Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General

This report was prepared by the Department of Health and Human Services under the direction of the Office of the Surgeon General, in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.

RADM Arthur Lawrence, Ph.D., R.Ph., Assistant Surgeon General, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C.

Nicole Lurie, M.D., M.S.P.H., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C.

Beverly L. Malone, Ph.D., R.N., F.A.A.N., Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C.

RADM Kenneth Moritsugu, M.D., M.P.H., Deputy Surgeon General, Office of the Surgeon General, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C.

CAPT Allan S. Noonan, M.D., M.P.H., Senior Advisor, Office of the Surgeon General, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C.

Jeffrey P. Koplan, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Rodney Hammond, Ph.D., Director, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Ruth L. Kirschstein, M.D., Acting Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Steven E. Hyman, M.D., Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Richard Nakamura, Ph.D., Deputy Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Joseph H. Autry III, M.D., Acting Administrator, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

Bernard S. Arons, M.D., Director, Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

RADM (RET) Thomas Bornemann, Ed.D., Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

RADM Brian Flynn, Ed.D., Division Director, Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

CAPT (RET) Patricia Rye, J.D., M.S.W., Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

Editors

Senior Scientific Editor
Delbert Elliott, Ph.D., Director, Program on Problem Behavior and Director of the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Managing Editor
CAPT Norma J. Hatot, Senior Nurse Consultant, Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

Science Editor
Paul Sirovatka, M.S., Science Writer, Office of Science Policy and Program Planning, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Writers

Senior Science Writer
Blair Burns Potter, M.A., Senior Science Writer and consultant, Annapolis, Maryland.

Contributing Writers
Michelle Beaulieu-Cooke, M.P.H., Professional Research Assistant, Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder.

Nicolette Borek, Ph.D., Psychologist, Division of Mental Disorders, Behavioral Research and AIDS, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Miriam Davis, Ph.D., consultant, Silver Spring, Maryland.

La Mar Hasbrouck, M.D., M.P.H., EIS Officer, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Anne H. Rosenfeld, Special Assistant to the Director, Division of Mental Disorders, Behavioral Research and AIDS, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Farris Tuma, Sc.D., Chief, Traumatic Stress Program and Disruptive Behaviors/ADD Program, Division of Mental Disorders, Behavioral Research and AIDS, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Planning Board and Peer Reviewers

Ronald Alvarez, J.D., Judge, Family Division, Delray Beach, Florida.

Lisa Barrios, Dr.P.H., Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Carl Bell, M.D., President and CEO, Community Mental Health Council, Chicago, Illinois.

Linda Bowen, M.A., Executive Director, National Family Collaborative on Violence Prevention, Washington, D.C.

Barbara Broman, Deputy to the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Human Services Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.

Paul Brounstein, Ph.D., Director, Division of Knowledge Development and Evaluation, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

CAPT Stephanie Bryn, M.P.H., Director, Injury and Violence Prevention Programs, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

Betti Chemers, Deputy Administrator, Discretionary Grant Programs, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

Alexander Crosby, M.D., M.P.H., Acting Team Leader, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Jamie Davis-Hueston, Ph.D., Staff Psychologist, Clinical and Preventive Services, Behavioral Health, Indian Health Service, Rockville, Maryland.

John Devine, Ph.D., Chair, Academic Advisory Council, National Campaign Against Youth Violence, New York, New York.

Terrence Donahue, Senior Advisor on Program Design and Development, Office of Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

Felton Earls, M.D., Harvard Medical School, Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Martin Fishbein, Ph.D., Professor, University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg Public Policy Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Margaret Feerick, Ph.D., Program Director, Cognitive, Social and Affective Development, Child Development and Behavior Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Ben Gelt, SAFE Students, Denver, Colorado.

Kate Gottfried, J.D., Senior Health Policy Advisor, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.

Nancy Guerra, Ph.D., Professor, Associate Director, Presley Center, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California.

Darnell Hawkins, Ph.D., Professor and Head, African American Studies, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.

Kelly Henderson, Ph.D., Education Program Specialist, Special Education Programs, Department of Education, Washington, D.C.

Sally Hillsman, Ph.D., Deputy Director, National Institute of Justice, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

Kimberly Hoagwood, Ph.D., Associate Director, Child and Adolescent Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Peter Jensen, M.D., Director, Center for Advancement of Children's Mental Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.

