, 33
misconceptions concerning increased rates in 1983-1993, 26
70 percent increase between 1983 and 1993, 20
near tripling of homicide arrest rate, 20
few chronic offenders apparently arrested for serious violent crime, 25-26
sex and race, differences by, 27-31, 34
racial differences inconsistent with self-reports, 18, 30, 34
Arrest rates, 156
Arrest records, 17-19, 24, 25, 46
limitations, 17-19
Arrests for violent crimes, 18-22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 33
Asian American youths, 29-30
arrest ratios, 29-30
Assault, aggravated, 17, 19, 24-25
arrest rate has not decreased, 24-25
Assaults with injury, prevalence rates, 25-27
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 63, 65
B
Behavior management programs, 108-109
Behavior monitoring and reinforcement, 115
Behavioral and skill development interventions, 115
Behavioral effects of media violence, 89-92
unequal effect found, 90, 92
experimental methods, 89
cross-sectional surveys, 90
longitudinal studies, 90
sex and, 90, 91
delayed effect suggested, 91
Internet, the, 92
music videos, 92
video games, 92
potential moderators, of, 92
Behavioral token programs, 118
Best Practices of Youth Violence Prevention, 101, 124
Boot camps, 117
Broken homes, 66-67
Bullying Prevention Program, 109, 142
C
Capacity-building programs, 110
Career length, defined, 47
Caregiving, 135
CASASTART, 112-113
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23, 30-31, 124
Child abuse and neglect, as risk factor, 66, 67, 71-72
Childhood, 41
predictability of violent behavior, 41, 42
violence prevention programs and, 42
serious offenders begin violent behavior in, 41, 42
Children and media violence, 87-88
City surveys, 42-51
Classroom management programs, 108-109
Community-based programs, 110
Compensatory education, 113
Conduct disorder, 71-72
Continuous progress programs, 110
Co-occurring problems, 49-51
substance use and abuse, 49-51
no causal relationship with serious youth violence, 49
mental disorders, 49-51
high self-esteem linked to violence, 50
schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, 50
Cooperative learning, 110
Cost-effectiveness of prevention programs, 119-120
and get-tough laws and incarceration, 119-120
early childhood intervention, 120
parent training, 120
public school programs, 120
early interventions, 120-121
time lag, problem of, 120
three-strikes law, 120
graduation incentives, 121
Costs of violence, 119
Counseling, 118
Crack cocaine market and guns, 23
Crimes addressed in this report, 17
defined, 17
See also Homicide; Robbery; Aggravated assault; Rape.
Crimes committed by youths, 17. See Youth violence.
majority do not reach justice system, 18, 26
Criteria for inclusion of programs in this report, 100, 102-105
Cross-sectional studies, 8
Cross-sectional studies, problems with, 47
Cross-sectional surveys on media violence, 90
Cumulative prevalence of youth violence, 45-46
age and, 45
defined, 45
sex and, 45-46
race and, 46
magnitude of, 45, 46
D
Denver Youth Survey, 26, 33, 42, 44, 45-46
Deterrent effects, absolute and marginal, 101
Developmental dynamics of youth violence, 41-52
Developmental pathway to violence, 47
Developmental perspective on violence, 3
onset trajectories, 3
Developmental perspective, 87-88
Developmental psychopathology, 62, 64
Developmental trajectories, 41-42, 48, 52
early-onset, 41-42, 48
and prevention, 3, 9, 10, 12, 41, 52
interventions and, 48, 52
late-onset, 41-42, 52
and prevention, 9, 10, 12, 41-42, 52
late-onset and prevention programs, 42, 52
Discipline, parental, 63, 66
Does Not Work, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 110
Domestic violence, 135
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), 110-111
Drug trafficking, 73
E
Early interventions, 119-121
Educational programs on empathy and media, 93
Emergency room records, 1
Epidemic of youth violence, 1, 5, 9, 11, 17, 18-26, 27, 29, 32-34, 43, 48, 49, 52, 153, 154
firearm use as cause of, 49
