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Intimate Partner Violence: Fact
Sheet
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WISQARS
Allows you to form reports on injury mortality and nonfatal
injury for a wide range of age groups
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Injury
Maps
Allows you to create maps of U.S. injury mortality rates
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Occurrence
- Approximately
1.5 million women and 834,700 men are raped and/or physically assaulted by an intimate partner each year (Tjaden and Thoennes
2000a).
- Nearly two-thirds of
women who reported being raped, physically assaulted, or stalked since
age 18 were victimized by a current or former husband, cohabiting
partner, boyfriend, or date (Tjaden and Thoennes 2000a).
- Among women who are physically assaulted or raped by an intimate partner, one in three is
injured. Each year, more than 500,000 women injured as a result of IPV
require medical treatment (Tjaden and Thoennes 2000a).
- As many as 324,000
women each year experience IPV during their pregnancy (Gazmararian, et
al. 2000).
- Firearms
were the major weapon type used in intimate partner homicides from
1981 to 1998 (Paulozzi, et al. 2001).
Consequences
- Intimate
partner violence is associated with both short- and long-term
problems, including physical injury and illness, psychological
symptoms, economic costs, and death (National Research Council 1996).
- As
a consequence of severe intimate partner violence, female victims are
more likely than male victims to need medical attention and take time
off from work; they also spend more days in bed and suffer more from
stress and depression (National Research Council 1996).
- Each
year, thousands of American children witness IPV within their
families. Witnessing violence is a risk factor for long-term physical
and mental health problems, including alcohol and substance abuse,
being a victim of abuse, and perpetrating IPV (Felitti, et al. 1998).
- The health care costs of intimate partner rape, physical assault, and stalking exceed $5.8 billion each year, nearly $4.1 billion of which is for direct medical and mental health care
services (CDC 2003).
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Groups
at Risk
- More
women than men experience intimate partner violence. According to the National Violence Against Women Survey, 1 out
of 4 U.S. women has been physically assaulted or raped by an intimate
partner; 1 out of every 14 U.S. men reported such an experience (Tjaden
and Thoennes 2000a).
- Women are more likely than
men to be murdered in the context of intimate partner violence. Women
ages 20 to 29 years are at greatest risk of being killed by an intimate
partner (Paulozzi, et al. 2001).
- Nearly one-third of African
American women experience IPV in their lifetimes compared with one-fourth
of white women (Tjaden and Thoennes 2000b).
- According to the National
Violence Against Women Survey, American Indian/Alaska Native women and men
were most likely to report IPV, and Asian/Pacific Islander women and men
were least likely to report IPV. It
is unclear whether this difference is due to variations in willingness to
report information about violence or to variations in incidence of IPV (Tjaden
and Thoennes 2000b).
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Risk Factors
- Alcohol use is frequently associated with violence between intimate
partners. It is estimated
that in 45% of cases of IPV, men had been drinking, and in about 20% of
cases, women had been drinking (Roizen 1993).
- One study recently found that male partners’ unemployment and
drug or alcohol use were associated with increased risk for physical,
sexual, and/or emotional abuse (Coker, et al. 2000).
- Witnessing
IPV as a child or adolescent, or experiencing violence from caregivers
as a child, increases one’s risk of both perpetrating IPV and
becoming a victim of IPV (Straus and Gelles 1990).
- Men
who are physically violent towards their partners are also likely to
be sexually violent towards their partners and are likely to use
violence towards children (Straus and Gelles 1990).
- Perpetrators
of IPV may lack some social skills, such as lack of communication
skills, particularly in the context of problematic situations with
their intimate partners (Holtzworth-Monroe, et al. 1997).
- Research
has determined that violent husbands report more anger and hostility
toward women when compared with nonviolent husbands (Holtzworth-Monroe,
et al. 1997).
- A
high proportion of IPV perpetrators report more depression, lower
self-esteem, and more aggression than non-violent intimate partners.
Evidence indicates that violent intimate partners may be more
likely to have personality disorders such as schizoidal/borderline
personality, antisocial or narcissistic behaviors, and dependency and
attachment problems (Holtzworth-Monroe, et al. 1997).
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References
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
Costs of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the United States.
Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003. Available
on-line at http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/ipv_cost/ipv.htm.
Coker AL, Smith PH,
McKeown RE, Melissa KJ. Frequency and correlates of intimate partner
violence by type: physical, sexual, and psychological battering. American
Journal of Public Health 2000;90(4):553–9.
Felitti V, Anda R,
Nordenberg D, Williamson D, Spitz A, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of
childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of
death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1998;14(4):245–58.
Gazmararian JA,
Petersen R, Spitz AM, Goodwin MM, Saltzman LE, Marks JS. Violence and
reproductive health; current knowledge and future research directions.
Maternal and Child Health Journal 2000;4(2):79–84.
Holtzworth-Monroe A,
Bates L, Smutzler N, Sandin E. A brief review of the research on husband
violence: part I: maritally violent versus nonviolent men. Aggression and
Violent Behavior 1997;2(1):65–99.
National Research
Council. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington (DC): National
Academy Press; 1996. p. 74–80.
Paulozzi LJ, Saltzman
LA, Thompson MJ, Holmgreen P. Surveillance for homicide among intimate
partners—United States, 1981–1998. CDC Surveillance Summaries
2001;50(SS-3):1–16.
Roizen J. Issues in the
epidemiology of alcohol and violence. In: Martin SE, editor. Alcohol and
Interpersonal Violence: Fostering multidisciplinary perspectives. Bethesda
(MD): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1993. p. 3–36.
NIAAA Research Monograph No. 24.
Saltzman LE, Fanslow JL,
McMahon PM, Shelley GA. Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform
definitions and recommended data elements. Atlanta: National Center for
Injury Prevention and Control; 1999.
Straus MA, Gelles, RJ,
editors. Physical Violence in American Families: Risk factors and
adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. New Brunswick (NJ): Transaction
Books; 1990.
Tjaden P, Thoennes N.
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Intimate
Partner Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence
Against Women Survey. Report for grant 93-IJ-CX-0012, funded by the
National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Washington (DC): NIJ; 2000.
Tjaden P, Thoennes N.
Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings
from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Report for grant
93-IJ-CX-0012, funded by the National Institute of Justice and the Centers
for Disease Control. Washington (DC): NIJ; 2000.
Wisner CL, Gilmer TP,
Saltzman LE, Zink TM. Intimate partner violence against women: do victims
cost health plans more? Journal of Family Practice 1999;48(6):439–43.
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