Robert Johnson, M.D., F.A.A.P., Professor and Vice Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Psychiatry, Director of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.

Lloyd Johnston, Ph.D., Distinguished Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

M. Katherine Kraft, Ph.D., Program Officer, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey.

Teresa LaFromboise, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.

Sister Sheila Lyne, R.S.M., Commissioner of Public Health, City of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Joseph Marshall, Jr., Ph.D., Executive Director, Omega Boys Club, San Francisco, California.

Susan Martin, Ph.D., Health Scientist Administrator, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.

Glenn Masuda, Clinical Director of School-Based Services, Asian Pacific Family Center, Rosemead, California.

Anne Mathews-Younes, Ed.D., Branch Chief, Special Programs Development Branch, Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

Cheryl Maxson, Ph.D., Research Associate Professor, University of Southern California, Social Science Research Institute, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, California.

Peggy McCardle, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Chief, Child Development and Behavior Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Jim Mercy, Ph.D., Associate Director of Science, Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Winnifred Mitchell, M.P.A., Team Leader, Office of Policy and Program Coordination, Office of the Administrator, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

Bill Modzeleski, Director, Safe and Drug-Free Schools, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Department of Education, Washington, D.C.

Jacques Normand, Ph.D., Acting Branch Chief, Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, Community Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

John Reid, Ph.D., Director, Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, Oregon.

Mona Jaffe Rowe, M.C.P., Deputy Director, Office of Science Policy, Analysis, and Communication, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Kenneth Salazar, J.D., Attorney General, State of Colorado, Denver, Colorado.

Gilbert Salinas, Director, Los Angeles Teens on Target, Ranchos Amigos Medical Center, Downey, California.

Barbara Shaw, Director, Illinois Violence Prevention Authority, Chicago, Illinois.

Bruce Simons-Morton, Ed.D., M.P.H., Chief, Prevention Research Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Meg Small, Ph.D., Health Scientist, Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Department of Education, Washington, D.C.

Howard Snyder, Ph.D., National Center for Juvenile Justice, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Susan Sorenson, Ph.D., Professor, Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, California.

Fernando Soriano, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Human Development, California State University, San Marcos, California.

Jean G. Spaulding, M.D., Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Brent Stanfield, Ph.D., Director, Office of Science Policy and Program Planning, Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Terrence Thornberry, Ph.D., Professor, School of Criminal Justice, Director, Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, SUNY at Albany, New York.

Tim Thornton, M.P.A., Deputy Team Leader, Youth Violence and Suicide Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Stephen Wandner, Ph.D., Director, Division of Research and Demonstration, Employment, Training and Administration, Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.

David Winkler, SAFE Students, Denver, Colorado.

Participants in the Development of the Report

Craig A. Anderson, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Leonard Berkowitz, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.

George Comstock, Ph.D., Professor, Newhouse School of Public Communication, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.

Joseph Dominick, Ph.D., Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

Edward I. Donnerstein, Ph.D., Dean, Division of Social Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.

Charlotte Gordon, Writer/Editor, Office of the Director, Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

L. Rowell Huesmann, Ph.D., Professor, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

James D. Johnson, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina.

Amy Jordan, Ph.D., Senior Research Investigator, Annenberg Public Policy Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ronald C. Kessler, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Daniel Linz, Ph.D., Chair, Law and Society Program Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.

Neil M. Malamuth, Ph.D., Chair, Communications Studies and Speech, Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.

Jerome L. Singer, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Ellen S. Stover, Ph.D., Director, Division of Mental Disorders, Behavioral Research and AIDS, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Ellen A. Wartella, Ph.D., Dean, College of Communication, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Other Participants

Paul Abamonte, Public Health Advisor, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Joan G. Abell, Chief, Information Resources and Inquiries Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Elaine Baldwin, M.Ed., Director, Constituency Outreach and Education Program, Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Leah McGee, Program Assistant, Office of the Director, Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland.

Damon Thompson, Director of Communications, Office of Public Health and Science, Office of the Assistant Secretary, Washington, D.C.

Marilyn Weeks, Acting Chief, Public Affairs and Science Reports Branch, Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Clarissa Wittenberg, Director, Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Special Thanks to

W. K. Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, Michigan.