Epidemiological research, 8
Esteem-building and interventions, 50
Ethnicity, as risk factor, 72
Evidence, level of, 8-9
Evidence, standards of scientific, 7-9
Experimental methods, limitations of, 89
Experimental research, 7-8
F
Families and Schools Together (FAST Track), 113, 142-143
Family clinical interventions, 115-117
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 19
firearm use and, 19-23, 27, 33, 34
Firearm training, 114
Firearms, 1, 19-23, 27, 33, 34, 49, 61
increased homicide rates attributable to greater use of in commission of crimes, 19, 20
high rate of juvenile deaths and, 21
international usage compared, 27
usage of difficult to track in crimes other than homicide, 21
usage tracked through hospital treatment, 21, 22
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), 21
weapon-carrying trends, 23
Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 23, 31
at schools, 23
as cause of violence epidemic, 49
Functional Family Therapy (FFT), 115, 133
G
Gallup poll on school violence, 32
Gangs, 70, 71
gang-related activity, 32-33
fights, 42
responsible for majority of youth violence, 48
Get-tough laws and incarceration, 118, 119-121
Good Behavior Game, 109, 143-144
Graduation incentives, 120
Gun buyback programs, 114. See Firearms.
Guns and violence. See Firearms.
H
Hazard rate, 42, 43
defined, 42
sex and, 42
race and, 43
Heredity, as risk factor, 73
Hispanic youths, 29-30, 44, 70
age-specific prevalence, 44
Home visitation, 112
Homicide, criminal, 17, 20-22, 24, 25
defined, 17
arrest rates, 20, 21, 22, 24
role of firearms in, 20-23
Hyperactivity. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
I
I Can Problem Solve, 107, 144-145
Identification of ineffective programs, 103
Incident rate, 24, 25
defined, 24
Index crimes, 153
Ineffective primary prevention programs, 110-111, 114
Ineffective secondary prevention programs, 114
Ineffective tertiary prevention programs, 117-119
Intelligence of child and effect of media violence, 92
Intensive Protective Supervision Project, 117, 138
Interactive nature of new media, 87
International prevalence of youth violence, 26-27, 28
firearm access and, 27
International Self-Report Delinquency Study, 26-27
Internet, the, 92, 94
Intervention personnel, training and certification of, 155
Intervention programs, 155-156
public awareness of, 155-156
vs. incarceration, 155
Intervention. See Tertiary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, and Primary Prevention.
Interventions for youth violence, 3, 48, 52
Iowa Strengthening Families Program, 108, 146
IQ, 66
J
Justice system services, 117
Juvenile court, 133, 138
K
Koop, Surgeon General C. Everett, 4
L
Level of evidence, 8-9
Life skills training, 106, 137
Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT), 108, 147
Longitudinal and panel designs, 8
Longitudinal studies of media violence, 90
Longitudinal studies, 41, 42
identifying chronic violent offenders, 48
M
Mandatory gun ownership, 114
Marital and family therapy, 115
Maturation effect, defined, 43
Measuring youth violence, 17-18
by official crime statistics, 17-18
by confidential surveys, 17-18
Media self-regulation, 93
Media violence, 65, 87-94
sex and, 65
interactive nature of new media, 87
outcomes of, 87
developmental perspective and, 87-88
observational learning and, 88
exposure to, 88-89
content of, 88-89
major behavioral effects of, 89-91
causal links to violent behavior, 93
preventive efforts, 93
implications, 93-94
Media, the, 87-94
Mediating-effects analysis, 8
Medical or physical conditions as risk factors, 66
Mental disorders and violent behavior, 49-51
Meta-analysis, 8, 100, 101
Midwestern Prevention Project, 106-107, 137-138
Milieu treatment, 118
Minorities, racial and ethnic, 18, 20-21, 27-30, 31, 34
at greatest risk of school homicide, 31
Model programs, Level 1, 133-136
Functional Family Therapy (FFT), 133
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care, 133-134
Multisystemic Therapy (MST), 134
Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses, 135
Seattle Social Development Project, 135-136
Model programs, Level 2, 137-138
Life Skills Training (LST), 137
Midwestern Prevention Project, the, 137-138
Model programs, replication and integrity of, 155
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 17-18, 25-29, 31, 43, 46-47, 156
Montreal Longitudinal Study, (Preventive Treatment Program, the), 111, 138-139
Moral-reasoning, problem-solving, and thinking skills interventions, 114
Multicontextual programs, 112
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care, 117, 133-134
Multisystemic Therapy (MST), 116, 134
Music videos, 92
Myths about youth violence, 2, 5-6
that the epidemic is over, 5
that future offenders can be identified in early childhood, 5
that child abuse and neglect lead to violent behavior, 5
that African American and Hispanic youths have increased likelihood of serious violence, 5
that superpredators threaten the United States, 5
that "getting tough" reduces recidivism, 5-6
that "nothing works" to treat or prevent violent behavior, 6
that 1990s school violence affected mostly white or nonurban students, 6
that weapons-related school injuries have increased dramatically, 6
that most violent youths will be arrested for a violent crime, 6
N
National Crime Victimization Survey, 26, 31, 46
National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), 21
National Incident-Based Reporting System, 156
National Strategy for the Prevention of Suicide (1999), 3-4
National Television Violence Survey, the (NTVS), 88-89
National Youth Survey (NYS), 26, 41, 42-50
National Youth Gang Survey, 33
Native American youths, 29, 30
arrest ratios, 29, 30
Neighborhoods, 69
social disorganization, 69, 70
Nonpromotion to next grade, 110
O
Observational learning, 88
Offending, rates of, and reoffending rates, 46-47, 133
Onset and prevalence of serious violence, 42-44, 48
Onset of serious violence, peak ages of, 42, 43, 44
race and, 43
Onset of violence and timing of risk factors, 59-61
Onset trajectories of violence, 3
P
Parent Child Development Center Programs, 112, 147-148
Parent Teacher Associations, 94
Parent training programs, 108, 111-112
Parental influences, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 75
Parental involvement, 50
Parental supervision of media intake, 94
Parent-Child Interaction Training Program, 112, 148
Parent-child relations, 66
Parents, role of in children's exposure to violence, 92
Peer programs, 110
Perry Preschool Program, 111, 139-140
Pittsburgh Youth Survey, 43
policy to reduce or prevent youth violence not proposed, 4
conclusions of, 11-13
Positive social orientation, 75
Positive youth development programs, 110
Poverty and socioeconomic status, 61, 66
Practices for prevention of youth violence, identification of, 100-104
Prenatal and early postnatal complications, 66
Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses, 112, 135
Preparing for the Drug-Free Years, 108, 148-149
Prevalence rate, 24, 25-27, 28
defined, 24
international prevalence of youth violence, 26-27
Prevention and intervention efforts, 1-2, 61, 99-125
risk factors and, 57, 59
protective factors and, 57
Prevention programs, 42, 52, 102-119
need to address both early- and late-onset violence, 42, 52
Model, 100-105, 107, 109
Promising, 100, 102-105, 107, 109
Does Not Work, 100, 102-105, 107, 110
primary prevention, 105-111
secondary prevention, 111-114
tertiary prevention, 114-119
cost-effectiveness of, 119-121
Prevention, primary, 105-111
Parental training programs, 108
Iowa Strengthening Families Program, 108
Preparing for the Drug-Free Years, 108, 148-149
Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT), 108
Behavior management programs, 108-110
behavior monitoring and reinforcement, 108
classroom management, 108-109
Seattle Social Development Project, 109
Bullying Prevention Program, 109
Good Behavior Game, 109
School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP), 109
Capacity-building programs, 110
Program Development Education, 110
Teaching strategies, 110
continuous progress programs, 110
cooperative learning, 110
Community-based programs, 110
positive youth development programs, 110
Ineffective primary prevention programs, 110-111
peer programs, 110
nonpromotion to next grade, 110
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), 110-111
Prevention, secondary (Intervention), 111-114
Parent training, 111-112
Montreal Longitudinal Study
(Preventive Treatment Program), 111
Syracuse Family Development Research Program, 111
Perry Preschool Program, 111
Parent Child Development Center Programs, 112
Parent-Child Interaction Training Program, 112
Home visitation, 112
Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses, 112
Multicontextual programs, 112-113
Yale Child Welfare Project, 112
CASASTART, 112-113
Families and Schools Together (FAST Track), 113
The Incredible Years Series, 113
Academic programs, 113-114
compensatory education, 113
preventive intervention program, 113
Quantum Opportunities Program, 113-114
Moral-reasoning, problem-solving, and thinking skills interventions, 114
Ineffective secondary prevention programs, 114
gun buyback programs, 114
firearm training, 114
mandatory gun ownership, 114
redirecting youth behavior, 114
shifting peer group norms, 114
Prevention, tertiary (Intervention), 114-119
meta-analyses of, 115
behavioral and skill development interventions, 115
family-based clinical interventions, 115-117
marital and family therapy, 115
Functional Family Therapy (FFT), 115
Multisystemic Therapy (MST), 116
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care, 117
justice system services, 117
ineffective tertiary prevention programs, 117-119
boot camps, 117
residential programs, 118
milieu treatment, 118
behavioral token programs, 118
waivers to adult court, 118
counseling, 118
shock programs, 119
Scared Straight, 119
Preventive efforts, 93
Preventive Intervention program, 113
Preventive Intervention, 149
Primary prevention, 4, 105-110
Secondary prevention (Intervention), 111-114
Tertiary prevention (Intervention), 114-117
Probability samples, 8
Problem behavior, 66
Program Development Education, 110
Program implementation, effective principles, 123
Project I-Star, 137
Promising programs, Level 1, 138-142
Intensive Protective Supervision Project, 138
Montreal Longitudinal Study/Preventive Treatment Program, 138-139
Perry Preschool Program, 139-140
School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP), 140-141
Striving Together to Achieve Rewarding Tomorrows (CASASTART, formerly Children at Risk [CAR]), 141
Syracuse Family Development Research Program, 141-142
Promising programs, Level 2, 142-151
Bullying Prevention Program, 142
Families and Schools Together (FAST Track), 142-143
Good Behavior Game, 143-144
I Can Problem Solve, 144-145
The Incredible Years Series, 145-146
Iowa Strengthening Families Program, 146
Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT), 147
Parent Child Development Center Programs, 147-148
Parent-Child Interaction Training, 148
Preparing for the Drug-Free Years, 148-149
Preventive Intervention, 149
Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS), 149-150
The Quantum Opportunities Program, 150-151
Yale Child Welfare Project, 151
Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS), 107, 149-150
Protective factors, 57, 58, 62
defined, 57, 62
five domains used in this report, 57, 58
developmental psychopathology and, 62
Protective factors, proposed, 73-76
evidentiary standards for, 73
family, 75
individual, 74-75
intolerance of deviant and violent behavior, 74
school commitment, 74, 75-76
IQ, 74-75
sex, 75
positive social orientation, 75
peer group, 76
school, 74, 75-76
Psychological conditions, 68
as risk factors, 65, 68
Public health approach to youth violence, 2-3, 4-5
advantages of, 2, 4-5
and primary prevention, 4
vs. the medical model, 4
surveillance processes and, 4
epidemiological analyses and, 4
interventions and, 4
models and, 4
Public school programs, 110-111
Q
Quantum Opportunities Program, 113
R
Racial/ethnic minority populations, 2, 18, 20, 27-31, 33, 34, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51
probability of arrest and, 28-30, 34
and risk of being killed at school, 31
peak age of onset of violence and, 43
hazard rate and, 43
age-specific prevalence of violence and, 44
cumulative prevalence of violence and, 46
role of victimization and, 51
violence in adulthood and, 51
gang activity and, 70
as a risk factor, 72
Racial bias, 18, 30
Randomization, 8
Rape, forcible, 17, 19, 21, 42
defined, 17
arrest rates, 19, 21
Rates of offending and violent careers, 46-47
mean annual offending rate unchanged, 46
active involvement, defined, 47
career length, defined, 47
Recidivism, 117
Recommendations, informal, of this report, 154-156
Redirecting youth behavior, 114
Research opportunities and needs, recommended, 154
effectiveness, 154
firearm safety, 154
media effects, 154
violence prevention programs, 155
Research, multidisciplinary, 7-9
standards of scientific evidence for, 7-9
experimental research, 7-8
randomization, 8
mediating-effects analysis, 8
meta-analysis, 8
epidemiological research, 8
probability samples, 8
cross-sectional studies, 8
longitudinal and panel designs, 8
experimental studies, 8
Residential programs, 118
Risk factors and protective factors, in general, 57-63
Risk factors for youth violence, 57-77
Risk factors in adolescence, 67-73
relationships with parents and, 68
community, 70-71
social disorganization, 70
neighborhood violence and criminal adults, 71
drug use, 71
family, 69
individual, 68-69
psychological conditions, 68
aggressiveness, 68
sex and, 68
antisocial behavior, 68
substance use, 69
peer group, 70
school, 69-70
school violence and gang activity, 70
Risk factors in childhood, 63-67
exposure to violence, 64
community, 67
family, 66-67
poverty and socioeconomic status, 66
antisocial parents, 66
parent-child relations, 66
broken homes, 66
child neglect, 66, 67
individual, 64-66
substance use, 64-65
sex and, 64-65
risk markers, 64-65
aggression, 64-65
psychological conditions, 65
media violence, 65
antisocial behavior, 65-66
medical or physical conditions, 66
peer group, 67
school, 67
Risk factors, unexpected findings, 71-73
conduct disorder, 69-70
race, 72
ethnicity, 72
child abuse, 72
heredity, 73
drug trafficking, 71, 73
Risk factors, 57-62
defined, 67, 58-59
intervention and, 61
predictive value, 57
developmental progression toward violence and, 59-61
limitations, 61-62
five domains used in this report, 57, 58
differentiated from causes, 57-59
biological basis, lack of, 59
multiple, 59
race and, 61
sex and, 61
violence or exposure to violence, 64
medical or physical conditions as, 66
Risk factors, reduction of, 103
Risk markers, 64-65
race/ethnicity, 12, 72, 77
defined, 64-65
male sex, 64, 65
Robbery, 17, 21, 42
defined, 17
arrest rates, 19, 21
with a weapon, prevalence rates, 25, 26, 27, 42
Rochester Youth Development Survey, 26, 33
S
Scared Straight, 119
Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, 50
School commitment, protective factor of, 74, 75-76
School functioning, attendance, and dropout rates, 139-141
School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP), 109, 140-141
School violence, 30-33
homicides, 30-31
nonfatal injuries, 31
weapons at school, 31
gang activity, 70
gangs at school, 32
perceptions of, 32-33
School-based programs, 110-111
Schools, 69
culture of violence in, 69
in socially disorganized neighborhoods, 69
importance of dominant peer culture in, 70
Science base, need to build, 154
Seattle Social Development Project, 109, 135-136
Secondary prevention programs, ineffective, 114
Self-esteem, link to violent behavior, 50
Self-reports, or surveys, of violent behavior, 1, 17-19, 23-34, 42-51
advantages and limitations of, 18
exaggeration or overreporting and, 18
longitudinal surveys, 17
cross-sectional surveys, 17-18
Monitoring the Future (MTF), 17-18, 25-29, 31
from victims, 24
disparities with police reports and arrest figures, 24-27, 29, 30
sex and race, differences by, 27-31, 33, 34
Serious violence, 3
as defined by city surveys, 42
Serious violent youths, 42
defined, 42
chronic violent offenders, 48
responsible for great majority of crime, 48
arrest records of, 48
identifiable in childhood, 48
gang membership and, 48
interventions and, 48
Serious youth violence, 153
emergence as sizable health problem, 153
Sex, 2, 42-46, 59, 61, 64-65
age-specific prevalence of violence and, 41, 43, 44
hazard rate and, 43
cumulative prevalence of violence and, 45-46
victimization and, 51
and risk factors, 65
gang activity and, 70
Sex and behavioral effects of media violence, 90, 91
Sex and race, differences in arrest rates by, 27, 29-30, 34
differences in self-reports, 27-31, 33, 34
Sex differences in violence, 28-30, 34
Shifting peer group norms, 114
Shock programs, 119
Siblings, diffusion effects on, 133
Skill- and competency-building programs, 106-107
Social case work, 118
Social disorganization, 69, 70
Socioeconomic status, 61, 66
Standards of scientific evidence, 7-9
Standards, scientific, for determining program effectiveness, 102-105
rigorous experimental design, 102-103
significant deterrent effect, 102-103
replication, 102-103
low attrition, 102
adequate measurement, 102
statistical significance, 102
risk factors, reduction of, 102
sustainability of effects, 102-103
identification of ineffective programs, 103
Statistics, crime, 17
as measure of youth violence, 18
public health, 17, 18
Striving Together to Achieve Rewarding Tomorrows (CASASTART, formerly Children at Risk [CAR]), 141
Substance use and abuse, 49-51, 61, 64, 69, 71, 137, 138, 141
Suicide, 3-4
Superpredators, myth of, 48-49
Surveillance and the public health approach, 17-18
importance of in public health, 17-18
Surveys of adolescent violence
U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 42
city surveys, 42-51
serious violence, as defined by city surveys, 42
aggravated assault, 42
robbery, 42
gang fights, 42
rape, 42
Surveys. See Self-reports of violent behavior.
Sustainability of effects, 103
Syracuse Family Development Research Program, 111, 141-142
T
Teaching strategies, 110
Television violence, 87, 88-88, 90-91, 88-89
The Incredible Years Series, 113, 145-146
The Quantum Opportunities Program, 150-151
Three-strikes law, 119
Time lag, problem of, 120
U
U.S. Department of Education, 30-31
U.S. Department of Justice, 30-31
Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, 19, 25, 26, 153, 156
inexact nature of UCR numbers, 19
University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 25
V
V-chip, 93, 94
Victimization and perpetration, 3, 51
data, 1
relationship to violence, 51
parental involvement and, 51
Video games, 92, 94
Violence as a risk factor, 64
as hindrance to parent-child bonding, 64, 66
Violence index, 26, 27
defined, 27
Violence on television, 87, 88-89, 89-91
defined, 88
ratings for media, 93
Violence, costs of, 119
exposure to, 64
W
Waivers to adult court, 118
Workshop on Violence and Public Health (1985), 4
Wraparound services, 117
Y
Yale Child Welfare Project, 112, 151
Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 23, 31
defined, 23
Youth violence, 2, 3
designation as public health concern, 2
intervention, 3
developmental dynamics of, 41-52
magnitude of, 17-34
epidemic of, 17, 18-25, 33
measurement of, 17-18
monitoring of. See Surveillance and the public health approach.
prevention and intervention, 99-125
risk factors for, 57-77
Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General, 1-4
purpose of, 1-4
focus of, 2-3
developmental perspective on violence, 3
hate crimes not addressed, 3
victims not addressed, 3
violence against intimate partners
not addressed, 3
self-directed violence not addressed, 3-4